Accumulated temperature above 100℃ (Σ t) and minimum annual temperature (Tm) are the major indexes for demarcating agroclimatic thermal zones. The paper calculated the return period (τ) of Σ t and Tm, and the shif...Accumulated temperature above 100℃ (Σ t) and minimum annual temperature (Tm) are the major indexes for demarcating agroclimatic thermal zones. The paper calculated the return period (τ) of Σ t and Tm, and the shift ofΣ t-and Tm-isopleths with T. The results show: (1) According to the magnitude of shift of Σ t-and Tm-isopleths, in Northeast China, Inner Mongolia and northern Xinjiang the fluctuation of thermal resources in growing season from year to year is the greatest and strongly impacts the yield of annual thermophilous crops, but in the Changjiang River basin the fluctuation of the low temperature in winter is the greatest and seriously injures the perennial subtropical tree crops. ( 2) In the anomalous cool summer year with t = 30, the northern boundaries of the southern subtropical, northern subtropical and warm temperate zones and the southern boundary of the frigid temperate zone in China could be expected to shift southward 150, 220, 250 and 300 km from their normal positions,展开更多
This paper presents not only practical but also instructive mathematical models to simulate tree network formation using the Poisson equation and the Finite Difference Method (FDM). Then, the implications for entropic...This paper presents not only practical but also instructive mathematical models to simulate tree network formation using the Poisson equation and the Finite Difference Method (FDM). Then, the implications for entropic theories are discussed from the viewpoint of Maximum Entropy Production (MEP). According to the MEP principle, open systems existing in the state far from equilibrium are stabilized when entropy production is maximized, creating dissipative structures with low entropy such as the tree-shaped network. We prepare two simulation models: one is the Poisson equation model that simulates the state far from equilibrium, and the other is the Laplace equation model that simulates the isolated state or the state near thermodynamic equilibrium. The output of these equations is considered to be positively correlated to entropy production of the system. Setting the Poisson equation model so that entropy production is maximized, tree network formation is advanced. We suppose that this is due to the invocation of the MEP principle, that is, entropy of the system is lowered by emitting maximal entropy out of the system. On the other hand, tree network formation is not observed in the Laplace equation model. Our simulation results will offer the persuasive evidence that certifies the effect of the MEP principle.展开更多
This review presents a comprehensive techno-economic and life-cycle assessment of sustainable aviation fuel(SAF)production from biomass.The critical need for transitioning towards environmentally sustainable alternati...This review presents a comprehensive techno-economic and life-cycle assessment of sustainable aviation fuel(SAF)production from biomass.The critical need for transitioning towards environmentally sustainable alternatives for liquid fuel and aviation industry is first discussed.Key insights encompass the evolutionary progression of biofuel production from first-generation to second-generation biofuels,with a focus on utilizing non-food sources like woody biomass for enhanced sustainability.Available data from the literature on techno-economic assessments of various SAF production pathways are analyzed including production costs,conversion efficiency,and scalability.Moreover,results of lifecycle assessments associated with different SAF production pathways are presented,providing essential insights for decision-making processes.The challenges of scaling up woody biomass-based SAF production are discussed based on the assessment results,and recommendations are proposed to steer stakeholders towards a greener and more sustainable trajectory for aviation operations.展开更多
A strong product graph is denoted by G_(1)■G_(2),where G_(1) and G_(2) are called its factor graphs.This paper gives the range of the minimum strong radius of the strong product graph.And using the relationship betwe...A strong product graph is denoted by G_(1)■G_(2),where G_(1) and G_(2) are called its factor graphs.This paper gives the range of the minimum strong radius of the strong product graph.And using the relationship between the cartesian product graph G_(1)■G_(2) and the strong product graph G_(1)■G_(2),another different upper bound of the minimum strong radius of the strong product graph is given.展开更多
Straightness error is an important parameter in measuring high-precision shafts. New generation geometrical product speeifieation（GPS） requires the measurement uncertainty characterizing the reliability of the resul...Straightness error is an important parameter in measuring high-precision shafts. New generation geometrical product speeifieation（GPS） requires the measurement uncertainty characterizing the reliability of the results should be given together when the measurement result is given. Nowadays most researches on straightness focus on error calculation and only several research projects evaluate the measurement uncertainty based on ＂The Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement（GUM）＂. In order to compute spatial straightness error（SSE） accurately and rapidly and overcome the limitations of GUM, a quasi particle swarm optimization（QPSO） is proposed to solve the minimum zone SSE and Monte Carlo Method（MCM） is developed to estimate the measurement uncertainty. The mathematical model of minimum zone SSE is formulated. In QPSO quasi-random sequences are applied to the generation of the initial position and velocity of particles and their velocities are modified by the constriction factor approach. The flow of measurement uncertainty evaluation based on MCM is proposed, where the heart is repeatedly sampling from the probability density function（PDF） for every input quantity and evaluating the model in each case. The minimum zone SSE of a shaft measured on a Coordinate Measuring Machine（CMM） is calculated by QPSO and the measurement uncertainty is evaluated by MCM on the basis of analyzing the uncertainty contributors. The results show that the uncertainty directly influences the product judgment result. Therefore it is scientific and reasonable to consider the influence of the uncertainty in judging whether the parts are accepted or rejected, especially for those located in the uncertainty zone. The proposed method is especially suitable when the PDF of the measurand cannot adequately be approximated by a Gaussian distribution or a scaled and shifted t-distribution and the measurement model is non-linear.展开更多
A new inequality on the minimum eigenvalue for the Fan product of nonsingular M-matrices is given. In addition, a new inequality on the spectral radius of the Hadamard product of nonnegative matrices is also obtained....A new inequality on the minimum eigenvalue for the Fan product of nonsingular M-matrices is given. In addition, a new inequality on the spectral radius of the Hadamard product of nonnegative matrices is also obtained. These inequalities can improve considerably some previous results.展开更多
Despite the intention of minimum wage policy to maintain the living standards of low-income groups in the formal sector, this paper has found that the actual result of this policy produces the ＂big push＂ impact on C...Despite the intention of minimum wage policy to maintain the living standards of low-income groups in the formal sector, this paper has found that the actual result of this policy produces the ＂big push＂ impact on China＇s economy under certain conditions, i.e. it is conducive to achieving the equilibrium of high wage, high consumption and formalization. The result shows that the elasticity of income growth from raising the minimum wage standard is greater for formal sector employees than for informal sector employees and is characterized by a U-shaped pattern in terms of quantiles. Thus, minimum wage hikes have widened wage gaps between and within sectors. Rising minimum wage standards greatly stimulate consumption with each 10% increase expected to bring about an additional urban household consumption of about 1.167 billion yuan in the surveyed four provinces. With local minimum wage hikes, the formal sector of wholesale and retail, hotel and catering services expands and the informal sector contracts, while the real estate sector experiences a ＂reverse formalization＂ trend. Based on the ＂big push theory＂, this paper concludes that against the backdrop of extensive, frequent and substantial minimum wage hikes, demand and sector TFP growth are the major causes of sector heterogeneity.展开更多
文摘Accumulated temperature above 100℃ (Σ t) and minimum annual temperature (Tm) are the major indexes for demarcating agroclimatic thermal zones. The paper calculated the return period (τ) of Σ t and Tm, and the shift ofΣ t-and Tm-isopleths with T. The results show: (1) According to the magnitude of shift of Σ t-and Tm-isopleths, in Northeast China, Inner Mongolia and northern Xinjiang the fluctuation of thermal resources in growing season from year to year is the greatest and strongly impacts the yield of annual thermophilous crops, but in the Changjiang River basin the fluctuation of the low temperature in winter is the greatest and seriously injures the perennial subtropical tree crops. ( 2) In the anomalous cool summer year with t = 30, the northern boundaries of the southern subtropical, northern subtropical and warm temperate zones and the southern boundary of the frigid temperate zone in China could be expected to shift southward 150, 220, 250 and 300 km from their normal positions,
文摘This paper presents not only practical but also instructive mathematical models to simulate tree network formation using the Poisson equation and the Finite Difference Method (FDM). Then, the implications for entropic theories are discussed from the viewpoint of Maximum Entropy Production (MEP). According to the MEP principle, open systems existing in the state far from equilibrium are stabilized when entropy production is maximized, creating dissipative structures with low entropy such as the tree-shaped network. We prepare two simulation models: one is the Poisson equation model that simulates the state far from equilibrium, and the other is the Laplace equation model that simulates the isolated state or the state near thermodynamic equilibrium. The output of these equations is considered to be positively correlated to entropy production of the system. Setting the Poisson equation model so that entropy production is maximized, tree network formation is advanced. We suppose that this is due to the invocation of the MEP principle, that is, entropy of the system is lowered by emitting maximal entropy out of the system. On the other hand, tree network formation is not observed in the Laplace equation model. Our simulation results will offer the persuasive evidence that certifies the effect of the MEP principle.
文摘This review presents a comprehensive techno-economic and life-cycle assessment of sustainable aviation fuel(SAF)production from biomass.The critical need for transitioning towards environmentally sustainable alternatives for liquid fuel and aviation industry is first discussed.Key insights encompass the evolutionary progression of biofuel production from first-generation to second-generation biofuels,with a focus on utilizing non-food sources like woody biomass for enhanced sustainability.Available data from the literature on techno-economic assessments of various SAF production pathways are analyzed including production costs,conversion efficiency,and scalability.Moreover,results of lifecycle assessments associated with different SAF production pathways are presented,providing essential insights for decision-making processes.The challenges of scaling up woody biomass-based SAF production are discussed based on the assessment results,and recommendations are proposed to steer stakeholders towards a greener and more sustainable trajectory for aviation operations.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11551002)Natural Science Foundation of Qinghai Province(Grant No.2019-ZJ-7093)。
文摘A strong product graph is denoted by G_(1)■G_(2),where G_(1) and G_(2) are called its factor graphs.This paper gives the range of the minimum strong radius of the strong product graph.And using the relationship between the cartesian product graph G_(1)■G_(2) and the strong product graph G_(1)■G_(2),another different upper bound of the minimum strong radius of the strong product graph is given.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51075198)Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. BK2010479)+2 种基金Innovation Research of Nanjing Institute of Technology, China (Grant No. CKJ20100008)Jiangsu Provincial Foundation of 333 Talents Engineering of ChinaJiangsu Provincial Foundation of Six Talented Peak of China
文摘Straightness error is an important parameter in measuring high-precision shafts. New generation geometrical product speeifieation（GPS） requires the measurement uncertainty characterizing the reliability of the results should be given together when the measurement result is given. Nowadays most researches on straightness focus on error calculation and only several research projects evaluate the measurement uncertainty based on ＂The Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement（GUM）＂. In order to compute spatial straightness error（SSE） accurately and rapidly and overcome the limitations of GUM, a quasi particle swarm optimization（QPSO） is proposed to solve the minimum zone SSE and Monte Carlo Method（MCM） is developed to estimate the measurement uncertainty. The mathematical model of minimum zone SSE is formulated. In QPSO quasi-random sequences are applied to the generation of the initial position and velocity of particles and their velocities are modified by the constriction factor approach. The flow of measurement uncertainty evaluation based on MCM is proposed, where the heart is repeatedly sampling from the probability density function（PDF） for every input quantity and evaluating the model in each case. The minimum zone SSE of a shaft measured on a Coordinate Measuring Machine（CMM） is calculated by QPSO and the measurement uncertainty is evaluated by MCM on the basis of analyzing the uncertainty contributors. The results show that the uncertainty directly influences the product judgment result. Therefore it is scientific and reasonable to consider the influence of the uncertainty in judging whether the parts are accepted or rejected, especially for those located in the uncertainty zone. The proposed method is especially suitable when the PDF of the measurand cannot adequately be approximated by a Gaussian distribution or a scaled and shifted t-distribution and the measurement model is non-linear.
文摘A new inequality on the minimum eigenvalue for the Fan product of nonsingular M-matrices is given. In addition, a new inequality on the spectral radius of the Hadamard product of nonnegative matrices is also obtained. These inequalities can improve considerably some previous results.
基金Major project of National Social Sciences Foundation"Characteristics and Policy Orientation Research on the New Normal of China's Economic Growth"(Grant No.15ZDA008)Major project of National Natural Sciences Foundation"Research on the Mechanism and Policy of Promoting Industrial Upgrade in Economic Developed Regions"(Grant No.71333002)
文摘Despite the intention of minimum wage policy to maintain the living standards of low-income groups in the formal sector, this paper has found that the actual result of this policy produces the ＂big push＂ impact on China＇s economy under certain conditions, i.e. it is conducive to achieving the equilibrium of high wage, high consumption and formalization. The result shows that the elasticity of income growth from raising the minimum wage standard is greater for formal sector employees than for informal sector employees and is characterized by a U-shaped pattern in terms of quantiles. Thus, minimum wage hikes have widened wage gaps between and within sectors. Rising minimum wage standards greatly stimulate consumption with each 10% increase expected to bring about an additional urban household consumption of about 1.167 billion yuan in the surveyed four provinces. With local minimum wage hikes, the formal sector of wholesale and retail, hotel and catering services expands and the informal sector contracts, while the real estate sector experiences a ＂reverse formalization＂ trend. Based on the ＂big push theory＂, this paper concludes that against the backdrop of extensive, frequent and substantial minimum wage hikes, demand and sector TFP growth are the major causes of sector heterogeneity.
