Synthesis of Large-scale Multistream Heat Exchanger Networks Based on Stream Pseudo Temperature

Effective temperature level of stream, namely stream pseudo temperature, is determined by its actual temperature and heat transfer temperature difference contribution value. Heat transfer temperature difference con-tribution value of a stream depends on its heat transfer film coefficient, cost per unit heat transfer area, actual tem-perature, and so on. In the determination of the suitable heat transfer temperature difference contribution values of the stream, the total annual cost of multistream heat exchanger network (MSHEN) is regarded as an objective func-tion, and genetic/simulated annealing algorithm (GA/SA) is adopted for optimizing the heat transfer temperature difference contribution values of the stream. The stream pseudo temperatures are subsequently obtained. On the ba-sis of stream pseudo temperature, optimized MSHEN can be attained by the temperature-enthalpy (T-H) diagram method. This approach is characterized with fewer decision variables and higher feasibility of solutions. The calcu-lation efficiency of GA/SA can be remarkably enhanced by this approach and more probability is shown in search-ing the global optimum solution. Hence this approach is presented for solving industrial-sized MSHEN which is difficult to deal by traditional algorithm. Moreover, in the optimization of stream heat transfer temperature differ-ence contribution values, the effects of the stream temperature, the heat transfer film coefficient, and the construc-tion material of heat exchangers are considered, therefore this approach can be used to optimize and design heat exchanger network (HEN) with unequal heat transfer film coefficients and different of construction materials. The performance of the proposed approach has been demonstrated with three examples and the obtained solutions are compared with those available in literatures. The results show that the large-scale MSHEN synthesis problems can be solved to obtain good solutions with the modest computational effort.

Performance Evaluation Methods for Multi-stream Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger

Mathematical model of cross type multi-stream plate-fin heat exchanger is established.Meanwhile,mean square error of accumulative heat load is normalized by dimensionless,and the equations of temperature-difference uniformity factor are improved.Evaluation factors above and performance of heat exchanger are compared and analyzed by taking aircraft three-stream condenser as an example.The results demonstrate that the mean square error of accumulative heat load is common result of total heat load and excess heat load between passages.So it can be influenced by passage arrangement,flow inlet parameters as well as flow patterns.Dimensionless parameter of mean square error of accumulative heat load can reflect the influence of passage arrangement to heat exchange performance and will not change dramatically with the variation of flow inlet parameters and flow patterns.Temperature-difference uniformity factor is influenced by passage arrangement and flow patterns.It remains basically unchanged under a certain range of flow inlet parameters.

土壤源热泵地埋管侧水系统优化运行研究

本文基于江苏无锡某典型厂房土壤源热泵空调项目的实测数据,以地源侧系统总能耗最低为目标,构建设备模型对地源水泵运行工况进行优化,并与两种传统控制策略的运行效果进行对比,据此提出进一步的优化建议。结果表明:基于负荷的优化控制策略,其节能效果要明显优于定频控制策略,冬夏季典型测试日平均节能率分别为28.33%和13.27%,相比于5℃温差变频策略节能了3.61%和2.21%。适当增大地埋管的埋管深度或管径,可以进一步提升该优化控制策略的节能效果。传统的定温差控制策略在负荷率大于60%时,可在5℃基础上将温差增加1~5℃以提升节能效果。

Theoretical analysis of a method for segmented heat exchanger design

In the process of the design of heat exchangers,it is difficult to establish the factors governing the optimal points of the design objective functions due to the contradictions and uncertainties of the design objectives.The variation of fluid properties is one of the main factors causing this type of uncertainty.Conventional design methods have not completely solved these problems.In the present work,based on the logarithmic mean temperature difference,a new heat exchanger design method(called the segmented design method) is proposed which takes into account the variation of fluid properties with respect to the temperature.In this method,the whole heat exchanger is first divided into several segments.Then by applying the principle of the conservation of energy and taking into account the initial conditions as well as the connecting conditions of the adjacent segments,the inlet and outlet temperatures of each segment are determined.Finally,the application of the logarithmic mean temperature difference method on each segment defines the heat transfer area.

润滑油加氢装置缠绕管式换热器设计与应用

换热器是影响润滑油加氢装置安全运行的关键设备,为提高换热器长周期运行效率,对螺纹锁紧环式传统换热器与缠绕管式换热器进行了比对研究,发现缠绕管式换热器运行稳定、管程与壳程之间产生内漏的可能性极小,是一种换热效率较高的换热设备。在某公司600 kt/a润滑油加氢异构脱蜡装置改造中,通过换热参数计算,用1台缠绕管式换热器代替了3台螺纹锁紧环式换热器,运行结果表明:热端温差下降了20℃、节省燃料气0.08t/h,总压降减小了200kPa,压缩机耗电功率减小了18kw/h。改造后3年运行期间没有出现质量缺陷,可以在同类装置中推广使用。

石家庄城市与郊县站地面平均最低、最高气温差异

应用石家庄地区17个站1955—2006年逐日最低、最高气温资料,统计分析了16个郊县站与石家庄市区站最低、最高气温的差值。结果表明:各郊县站年平均最低、最高气温均比石家庄市站低,最低气温偏低0.17～2.07℃,16个站平均偏低1.02℃;最高气温偏低0.01～0.55℃,16个站平均偏低0.28℃。郊县站平均最低气温偏低程度在冬季更明显,1月平均达到1.69℃,夏季偏低程度比较弱,但最弱的7月也有0.49℃;最高气温的偏低程度也在冬季明显,但季节性差异没有最低气温大。不论最低气温,还是最高气温,各县(市)站与石家庄市区站之间的差异均存在明显的随时间增大现象,最低气温20世纪90年代初以来增大尤其明显。石家庄市区站地面最低、最高气温记录反映出明显的城市热岛效应影响。

多管程换热器网络的最小温差分析与夹点设计

在实际生产过程中,多管程换热器广泛应用,其中既存在逆流换热也存在并流换热。针对多管程换热器网络中并流换热与逆流换热时换热温差对夹点特性尤其是换热网络综合的影响,定量分析最小温差的选择与夹点特性及其总费用的关系。兼顾管程数目的选择以及换热网络总费用两方面因素,以年度化总费用最低为目标,优化求解多管程换热器网络的最小温差。然后,将求得的最小温差作为夹点温差,遵循夹点设计原则综合换热网络。同时,计算得出多管程换热器网络的FT修正因子,并对结果进行分析。最后,结合示例对比分析求解结果,证明方法的有效性。

一维换热器中温差场均匀性原则的证明

The uniformity principle of temperature difference field is a phenomenological principle,which has not been theoretically proved.For one-dimensional two-and three-stream heat exchangers,the extremum principle of entransy dissipation was used to optimize the heat transfer process by variational calculus.It was indicated that the temperature difference field between the hot and cold fluids should be completely uniform if the entransy dissipation reached a minimum for a given heat duty,or if the heat duty reached a maximum for a given entransy dissipation.So,the uniformity principle of temperature difference field of heat exchangers was primarily proved.

多程换热网络综合与夹点技术研究进展

回顾了近年来多程换热网络综合的研究进展,阐述了多程换热器及多程换热网络的研究方法:通过引入对数平均温差校正系数修正多程换热器的平均换热温差,进而将其作为约束条件进行多程换热网络的综合。指出可以从热力学原理出发分析求解多程换热网络,并提出从机理出发基于夹点技术进行多程换热网络综合的研究思路。

基于经济评价的换热器最优传热温差

换热器选型是化工过程设计工作的重要部分。换热器的传热温差△T设计取值,左右着一次投资与能量回收效率之间的优化权衡。其结果强烈取决于因资源有限性和制造科技进步所决定的、不断增加的能源与设备的比价。本文在运用经济学理论对换热过程的热火用损失计价和换热器投资估算方法进行深入的分析、探讨和回归的基础上,发展了换热器最优传热温差的数学模型,开发了可实用于工程设计的换热器△T计算机辅助优化计算软件。此项研究的应用实例表明,采用优化的换热器的传热温差△Topt的设计,能够取得显著的节能和经济效益。

多股流换热器设计的量纲1温差场均匀性优化因子

The concept of dimensionless temperature-difference uniformity optimization factor was proposed.The application of this factor to path arrangement was studied.The study showed that dimensionless temperature-difference uniformity optimization factor was an effective evaluation criterion of path arrangement of multi-stream heat exchangers and the design of multi-stream heat exchangers could be guided by this factor.

流速及传热温差对换热器传热系数的影响

针对换热器热交换不充分的问题,研究给定结构壳管式换热器热空气流速以及传热温差对其传热系数的影响,把不同的传热温差,不同的气体流速下的实验数据进行分组,采用控制变量法,分别对以上两个因素的单独进行分析,做出k-ΔT,k-v的拟合曲线,得到经验函数。取整个换热器为研究对象,采用数值模拟的方法,运用多孔介质,k-ε模型,采用二阶迎风模式,压力速度耦合运用SIMPLE算法,给出整个换热器的温度场以及传热系数的分布规律,最终给出以上两个因素对传热系数的影响趋势。

空调系统排风热回收换热器的试验研究

对用于回收空调系统余热的通风换热器进行了试验研究。在冬季工况下对其进行了性能测试。试验结果表明,该换热器具有换热效率高、阻力小的特点;在风速为2.6m/s的工况下,其换热效率达到64.5%。

空调冷水大温差技术工程应用分析

结合某宾馆空调系统节能改造,定性分析了大温差系统对冷水泵输送能耗、冷水机组以及末端设备换热性能的影响,发现采用冷水大温差后,尽管可以减少冷水输送量、降低水泵能耗,减少水系统初投资,但对于同一台机组,由于水流量减少,蒸发器水侧换热系数减小,机组的COP也减小。认为可以采用增加表冷器排数、增大传热面积、改变表冷器管程数等办法来保证大温差机组的运行性能,以使冷水大温差技术在宾馆项目改造中节能效果最大化。

小压差大温降工艺在榆林气田的应用

直接节流膨胀制冷工艺是轻烃回收用低温分离方法中最常见的一种,要求天然气必须有较大的可利用压能和压差。为了在低压气田、气井上应用直接节流膨胀制冷工艺,首先采用动态模拟方法分析了小压差产生大温降的原理,采用节流阀小压差节流制冷、大面积换热预冷,换热与节流所形成的温差差距相互推动,最终能形成稳定的低温,从而获得大的温度降。小压差大温降工艺在长庆榆林气田上古生界气藏得到了应用并获得良好效果,为低压气田采用直接膨胀制冷工艺实施轻烃回收提供了现场试验依据。

直接接触式环流换热器传热研究

首次开发了直接接触式环流换热器 ( DCRE)。分散相液滴不断吸热气化 ,导致气升管轴向上连续相和分散相的温度变化 ,从而产生不同的传热推动力 ,形成体积传热系数分布。在实验基础上 ,重点讨论工质的进料量、连续相和分散相间的传热温差对体积传热系数的影响 ,并从单个液滴气化传热的机理出发 ,推导出体积传热系数分布的表达式及平均体积传热系数的准数关联式。

基于温差原则的换热网络分步综合策略

在温差原则的基础上,提出了一种换热网络的分步综合策略。采用蒙特卡罗随机抽样技术优化获得换热网络的初始结构,在此初始结构的基础上利用换热网络的温差原则逐步生成新的换热器改变网络结构,每步都结合牛顿法对整个网络进行优化,以此权衡设备投资费用与公用工程费用来获取具有最优年综合费用的换热网络设计结构。两个具体的换热网络算例表明,分步综合策略能够提高换热网络的总换热量,实现能量的综合利用;优化结果与文献值相比,设备投资费用明显减少,从而能获得最优的年综合费用。

中心进气旋转盘的冷却效果实验研究

:对涡轮发动机热部件冷却的主要指标目的是使热部件的总体温度尽可能低和热部件内部的温差尽可能小 ,因此对涡轮发动机涡轮盘的冷却除研究转盘表面的对流换热系数外 ,还应对以上两个指标进行研究。本文将发动机的涡轮盘简化成中心进气旋转盘模型 ,用实验的方法研究了旋转雷诺数、进气雷诺数、盘罩间隙比和出气间隙比对转盘无量纲过余体平均温度和无量纲径向温差的影响 。

湿热地区家用空调冷凝水回收研究

针对湿热地区家用空调冷凝水无序排放和冷量损失问题，提出了一种冷凝水与压缩机排气管进行大温差换热的方法，该方法可以减缓冷凝水的流动，增加冷凝水与压缩机排气管的换热面积和换热时间，实现空调冷凝水对高温制冷剂的预冷却。实验结果表明：虽然空调冷凝水量有限，但冷凝器出现了1．1～2．0℃的过冷现象，系统的制冷量和COP分别提高了0．93％和1．7％；冷凝水蒸发形成的水蒸气能够及时被冷凝器的风机带走，解决了家用空调冷凝水的无序排放问题。

污水源热泵系统的冷水与中介水温差的优化研究

空调系统的负荷侧与源侧的进出水设计温差是5℃,然而,从节能的角度看,传统的5℃温差并非对于所有的系统都是使得系统运行费用及初投资最低的最经济温差。本文通过对某间接式污水源热泵机组在非标况下的试验研究,对末端机组、污水-中介水换热器及水泵的运行分析,得出系统两端的最经济的温差,使得系统运行费用与初投资最低。