Effect of Reducing Chemical Fertilizer on Rice Yield,Output Value,Content of Soil Carbon and Nitrogen after Utilizing the Milk Vetch

A located field experiment was carried out to study the effects of different amount of chemical fertilizer usage on rice yield,economic benefits of rice,soil carbon（C） and total nitrogen（TN） under ploughing back of Chinese milk vetch for 5consecutive years.Six treatments were included in the experiment,they are CK（unfertilized）,CF（100% chemical fertilizer with the amount of N,P2O5,K2 O being150,75,120 kg/hm^2respectively）,A1（22 500 kg/hm^2 Chinese milk vetch and 100%chemical fertilizer）,A2（Chinese milk vetch and 80% nitrogen and potassium fertilizer and 100% phosphate fertilizer）,A3（Chinese milk vetch and 60% nitrogen and potassium fertilizer and 100% phosphate fertilizer）,A4（Chinese milk vetch and 40% nitrogen and potassium fertilizer and 100% phosphate fertilizer）.The results were as follows：application of fertilizer could increase the yield of rice,while Chinese milk vetch combined with fertilizer application had a much more increase effect in rice yield.Under the condition of milk vetch application with 22 500 kg/hm^2,the early rice yield of the treatment A1 was significantly increased by 7.7% compared with that of CF.And the yield of treatment A3 was basically identical to or slight increase in comparison with that of CF.Decreasing amount of fertilizers cloud improve output value of rice in the case of the utilization of Chinese milk vetch.The treatment A1 increased output value of rice by 5.92% in comparison of CF,and treatment A2 was by 4.08% in the next.Treatment A4 showed much better effect in increasing soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in the paddy soil than those of treatments applying mineral fertilizer only.There was a significant reduction on soil organic carbon and TN in treatment A2 in comparison with that of CF.In general,amount of application of milk vetch with 22 500 kg/hm^2 could replace chemical fertilizer partially,it also could improve rice yield,decrease the production cost,and raise the utilization efficiency of nutrients.

Adaptability Comparison of Chinese Milk Vetch (Astragalus sinicus) Varieties for Double-rice Cropping System in Hunan

Five Chinese milk vetch（Astragalus sinicus） varieties were selected to make a comparison in order to screen effective varieties which could suit for the double-rice cropping system of Hunan Province. The results showed that the growth period of Xiangzi 2 is shorter than that of Xiangfei 2, Xiangfei 3 and Yujiangdaye,and is similar to that of Xinyang Chinese milk vetch. The full-bloom stage of Xiangzi 2 is also similar to Xinyang variety and obviously earlier than that of the other three varieties. The fresh grass yield of Xiangzi 2 in full-bloom stage is 23 842.5kg/hm^2, which increases by 39.9% compared with Xinyang variety. Nitrogen content in the fresh grass of Xiangzi 2 is higher than that of the other four varieties. In conclusion, Xiangzi 2 is an extremely early-blossoming and early-maturing Chinese milk vetch variety with moderate fresh grass yield, high nutrient contents, stable characters and wide adaptability. So, Xiangzi 2 is suitable for planting in double-rice cropping region in Hunan Province and other same latitude regions which have similar ecological conditions.

Application of Chinese milk vetch affects rice yield and soil productivity in a subtropical double-rice cropping system

Green manure can be used as a substitute for chemical fertilizer without reducing rice yield.We studied the responses of soil fertility and rice yield to different combinations of Chinese milk vetch(CMV;Astragalus sinicus L.)and chemical fertilizer in a subtropical double-rice cropping system.Our goal is to reduce chemical fertilizer use and decrease environmental contamination.Compared with the recommended rate of chemical fertilizer(CF),both early-and late-rice yields in the two treatments supplied with 15 and 22.5 Mg CMV ha^-1 plus 60%CF(represented as 60 A and 60 B,respectively)showed no significant differences while the two treatments supplied with 30 and 37.5 Mg CMV ha^-1 plus 60%CF(represented as 60 C and 60 D,respectively)showed significantly higher values.The sustainable yield index(SYI)values in the 60 C and 60 D treatments with double-rice croppong system were significantly higher than those in other treatments(P<0.05).Early-rice yield showed a significant positive relationship with the Chinese milk vetch incorporation rate.The coefficients increased annually from 2009 to 2013 and then decreased in 2014.Soil organic matter increased over time by the end of the experiment in all of the treatment groups.Soil organic matter in 60 A,60 B and 60 C showed no significant difference compared with that in CF,while soil organic matter in 60 D was significantly higher than that in CF.The slopes of soil organic matter and total nitrogen over six years were the highest in 60 C and 60 D.The soil total nitrogen content in 60 A,60 B,60 C and 60 D was higher than that in CF,but the differences were not significant(P>0.05).Therefore,a relatively high Chinese milk vetch incorporation rate(≥30 Mg ha^-1)was more effective in improving the productivity and sustainability of paddy soil.The decreased coefficients of early-rice yield and the Chinese milk vetch incorporation rate in 2014 implied that the benefits of soil fertility and rice yield created by Chinese milk vetch input may decline after five years under a continuously high rate of Chinese milk vetch incorporation.

Management of rice straw with relay cropping of Chinese milk vetch improved double-rice cropping system production in southern China

Improved utilization of rice(Oryza sativa L.)straw and Chinese milk vetch(Astragalus sinicus L.,vetch)has positive effects on rice production.So far,few studies have investigated the productivity of vetch under different residue management practices in double-rice cropping system.The effects of rice straw on the growth and nutrient accumulation of vetch across seven years(2011–2017)and the subsequent effects of rice straw and vetch on two succeeding rice crops in a vetch–rice–rice cropping system,with the vetch established by relay cropping,were examined.The seven-year double-rice experiment consisted of the following treatments:(1)100%chemical fertilizer(F-F100);(2)only vetch without chemical fertilizer(M-Con);(3)80%chemical fertilizer plus vetch plus a low-cutting height(low-retained stubble)with the removal of straw(M-F80);(4)80%chemical fertilizer plus vetch plus a low-cutting height with the retention of straw(M-F80-LR);(5)80%chemical fertilizer plus vetch plus a high-cutting height(high-retained stubble)with the retention of straw(M-F80-HR);and(6)no fertilizer(F-Con).The yields of the two rice crops after vetch were not affected by either the cutting height of stubble with retention of straw or by the management of straw(retention vs.removal)with low-cutting height of stubble.The yields of the two rice crops after vetch were significantly higher for M-F80-HR than for M-F80-LR,but the relative contributions of the high-cutting height and straw retention to the higher rice yield could not be determined in this study.The yield stability of the double-rice grain in M-F80-HR was also increased,as determined by a sustainable yield index.Significant increases in vetch biomass and nutrient uptake were observed in the fertilized treatments during the rice season compared with the unfertilized treatments.In M-F80-HR plots,improvements in the growing environment of the vetch by conserving soil water content were associated with the highest vetch biomass,nutrient uptake,and yield stability of vetch biomass.These increased nutrient inputs partially replaced the demand for chemical fertilizer and stimulated the rice yields.It can be concluded that retaining higher-cutting stubble residues with straw retention could be the best straw management practice for increasing the vetch biomass and nutrient use efficiency,thereby allowing utilization of high-cutting height with retention of straw and vetch to improve the stability of rice productivity in a double-rice cropping system.

Production Benefits of Double-Cropping Rice Under Optimized Application of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilizers Combined with Chinese Milk Vetch and Straw Co-Returning to Fields

In order to explore the technology and effects of reducing nitrogen and potassium fertilizer applications in double-cropping rice,a field plot experiment was conducted to study the effects of optimized application of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers combined with returning Chinese milk vetch and straw to fields on yield,fertilizer utilization efficiency,net photosynthetic rate(Pn),stomatal conductance(Gs),intercellular CO_(2) concentration(Ci),chlorophyll content(SPAD value)and soil physical and chemical properties in late rice harvest period.The results showed that the optimized application of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers combined with the integrated technology of Chinese milk vetch and straw co-returning to the field could enhance the photosynthetic efficiency of double-cropping rice,increase rice yield,and enhance soil biological activity,especially T4 treatment involving the returning of Chinese milk vetch and straw to the field instead of 30%nitrogen fertilizer achieved the highest rice yield,fertilizer use efficiency,net photosynthetic rate and soil biological activity.Compared with the conventional fertilization treatment T2,the total rice yield of T4 treatment increased by 4.1%,among which the early rice and late rice increased by 6.3%and 2.4%,respectively;Pn,Gs and SPAD values of flag leaves at full heading stage significantly increased,and the contents of soil active organic carbon,alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen,available phosphorus and readily available potassium significantly increased.

Study on Water-Soluble Organic Reducing Substances: II. Organic Reducing Substances Produced from Anaerobic Decomposition of Milk Vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.)

The characteristics of electric charge and molecular weight distribution,oxidation-reduction regimes,e.g.Eh and amounts of organic reducing substances produced by milk vetch during anaerobic decomposition process,were studied by using electrochemical methods.Interaction between soils and organic reducing substances was also observed.The results indicate that the organic reducing substances were mainly the organic compounds with negative and amphoteric charges,which were distributed in two groups at anodic peak potentials of 0.25 and 0.69 volt in differential pulse voltammograms,respectively.Their apparent molecular weights are all less than 700 daltons,in which those active in oxidation-reducion reaction were distributed in the fraction with apparent molecular weight less than 200 daltons.The organic reduction substances can be oxidized by manganese oxides in their interaction with soils.

Effects of Winter Planting Milk Vetch on Yield and PartialProductivity of Nitrogen Fertilizer of Machine-transplantedDouble-cropping Rice under Straw Returning to the Field

From 2017 to 2018,the effects of winter planting of milk vetch on yield and partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer of machine-transplanted double-cropping rice under straw returning were studied in Ningxiang city,Hunan Province.The results showed that the dry matter accumulation,effective panicle,yield and partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer in the stem,leaf,panicle and aboveground parts of early and late rice treated with winter planting milk vetch and straw returning were signi ficantly higher than those treated with straw returning only.Among them,the effective panicles of early and late rice increased by 2.58%,3.18%(2017)and 5.22%,6.32%(2018),respectively.Yield increased by 11.85%,10.07%(2017)and 12.42%,10.92%(2018),annual partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer increased by 10.90%(2017)and 11.66%(2018),respectively.In conclusion,winter planting milk vetch under straw returning is beneficial to increase dry matter accumulation,rice yield and partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer in mechanized double cropping rice.

Effects of Long-term Return of Milk Vetch(Astragalus sinicus)on Soil Nutrients and Microorganism Communities in Double-rice Cropping Field

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the effects of milk vetch(Astragalus sinicus)on soil nutrients and microorganisms in paddy fields after returning to the field.[Methods]Three treatments,no fertilization,single application of chemical fertilizers and milk vetch return combined with chemical fertilizers,were set up to determine soil nutrient contents and the quantity of microorganisms,respectively.[Results]The return of milk vetch combined with chemical fertilizers could significantly increase the contents of organic matter and total nitrogen in the paddy soil,while the contents of available potassium and available phosphorus decreased.Milk vetch return combined with chemical fertilizers could significantly increase the quantity of soil microorganisms in the paddy field.[Conclusions]The return of milk vetch can be used as a feasible measure to improve soil fertility.

Effects of Returning Straw and Milk Vetch on Rice Growth and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

The effects of different nitrogen application levels on rice yield and greenhouse gas(NO2,CH4)emissions from rice fields under the combined action of straw and milk vetch.Two treatments were set up in the main area of this experiment:R0(no straw returned to the field,0);R1(amount of straw returned to the field under normal conditions,6000 kg·hm^(-2)).Before turning the straw back into the field,use a circular knife to cut the straw into 10~13 cm.And 3 kinds of nitrogen application treatments in the sub-district:N1(no nitrogen application,0),N2(nitrogen application,15 kg·hm^(-2)),N_(3)(nitrogen application,30 kg·hm^(-2)),two-factor cross-combination,and a non-nitrogen control CK,total of 7 treatments.The results showed that in 2017,early rice R1N2 treatment increased the most obvious yield,which was 32.44%higher than CK,and late rice R_(1)N_(1)treatment increased the most significantly,which was 17.91%higher than CK.CH_(4)emission is positively correlated with the straw returned to the field.N_(2)O is the opposite.The N_(2)O emission flux was highest in the treatment of R1N3,and the CH_(4)emission flux was the highest in the treatment of R1N2.

Integration of Growing Milk Vetch in Winter and Reducing Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Can Improve Rice Yield in Double-Rice Cropping System

To study whether integrative fertilization [growing milk vetch in winter and reducing the dose of chemical nitrogen(N) fertilizer] can improve rice yield, and to reveal the underlying regulatory mechanisms for integrative fertilization, a three-year field trial including two treatments, milk vetch-rice-rice(MRR) and winter fallow-rice-rice(FRR), was conducted in 2010, 2011 and 2012.Our results demonstrated that the MRR treatment could significantly improve rice yield compared with the FRR treatment, especially when the application ratio of milk vetch and chemical fertilizer was 1:2.MRR treatment increased the effective panicle number and the spikelet number per panicle.In addition, a higher tillering number, leaf area index, photosynthetic-potential and photosynthetic-potential to grain ratio were observed in MRR treatment, which could provide enough dry matter for yield formation.Moreover, in MRR treatment, we discovered a higher transportation ratio and transformation ratio of dry matter in culm and leaves, and a stronger total sink capacity and spikelet-root bleeding intensity at the heading stage and 15 d after heading.Furthermore, the MRR treatment showed higher total N, phosphorus and potassium uptakes than FRR treatment, which was associated with the higher root dry weight in each soil layers.These results suggest that growing milk vetch in winter can improve rice yield under less chemical N fertilizer application, which is due to the improvement of soil nutrient status and the increased of rice root growth and development.

Substitution of chemical fertilizer by Chinese milk vetch improves the sustainability of yield and accumulation of soil organic carbon in a double-rice cropping system

The double-rice cropping system is a very important intensive cropping system for food security in China. There have been few studies of the sustainability of yield and accumulation of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the double-rice cropping system following a partial substitution of chemical fertilizer by Chinese milk vetch (Mv). We conducted a 10-year (2008–2017) field experiment in Nan County, South-Central China, to examine the double-rice productivity and SOC accumulation in a paddy soil in response to different fertilization levels and Mv application (22.5 Mg ha^–1). Fertilizer and Mv were applied both individually and in combination (sole chemical fertilizers, Mv plus 100, 80, 60, 40, and 0% of the recommended dose of chemical fertilizers, labeled as F100, MF100, MF80, MF60, MF40, and MF0, respectively). It was found that the grain yields of double-rice crop in treatments receiving Mv were reduced when the dose of chemical fertilizer was reduced, while the change in SOC stock displayed a double peak curve. The MF100 produced the highest double-rice yield and SOC stock, with the value higher by 13.5 and 26.8% than that in the F100. However, the grain yields increased in the MF80 (by 8.4% compared to the F100), while the SOC stock only increased by 8.4%. Analogous to the change of grain yield, the sustainable yield index (SYI) of double rice were improved significantly in the MF100 and MF80 compared to the F100, while there was a slight increase in the MF60 and MF40. After a certain amount of Mv input (22.5 Mg ha^–1), the carbon sequestration rate was affected by the nutrient input due to the stimulation of microbial biomass. Compared with the MF0, the MF100 and MF40 resulted in a dramatically higher carbon sequestration rate (with the value higher by 71.6 and 70.1%), whereas the MF80 induced a lower carbon sequestration rate with the value lower by 70.1% compared to the MF0. Based on the above results we suggested that Mv could partially replace chemical fertilizers (e.g., 40–60%) to improve or maintain the productivity and sustainability of the double-rice cropping system in South-Central China.

Effects of Nitrogen Application Rate to Late Rice on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Soil Carbon Pool During the Growing Season of Winter Chinese Milk vetch

It is of important referential values for the further understanding of the effects of fertilization on greenhouse gas emissions and the effects of winter green manure on soil carbon pool to study the effects of fertilization on the greenhouse gas emissions and soil carbon pool during the growing season of winter Chinese milk vetch in the process of rice cultivation.This study investigated the effects of nitrogen application in late rice season on the yield of the succeeding Chinese milk vetch and greenhouse gas emissions as well as the soil carbon pool characteristics after the winter planting of Chinese milk vetch with the winter idling of no nitrogen application as the control.The results showed that the yield of Chinese milk vetch was the highest under the nitrogen application of 225 kg/hm^2 in the late rice season,reaching up to 18 388.97 kg/hm^2,which was significantly different from other treatments( P <0.05).Nitrogen application in late rice season increased the emissions of N_2 O,CH_4,CO_2 and global warming potential( GWP) in the growing season of Chinese milk vetch.Compared with the winter idling treatment,winter planting of Chinese milk vetch significantly increased the soil organic carbon and soil carbon pool management index.The yield of Chinese milk vetch was significantly positively correlated with N_2O and CH_4 emissions( P < 0.05),while it presented extremely significant positive correlations with CO_2 emissions,GWP,active organic carbon,and carbon pool management index( P < 0.01).Nitrogen application in the late rice season increased the emissions of N_2 O,CH_4,CO_2,and enhanced the greenhouse gas emission potential during the growing season of Chinese milk vetch.Therefore,without reducing the yield of rice,reducing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer in rice could reduce the greenhouse gas emissions in the growing season of succeeding Chinese milk vetch.

CH_4 and N_2O emissions from double-rice cropping system as affected by Chinese milk vetch and straw incorporation in southern China

Chinese milk vetch(CMV) and rice straw(RS)were incorporated into soil to substitute for synthetic N fertilizers and to maintain soil fertility. However, little is known about the integrated impacts of CMV and RS incorporation on CH_4 and N_2O emissions in double-rice cropping systems in southern China. A field experiment was conducted to estimate the integrated impacts of CMV and RS incorporation in the early-and late-rice seasons on CH_4 and N_2O emissions. All treatments received uniform N inputs, 6%–37% of which was replaced by CMV and RS crop residue. CMV and/or RS incorporation produced equivalent or slightly more grain yield, while reducing N2 O emissions by 3%–43%. However, both CMV and RS incorporation increased CH_4 emissions. Annual CH_4 emissions ranged from 321 to 614 kg·hm^(–2)from CMV and RS amendment treatments, which were 1.5–2.9 times higher than that from synthetic N. Compared with single synthetic N fertilizer, incorporation of CMV and/or RS increased GWP and yield-scaled GWP by 45%–164% and45%–153%, respectively. Our results demonstrate CMV and RS amendments replacing N fertilizer, maintained stable yield, mitigated N_2O emission, but enhanced CH_4 emission. Further study is needed on crop residue management in double-cropping rice systems.

Co-composting of Chinese milk vetch with rice straw and using the compost as a peat substitute of seeding substrate of vegetables

Chinese milk vetch(Astragalussinicus L.)is an environment-friendly green manure used for rice with low carbon/nitrogen(C/N)ratio and high moisture.To improve the added values of milk vetch,the feasibility of co-composting of milk vetch with rice straw was evaluated.The probability of using the milk vetch-based compost as a peat substitute in seeding substrate of vegetable was further tested.The changes in physicochemical properties during co-composting of milk vetch and rice straw were evaluated,depending on three treatments:(1)milk vetch alone(MV),(2)co-composting of milk vetch and rice straws with 4:1 ration(w/w)(MV+S)and(3)MV+S with the addition of 3%(w/w)microbial inoculation(MV+S+M).The entire composting durations were 15 d,24 d,and 24 d in MV,MV+S,MV+S+M composts.Compare to MV compost,both the MV+S,MV+S+M composts increased the temperature,pH,organic C,total nitrogen(N),total potassium(K)and the germination index(GI)(over 100)during the cooling/mature phase,and decreased total N loss,and generally,the improvements or reductions were greater in the MV+S+M compost than in the MV+S compost.Additionally,the MV+S+M compost was added at a peat substitute rates of 0%,20%,40%,80%and 100%in a pot experiment to testify the utilization of milk vetch-based compost in substrates.The results showed that the substrate with 40%substitute rate increased the cabbage seeding growth,and that the electrical conductivity was the limiting factor of preventing the substitute rate increase.Another pot experiment demonstrated that the substrate with 40%peat substitute increased the cucumber growth as compared to the substrate without compost.In conclusion,the co-composting milk vetch with rice straw was feasible and quick,and microbial inoculation accelerated the composting process and improved the compost quality.The milk vetch-based composts were nutrient-rich and safe,and thus,can replace part of peat in vegetable seeding substrate.

Fungi dominate denitrification when Chinese milk vetch green manure is used in paddy soil

Fungi play an important role in soil nitrous oxide(N_(2)O)emission in many agricultural soil systems.However,the effect of fungi on N_(2)O emission in Chinese milk vetch(CMV)-containing soils has not been examined sufficiently.This study investigated the contribution of bacteria and fungi to soil N_(2)O emission in CMV-amended soils.We compared soils from an experimental field in the Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences that had been treated with 30000 kg of CMV per 667 m2 per year with one that was not treated with CMV.We incubated soil using cycloheximide and streptomycin to differentiate fungal and bacterial N_(2)O emissions,respectively.Quantitative PCR(qPCR)was performed to investigate bacterial and fungal abundances in the two agricultural soil ecosystems.The contribution of fungi to soil N_(2)O emission in CMV-amended soils was greater than that in nonCMV-amended paddy soils,with fungi accounting for more than 56%of the emissions in CMVamended soils.Quantitative PCR showed that the ratio of the internal transcribed spacer to 16S rDNA was significantly higher in CMV-amended soils than in non-CMV-amended paddy soils.Furthermore,soil properties,such as pH(P<0.05)and NH_(4)^(+)concentration(P<0.05),significantly and negatively affected N_(2)O emission by fungi in soil,whereas the total organic carbon(P<0.05)and NO3–concentration(P<0.05)showed significant positive effects.Fungi may be important contributors to N_(2)O production in CMV-amended soils,which may create challenges for mitigating N_(2)O production.

不同轮作模式对稻田土壤肥力和微生物群落结构的影响

为了探索不同水稻轮作模式对稻田土壤微生物群落结构的影响,以及与土壤养分供给的关系,本研究采用高通量测序技术对3种不同轮作模式下(水稻-小麦轮作、水稻-紫云英轮作、水稻-休耕)土壤细菌和真菌的群落结构变化进行分析,并进一步探讨了微生物群落结构与土壤养分含量之间的相互关系。结果表明:水稻-紫云英轮作模式能够明显改善稻田土壤的综合肥力,紫云英连续翻压还田后显著提高了土壤中总氮(TN)和有效氮(AN)的含量。土壤微生物群落结构方面,不同种植模式对细菌群落结构的影响大于真菌。水稻-紫云英轮作模式中优势菌群如酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)和子囊菌门(Ascomycota)等的富集有助于促进土壤生态系统的养分循环与生态健康。不同种植模式条件下土壤养分的变化如TN、AN、总钾(TK)及速效钾(AK)等可能是导致土壤细菌和真菌群落结构发生变化的主要驱动因素。稻田土壤中细菌群落结构对于土壤养分变化的敏感性要高于真菌。综合来看,水稻-紫云英轮作模式是更加适合水稻生态可持续栽培的种植模式,能够明显改善稻田土壤的综合肥力和土壤微生态环境。

稻秸-紫云英联合还田对水稻光合特性及产量品质的影响

为评价稻秸-紫云英联合还田对水稻光合特性、产量及稻米品质的影响,采用田间随机试验,以不施氮肥为对照(CK),设置常规氮肥(N)、稻秸还田+常规氮肥(RN)、紫云英还田+常规氮肥(MN)、稻秸还田+紫云英还田+常规氮肥(MRN)、稻秸还田+紫云英还田+60%氮肥(MRN60%),共计6个处理。对不同处理下的叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、净光合速率(net photosynthetic rate,Pn)、气孔导度(stomatal conductance,Gs)、胞间CO_(2)浓度(intercellular CO_(2)concentration,Ci)、蒸腾速率(transpiration rate,Tr)和干物质积累量、产量及稻米品质进行比较。结果表明,与CK相比,N、RN、MN、MRN和MRN60%处理均可显著提高水稻剑叶的SPAD值、Pn、Gs、稻谷产量及稻米糙米率、整精米率和蛋白含量,并显著降低直链淀粉含量。与N处理相比,在光合特性方面,MRN处理剑叶的SPAD值、净光合速率、气孔导度分别显著提高2.36%、5.95%、7.80%;在干物质积累量方面,MRN处理分蘖期、孕穗期、乳熟期的干物质积累量分别显著提高14.77%、3.52%、4.95%;在产量及构成因素方面,MRN处理的有效穗数、穗粒数、稻谷产量分别显著提高7.38%、3.08%、15.96%;在稻米品质方面,MRN处理的整精米率显著提高4.63%,直链淀粉含量显著降低6.54%。与N处理相比,MN处理仅净光合速率显著提高4.75%;MRN60%处理仅直链淀粉含量显著降低7.00%。相关分析结果表明,剑叶SPAD值、Pn和Gs均与有效穗数、穗粒数、产量、糙米率、整精米率呈极显著正相关,与直链淀粉含量呈极显著负相关;SPAD值和Pn与蛋白含量呈极显著正相关;Gs与蛋白含量呈显著正相关。综上,在常规施氮下,稻秸-紫云英联合还田可显著提高水稻剑叶的SPAD值、Pn、Gs等光合指标及水稻产量和蒸煮品质;在60%氮肥施用下,稻秸-紫云英联合还田有利于稳定水稻剑叶光合特性,保持水稻增产和品质特征,可应用于优质水稻生产。

稻草和紫云英协同还田下钾肥施用量对水稻产量及土壤供钾能力的影响

[目的]水稻生产对钾素的需求量大,研究稻草和紫云英协同还田条件下不同施肥处理对水稻产量和土壤钾素形态变化的影响,旨在保障我国南方水稻的高产和土壤钾素高效利用。[方法]不同轮作模式钾肥定位试验位于中国农业科学院红壤实验站内(始于2016年)。试验处理包括不施肥和冬闲(CK)、氮磷钾肥和冬闲(F)、氮磷钾肥和冬种紫云英(CM)、氮磷钾肥配合稻草还田和冬种紫云英(RCM)、氮磷减钾50%配合稻草还田和冬种紫云英(50%KRCM)。在试验第3年(2019年)于水稻收获后调查分析水稻产量和钾素含量,以及耕层土壤中速效钾和缓效钾含量,计算水稻钾素吸收量、钾素生理效率和钾素表观平衡,并进一步探讨水稻产量和钾素各指标之间的相关性。[结果]与CK处理相比,紫云英轮作显著提高水稻年产量,增幅以RCM、50%KRCM较高,分别为59.4%和59.7%。两者协同还田和紫云英单独还田均可显著提高有效穗数,相比化肥冬闲处理(F),增幅为53.1%~63.3%,在稻草和紫云英协同还田下,减钾对水稻产量构成因素的影响不明显。和F处理相比,RCM、50%KRCM处理显著提高了土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量,增幅分别为87.6%、41.1%和14.0%、12.1%,紫云英单独还田(CM)可显著提高土壤速效钾含量,对缓效钾含量的影响不显著。与RCM处理相比,50%KRCM处理的土壤速效钾含量显著降低了24.8%,缓效钾含量没有显著变化。和CK处理相比,RCM处理显著提高了稻谷含钾量,增幅为6.7%,4个施肥处理均显著提高了稻草和稻谷吸钾量,钾素表观平衡均表现为盈余,RCM和50%KRCM处理的钾素盈余量高于CM处理,但50%KRCM处理的钾素盈余量比RCM处理降低了119.7 kg/(hm^(2)·a)。钾素盈余量与土壤速效钾含量变化呈显著正相关,钾素盈余量每增加1 kg/(hm^(2)·a),土壤速效钾含量提高0.25 mg/kg。施肥降低了钾素生理效率,CM、RCM和F处理的钾素生理效率比CK降低了10.3%~15.5%。土壤速效钾含量、植株总吸钾量、钾素表观平衡和水稻产量之间均显著正相关,植株总吸钾量每增加1 kg/hm^(2),水稻产量提高30.5 kg/hm^(2),钾素表观平衡每增加1 kg/(hm^(2)·a),水稻产量提高9.5 kg/hm^(2)。[结论]稻草和紫云英协同还田可增加水稻有效穗数进而提高稻谷产量,增加钾素盈余量可提高土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量,两者协同还田提升水稻产量和土壤供钾能力的作用优于紫云英单独还田。稻草和紫云英协同还田条件下减少钾肥施用量,显著降低钾素盈余量,但没有降低土壤钾素的供应能力,因此,可适当减少钾肥的施用量。

长期紫云英配施减量化肥对土壤铵态氮吸附解吸特征的影响

为明确长期紫云英配施减量化肥对土壤铵态氮吸附解吸特征的影响,以13年长期定位试验为平台,设不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(CF)、22500 kg/hm^(2)紫云英+80%化肥(G+0.8CF)、22500 kg/hm^(2)紫云英+60%化肥(G+0.6CF)、22500 kg/hm^(2)紫云英+40%化肥(G+0.4CF)共5个处理,研究了不同施肥处理对土壤铵态氮吸附解吸特征的影响,并分析了土壤吸附解吸特征参数与土壤理化性质的关系。结果显示,Langmuir等温吸附方程能较好地拟合土壤铵态氮的吸附特征(R^(2)为0.9969~0.9979,P<0.01)。与CK相比,紫云英配施减量化肥处理土壤铵态氮的最大吸附量、最大缓冲容量分别降低了4.85%~13.46%、4.55%~7.36%;土壤铵态氮的平均解吸量和解吸率为G+0.8CF>G+0.6CF>G+0.4CF>CF>CK。与CK相比,紫云英配施减量化肥处理土壤全氮和速效氮含量分别增加了19.42%~46.60%、15.24%~25.88%。相关性分析结果显示,解吸率与土壤全氮、土壤速效氮呈显著正相关,与土壤pH呈显著负相关;冗余分析结果显示,pH和速效氮是造成土壤铵态氮吸附解吸特征参数差异的主要因素,分别解释了全部变异的56.7%和39.1%(P<0.05)。综上所述,长期紫云英配施减量化肥降低土壤对铵态氮的吸附,增加土壤对铵态氮的解吸,减少了土壤对氮的固持,提高氮的有效性。综合考虑土壤铵态氮的吸附解吸特性及土壤养分含量,以减量20%~40%化肥配施22500kg/hm^(2)紫云英处理效果较好。

淹水培养下紫云英对紫潮泥锌有效性及形态转化的影响

采用90d的紫云英室内培养试验,探究了石灰性水稻土紫潮泥锌(Zn)有效性及形态转化对不同紫云英添加量的响应。结果表明:添加紫云英促进了紫潮泥中难以被植物吸收利用的矿物残渣态锌(Min-Zn)和氧化锰结合态锌(OxMn-Zn)、潜在有效的碳酸盐结合态锌(Carb-Zn)向易被植物吸收利用的松结有机态锌(Wbo-Zn)和交换态锌(Ex-Zn)转化,从而提高紫潮泥Zn的生物有效性。在整个研究期间,紫潮泥Zn平均转化比率T1处理(添加1.50t/hm^(2)紫云英)最低(-116.40%),T2处理(添加2.25t/hm^(2)紫云英)最高(-19.57%)。到试验结束,添加紫云英处理均提高了紫潮泥Zn转移因子,T2处理最高(1.56%);降低了Zn分配指数,T2处理最低(96.9%);表明紫潮泥土壤Zn向有效态组分发生了转化。不同紫云英添加量处理中,紫潮泥Zn有效性和形态转化之间存在差异,2.25t/hm^(2)紫云英添加量最有利于紫潮泥Zn有效性的提高。研究结果将为以种植紫云英绿肥为手段提高紫潮泥Zn的有效性提供科学依据。