Optimization and Performance Enhancement of Gesture Recognition Algorithm Based on FMCW Millimeter-Wave Radar

Gesture recognition plays an increasingly important role as the requirements of intelligent systems for human-computer interaction methods increase.To improve the accuracy of the millimeter-wave radar gesture detection algorithm with limited computational resources,this study improves the detection performance in terms of optimized features and interference filtering.The accuracy of the algorithm is improved by refining the combination of gesture features using a self-constructed dataset,and biometric filtering is introduced to reduce the interference of inanimate object motion.Finally,experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in both mitigating interference from inanimate objects and accurately recognizing gestures.Results show a notable 93.29%average reduction in false detections achieved through the integration of biometric filtering into the algorithm’s interpretation of target movements.Additionally,the algorithm adeptly identifies the six gestures with an average accuracy of 96.84%on embedded systems.

Co-Sharing Waveform Design for Millimeter-Wave Radar Communication Systems

Millimeter-wave(mmWave)radar communication has emerged as an important technique for future wireless systems.However,the interference between the radar signal and communication data is the main issue that should be considered for the joint radar communication system.In this paper,a co-sharing waveform(CSW)is proposed to achieve communication and radar sensing simultaneously.To eliminate the co-interference between the communication and sensing signal,signal splitting and processing methods for communication data demodulation and radar signal processing are given respectively.Simulation results show that the bit error rate(BER)of CSW is close to that of the pure communication waveform.Moreover,the proposed CSW can achieve better performance than the existing waveforms in terms of range and velocity estimation.

Automatic Identification of Clear-Air Echoes Based on Millimeter-wave Cloud Radar Measurements

Millimeter-wave cloud radar(MMCR)provides the capability of detecting the features of micro particles inside clouds and describing the internal microphysical structure of the clouds.Therefore,MMCR has been widely applied in cloud observations.However,due to the influence of non-meteorological factors such as insects,the cloud observations are often contaminated by non-meteorological echoes in the clear air,known as clear-air echoes.It is of great significance to automatically identify the clear-air echoes in order to extract effective meteorological information from the complex weather background.The characteristics of clear-air echoes are studied here by combining data from four devices:an MMCR,a laser-ceilometer,an L-band radiosonde,and an all-sky camera.In addition,a new algorithm,which includes feature extraction,feature selection,and classification,is proposed to achieve the automatic identification of clear-air echoes.The results show that the recognition algorithm is fairly satisfied in both simple and complex weather conditions.The recognition accuracy can reach up to 95.86%for the simple cases when cloud echoes and clear-air echoes are separate,and 88.38%for the complicated cases when low cloud echoes and clear-air echoes are mixed.

Millimeter-wave LFMCW radar water surface detection experiment and its imaging algorithm

A millimeter-wave linear frequency modulated continuous wave(LFM CW)radar is applied to water surface detection.This paper presents the experiment and imaging algorithm.In imaging processing,water surface texture can hardly be seen in the results obtained by traditional imaging algorithm.To solve this problem,we propose a millimeter-wave LFMCW radar imaging algorithm for water surface texture.Different from the traditional imaging algorithm,the proposed imaging algorithm includes two improvements as follows:Firstly,the interference from static targets is removed through a frequency domainfilter;Secondly,the multiplicative noises are reduced by the maximum likelihood estimation method,which is used to estimatethe azimuth spectrum parameters to calculate the energy of water surface echo.Final results show that the proposed algorithmcan obtain water surface texture,which means that the proposed algorithm is superior to the traditional imaging algorithm.

Towards Converged Millimeter-Wave/Terahertz Wireless Communication and Radar Sensing

Converged communication and radar sensing systems have attained increasing attention in recent years.The development of converged radar-data systems is reviewed,with a special focus on millimeter/terahertz systems as a promising trend.Firstly,we present historical development and convergence technology concept for communication-radar systems,and highlight some emerging technologies in this area.We then provide an updated and comprehensive survey of several converged systems operating in different microwave and millimeter frequency bands,by providing some selective typical communication and radar sensing systems.In this part,we also summarize and compare the system performance in terms of maximum range/range resolution for radar mode and Bit Error Rate(BER)/wireless distance for communication mode.In the last section,the convergence of millimeter/terahertz communication-radar system is concluded by analyzing the prospect of millimeter-wave/terahertz technologies in providing ultrafast data rates and high resolution for our smart future.

Probabilistic modeling of multifunction radars with autoregressive kernel mixture network

The task of modeling and analyzing intercepted multifunction radars(MFRs)pulse trains is vital for cognitive electronic reconnaissance.Existing methodologies predominantly rely on prior information or heavily constrained models,posing challenges for non-cooperative applications.This paper introduces a novel approach to model MFRs using a Bayesian network,where the conditional probability density function is approximated by an autoregressive kernel mixture network(ARKMN).Utilizing the estimated probability density function,a dynamic programming algorithm is proposed for denoising and detecting change points in the intercepted MFRs pulse trains.Simulation results affirm the proposed method's efficacy in modeling MFRs,outperforming the state-of-the-art in pulse train denoising and change point detection.

A Single-Board Integrated Millimeter-Wave Asymmetric Full-Digital Beamforming Array for B5G/6G Applications

In this article,a single-board integrated millimeter-wave(mm-Wave)asymmetric full-digital beamforming(AFDBF)array is developed for beyond-fifth-generation(B5G)and sixth-generation(6G)communications.The proposed integrated array effectively addresses the challenge of arranging a large number of ports in a full-digital array by designing vertical connections in a three-dimensional space and successfully integrating full-digital transmitting(Tx)and receiving(Rx)arrays independently in a single board.Unlike the traditional symmetric array,the proposed asymmetric array is composed of an 8×8 Tx array arranged in a square shape and an 8+8 Rx array arranged in an L shape.The center-to-center distance between two adjacent elements is 0.54k0 for both the Tx and Rx arrays,where k0 is the free-space wavelength at 27 GHz.The proposed AFDBF array possesses a more compact structure and lower system hardware cost and power consumption compared with conventional brick-type full-digital arrays.In addition,the energy efficiency of the proposed AFDBF array outperforms that of a hybrid beamforming array.The measurement results indicate that the operating frequency band of the proposed array is 24.25–29.50 GHz.An eight-element linear array within the Tx array can achieve a scanning angle ranging from-47°to+47°in both the azimuth and the elevation planes,and the measured scanning range of each eight-element Rx array is–45°to+45°.The measured maximum effective isotropic radiated power(EIRP)of the eight-element Tx array is 43.2 dBm at 28.0 GHz(considering the saturation point).Furthermore,the measured error vector magnitude(EVM)is less than 3%when 64-quadrature amplitude modulation(QAM)waveforms are used.

Comparison of Liquid Water Content Retrievals for Airborne Millimeter-Wave Radar with Different Particle Parameter Schemes

In the application of the physical iterative method to retrieve millimeter-wave radar liquid water content(LWC)and liquid water path(LWP),particle parameter scheme is the main factor affecting retrieval performance.In this paper,synchronous measurements of an airborne millimeter-wave radar and a hot-wire probe in stratus cloud are used to compare the LWC retrievals of the oceanic and continental particle parameter scheme with diameter less than 50μm and the particle parameter scheme with diameter less than 500μm and 1500μm(scheme 1,scheme 2,scheme 3,and scheme4,respectively).The results show that the particle parameter scheme needs to be selected according to the reflectivity factor when using the physical iterative method to retrieve the LWC and LWP.When the reflectivity factor is less than-30 d BZ,the retrieval error of scheme 1 is the minimum.When the reflectivity factor is greater than-30 d BZ,the retrieval error of scheme 4 is the minimum.Based on the reflectance factor value,the LWP retrievals of scheme 4 are closer to the measurements,the average relative bias is 5.2%,and the minimum relative bias is 4.4%.Compared with other schemes,scheme 4 seems to be more useful for the LWC and LWP retrieval of stratus cloud in China.

Non-LOS target localization via millimeter-wave automotive radar

This paper considers the non-line-of-sight(NLOS)vehicle localization problem by using millimeter-wave(MMW)automotive radar.Several preliminary attempts for NLOS vehicle detection are carried out and achieve good results.Firstly,an electromagnetic(EM)wave NLOS multipath propagation model for vehicle scene is established.Subsequently,with the help of available multipath echoes,a complete NLOS vehicle localiza-tion algorithm is proposed.Finally,simulation and experimental results validate the effectiveness of the established EM wave propagation model and the proposed NLOS vehicle localization algorithm.

Comparison on Winter Wheat Yield Estimating Models Based on Radarsat-2 and HJ Satellite in Huaihe River Region

The establishment of crop yield estimating model based on microwave and optical satellite images can conduct the mutual verification of the accuracy of the reported crop yield and the precision of the estimating model. With Shou County and Huaiyuan County of Anhui Province as the experimental fields of winter wheat producing areas, the linear winter wheat yield estimating models were established by adopting backscattering coefficient and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index（NDVI） based on images from the synthetic aperture radar（SAR）—RDARSAT-2 and HJ satellite photographed in mid-April and early May, 2014, and then comparisons were conducted on the accuracy of the yield estimating models. The accuracies of the yield estimating models established using co-polarized（HH） and cross-polarized（HV） modes of SAR in Jiangou Town, Shou County were 68.37% and 74.01%, respectively, while the accuracies in Longkang Town, Huaiyuan County were 63.10%and 69.10%, respectively. Accuracies of yield estimating models established by HJ satellite data were 69.52% and 66.43% in Shou County and Huaiyuan County, respectively. Accuracies of winter yield estimating model based on HJ satellite data and that based on SAR were closed, and the yield difference of winter wheat in the lodging region was analyzed in detail. The model results laid the foundation and accumulated experience for the verification, parameters correction and promotion of the winter wheat yield estimating model.

Analysis and Modeling of Broadband CMOS Monolithic Balun up to Millimeter-Wave Frequencies

The implementation of broadband monolithic baluns based on CMOS technology is investigated. The configuration and parameterized layout are analyzed. Then,a wide-band lumped element equivalent circuit model accounting for all necessary physical effects is proposed and model parameters are extracted, with high accuracy in a broadband frequency range ,via combination of physical formula and fitting optimization. Two baluns were implemented with TSMC＇s one-poly eight-metal （1P8M） 0.13μm mixed-signal （MS）/RF CMOS process. The S-parameters of these two baluns were measured using a vector network analyzer. The measured results agree well with the modeled parameters up to millimeter-wave frequencies.

利用Radarsat-2数据基于比值检测的水稻制图

利用2010年获取的2景Radarsat-2全极化SAR数据,探讨水稻及其他地物在不同时相上的后向散射特征差异,并提出在雷达遥感图像上基于比值检测理论的水稻分类制图方法。通过分析研究区内水稻、茭白等主要地物在2个时相上不同极化方式下的后向散射特征,利用比值检测理论建立水稻及其他地物像元概率分布及分布函数并计算出主要地物的分类阈值,在剔除茭白的影响下,完成水稻的分类制图。水稻和茭白作为水生作物具有明显的雷达图像表现特征;在HH/VV比值图像中,分类阈值1.393对水稻的识别最好,制图精度达到92.64%,总误差概率为7.74%。研究结果表明,Radarsat-2数据在水稻监测中具有丰富多样的技术手段以及更为广泛的应用潜力。

基于RADARSAT-2全极化数据反演周期性地表土壤湿度

土壤湿度是农作物估产和旱情监测的关键参量。目前常用的土壤湿度反演模型都建立在随机粗糙地表条件下,对周期性垄行结构的土壤并不适用。基于RADARSAT-2全极化数据和野外实测数据,分析了交叉极化(vh)后向散射系数对垄行方位角无明显响应;同极化(hh,vv)对方位角的响应为余弦函数,但在方位角为90o±2o位置易出现偏离曲线的异常高亮度值。通过雷达影像上采样点的实测值和Oh模型推算的理论值,拟合得到周期性地表和随机地表之间的误差函数,进而对同极化影像进行纠正。纠正后的同极化比(p)去除了方位角和异常值的影响,交叉极化比(q)受到异常值的影响。通过Oh模型中的p和vh对研究区的地表参数进行反演,17个检验点的验证结果表明,预测的土壤湿度平均相对误差为11.13%,标准差为0.0256cm3/cm3;预测的均方根高度平均相对误差为13%,标准差为0.1315cm。结果与随机粗糙地表土壤湿度和均方根高度的反演精度相当,证明了该模型的有效性。

利用Radarsat-2极化雷达数据探测湿地地表特征与分类

利用新型的Radarsat-2极化雷达数据,结合极化雷达目标分解方法提取鄱阳湖湿地不同地表类型的极化特征量,并进行了Wishart非监督和监督分类,取得了较高的精度。研究表明,Radarsat-2卫星的全天候极化雷达成像能力将在湿地监测和制图中有较大的应用潜力。

RADARSAT数字图像积雪覆盖下地物解译方法

采用加拿大RADARSAT雷达数字图像, 以新疆阿勒泰地区阿勒泰市、布尔津、吉木乃、哈巴河、福海5个县(市)为典型试验区, 研究了积雪覆盖下雷达遥感图像地物解译的基本原理和几何纠正方法, 比较分析了标准模式的地理参考高分辨率合成孔径雷达图像与经过亮度增强、边缘增强、图像增强、斑点压缩和纹理分析处理的图像上地物目视解译的特点, 建立了积雪覆盖下雷达图像上耕地、水系、交通道路、居民地等与抗灾救灾密切相关的地物的解译标志。结果表明, 可弥补可见光及近红外遥感积雪监测的缺陷, 为雪灾发生区的救援决策提供科学依据。

RADARSAT图象滤波的研究

在分析 SAR图象斑点噪声特性和主要滤波算法的基础上 ,将中值滤波、均值滤波、LEE与增强 LEE滤波、FROST与增强 FROST滤波、KUAN滤波、GAMMA滤波、小波软阈值滤波等算法应用于 RADARSAT图象滤波 ,以平滑指数和边缘保持指数等作为评价指标 ,对各种方法进行了比较 .结果表明 ,中值、均值滤波算法的效果较差 。

PALSAR及RADARSAT2全极化雷达数据在地质构造应用中的研究

由于雷达数据不受天气影响,且具有一定的穿透能力,近年来已被广泛的运用在地质构造信息提取研究中。ALOSPALSAR与RADARSAT2是近年发展的最先进的雷达传感器,其全极化模式同时又具有较高的空间分辨率,这为植被区地质构造研究提供了良好的数据源。本文选取非洲埃塞俄比亚西部为研究区,通过对研究区域两种全极化雷达数据进行正射校正、极化合成等处理,对比分析了其在地质构造应用中的优劣,结果表明PALSAR全极化数据较为有利;最后选取PALSAR全极化数据,结合区域地质背景,提取了研究区的构造信息,提取结果与区域整体构造格架一致。

基于RADARSAT-2 SAR卫星数据的海浪谱反演方法及其海试实验验证

针对加拿大遥感卫星RADARSAT-2 SAR观测海浪的实际需求,建立了一种适合于RADARSAT-2 SAR的海浪谱反演方法。搭载东方红3号科考船在中国南海台湾海峡西南部海域开展了浮标和SAR海浪的联合探测实验,获取了大量的现场观测资料,对SAR海浪谱反演方法反演的海浪参数结果进行了验证。结果表明:建立的SAR海浪谱反演方法具有较高的准确性,适用于RADARSAT-2 SAR的海浪反演。研究工作可为SAR海浪观测提供重要的参考,具有一定的实际应用价值。

基于RadarSat2数据的法拉第旋转校正算法实验

鉴于星载合成孔径雷达（SAR）系统受法拉第旋转效应引入的极化矢量偏移影响,研究基于极化SAR传输模型给出常用星载SAR法拉第旋转效应校正算法,还原目标真实散射特性以用于地面精确信息反演.实验给出了四种常用校正算法关于C波段全极化Radar Sat2数据的法拉第旋转角估计性能分析,对比得到Bickel＆Bates算法及Freeman算法具有较稳健的估计性能表现;并基于其对整景数据进行法拉第旋转效应估计,得到该雨林区域数据具有0°~2°的法拉第旋转角变化,对于一般遥感数据应用不会产生较大影响.这为进一步精确监测星载极化SAR系统失真变化打下了技术基础.

Dwell scheduling algorithm for multifunction phased array radars based on the scheduling gain

A real-time dwell scheduling model, which takes the time and energy constraints into account is founded from the viewpoint of scheduling gain. Scheduling design is turned into a nonlinear programming procedure. The real-time dwell scheduling algorithm based on the scheduling gain is presented with the help of two heuristic rules. The simulation results demonstrate that compared with the conventional adaptive scheduling method, the algorithm proposed not only increases the scheduling gain and the time utility but also decreases the task drop rate.