Heterogeneous information phase space reconstruction and stability prediction of filling body–surrounding rock combination

Traditional research believes that the filling body can effectively control stress concentration while ignoring the problems of unknown stability and the complex and changeable stress distribution of the filling body–surrounding rock combination under high-stress conditions.Current monitoring data processing methods cannot fully consider the complexity of monitoring objects,the diversity of monitoring methods,and the dynamics of monitoring data.To solve this problem,this paper proposes a phase space reconstruction and stability prediction method to process heterogeneous information of backfill–surrounding rock combinations.The three-dimensional monitoring system of a large-area filling body–surrounding rock combination in Longshou Mine was constructed by using drilling stress,multipoint displacement meter,and inclinometer.Varied information,such as the stress and displacement of the filling body–surrounding rock combination,was continuously obtained.Combined with the average mutual information method and the false nearest neighbor point method,the phase space of the heterogeneous information of the filling body–surrounding rock combination was then constructed.In this paper,the distance between the phase point and its nearest point was used as the index evaluation distance to evaluate the stability of the filling body–surrounding rock combination.The evaluated distances(ED)revealed a high sensitivity to the stability of the filling body–surrounding rock combination.The new method was then applied to calculate the time series of historically ED for 12 measuring points located at Longshou Mine.The moments of mutation in these time series were at least 3 months ahead of the roadway return dates.In the ED prediction experiments,the autoregressive integrated moving average model showed a higher prediction accuracy than the deep learning models(long short-term memory and Transformer).Furthermore,the root-mean-square error distribution of the prediction results peaked at 0.26,thus outperforming the no-prediction method in 70%of the cases.

Raw Gangue Filling Mining under Construction —A Case Study in China

In order to recover the strip pillar coal resources, reduce the amount of gangue mountain and realize remediation of the goaf environment in the old mining area, the raw gangue filling mining technology was proposed. According to the previous practical experience, the feasibility of the implementation of raw gangue filling mining technology in the coal-pressed area was analyzed. Through the filling gangue compaction test, the deformation under different loading stages was obtained. Further, a reasonable prediction of the deformation beyond the experimental limited loading load was made based on the experimental results. Through the deformation source analysis of the whole process of gangue filling, the key factors for controlling deformation before, during, and after filling were determined. Additionally, the proportion of deformation during different stages was quantified. Considering the protection of surface buildings, mining fullness of the working face and mining technology, the production parameters of 1209 and 1210 filling working faces were preliminarily determined. Through numerical simulation, the rationality of mining scheme was verified. Based on the practice of 1209 working face and the key factors to control the deformation of gangue filling, the mining system and process in 1210 working face were optimized. According to the measured surface rock movement, raw gangue filling mining technology can meet the requirements of surface building protection level. Especially, this paper provides a method to quantitatively calculate the equivalent mining height (EMH) of raw gangue filling and its mining deformation, which has reference significance for old mining areas.

Roof filling control technology and application to mine roadway damage in small pit goaf

To recover coal resources that have been damaged by traditional mining methods and ensure stability of the lower roadway in a small pit goaf,the goaf area must be filled and reinforced.In this research,the 1202 working face of the Hanzui mine is considered as an example for classifying the roof of the mining tunnel under the small kiln destruction zone,the effect of the goaf on the roadway is determined based on the radio tunnel penetration method,a mechanical model to determine the roof filling control mechanism was established,and the duct foaming system and roof filling process were designed.The results show that the scope and degree of influence of the goaf on the mining lane are large,but safe tunneling can be ensured through the use of a steel shed and advanced grouting techniques.When the roof conditions are not similar,materials with different filling heights and filling strengths can be used to control the roof filling of the roadway.By combining field experience and laboratory tests,it was determined that a high-foaming material with a water-cement ratio of 1:0.6,a suitable high-foaming additive,and a water volume ratio of 1:30 is cost-efficient for filling and meets the filling strength requirements.Finally,the reliability of the proposed technology was verified by field experiments,which provide a reference for filling operations in similar mines.

Optimization of clay material mixture ratio and filling process in gypsum mine goaf

Because there is neither waste rock nor mill tailings in the gypsum mine, and the buildings on the goaf of gypsum mine are needed to be protected, the research proposed the scheme of the clay filling technology. Gypsum, cement, lime and water glass were used as adhesive, and the strength of different material ratios were investigated in this study. The influence factors of clay strength were obtained in the order of cement, gypsum, water glass and lime. The results show that the cement content is the determinant influence factor, and gypsum has positive effects, while the water glass can enhance both clay strength and the fluidity of the filing slurry. Furthermore, combining chaotic optimization method with neural network, the optimal ratio of composite cementing agent was obtained. The results show that the optimal ratio of water glass, cement, lime and clay (in quality) is 1.17:6.74:4.17:87.92 in the process of bottom self-flow filling, while the optimal ratio is 1.78:9.58:4.71:83.93 for roof-contacted filling. A novel filling process to fill in gypsum mine goaf with clay is established. The engineering practice shows that the filling cost is low, thus, notable economic benefit is achieved.

Mechanics criterion and factors affecting overburden stability in solid dense filling mining

The effect of controlling strata movement in solid filling mining depends on the filling rate of the goal. However, the mechanical property of the overburden in the backfill stope and the designed size of the backfill mining workface should also be considered. In this study, we established a main roof strata model with loads in accordance with the theory of key strata to investigate the stability of the overburden in solid dense filling mining. We analyzed the stress distribution law of the main roof strata based on elastic thin plate theory. The results show that the position of the long side midpoint of the main roof strata failed more easily because of tensile yield, indicating that this position is the area where failure is likely to occur more easily. We also deduced the stability mechanics criterion of the main roof strata based on tensile yield criterion. The factors affecting the stability of the overburden in solid dense filling mining were also analyzed, including the thickness and elasticity modulus of the main roof strata, overlying strata loads, advanced distance and length of workface, and elastic foundation coefficient of backfill body. The research achievements can provide an important theoretical basis for determining the designed size of the solid dense filling mining workface.

Stress field evolution law of mining environment reconstructing structure with change of filling height

For improving global stability of mining environment reconstructing structure,the stress field evolution law of the structure with the filling height change of low-grade backfill was studied by ADINA finite element analysis code.Three kinds of filling schemes were designed and calculated,in which the filling heights were 2,4,and 7 m,separately.The results show that there are some rules in the stress field with the increase of the filling height as follows:(1) the maximum value of tension stress of the roof decreases gradually,and stress conditions are improved gradually;(2) the tension stress status in the vertical pillar is transformed into the compressive stress status,and the carrying capacity is improved gradually;however,when the filling height is beyond 2.8 m,the carrying capacity of the vertical pillar grows very slowly,so,there is little significance to continue to fill the low-grade backfill;(3) the bottom pillar suffers the squeezing action from the vertical pillars at first and then the gravity action of the low-grade backfill,and the maximum value of tension stress of the bottom pillar firstly increases and then decreases.Considering the economic factor,security and other factors,the low-grade backfill has the most reasonable height(2.8 m) in the scope of all filling height.

基于3Dmine的采空区治理工程实践

通过对某金矿采空区资料收集及现场调查,利用3Dmine软件建立了该金矿采空区+巷道三维数字模型,准确获得了各中段采空区的实际边界和采空区形态等相关信息。针对采空区情况,结合矿区生产实际,经综合分析研究,提出了采空区治理方案,即:对矿区已经贯通连成一体的采空区群/塌陷坑(四中段以上)采用地表废石充填,四中段未贯通的采空区采用中深孔强制崩落顶板,将上部自地表“灌入”的废石充填到采空区,同时采取密闭隔离的方式联合治理;对于其余地段的采空区,已经结束回采且无法进入的区域采取在中段石门密闭隔离的方式进行治理,尚在开采的其他采空区采取施工措施工程进行坑内毛石回填并密闭隔离方式治理。通过多项措施的综合运用,彻底消除了发生大面积地压活动并引起地面塌陷的隐患,为井下正常生产作业创造了良好的条件。

Safe mining technology of undersea metal mine

Xinli district of Sanshandao Gold Mine is the first subsea metal mine in China.To achieve 6 kt/d production capacity under the premise of safe mining,high-intensity mining might destroy the in-situ stress filed and the stability of rockmass.According to sampling and testing of ore-rock and backfill and in-situ stress field measurement,safety factor method calculation model based on stress-strain strength reduction at arbitrary points and Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion was established and limit displacement subsidence values under the safety factor of different limit stoping steps were calculated.The results from three years in-situ mining and strata movement monitoring using multi-point displacements meter showed that the lower settlement frame stope hierarchical level filling mining method,mining sequence are reasonable and rockmass stability evaluation using safety factor method,in-situ real-time monitoring can provide the technical foundation for the safety of seabed mining.

Development and prospect on fully mechanized mining in Chinese coal mines

Fully mechanized mining(FMM)technology has been applied in Chinese coal mines for more than 40 years.At present,the output of a FMM face has reached 10-million tons with Chinese-made equipment.In this study,the new developments in FMM technology and equipment in Chinese coal mines during past decades are introduced.The automatic FMM technology for thin seams,complete sets of FMM technology with ultra large shear height of 7 m for thick seams,complete sets of fully mechanized top coal caving technology with large shear height for ultra-thick seams of 20 m,complete sets of FMM technology for complex and difficult seams,including steeply inclined seams,soft coal seams with large inclination angle,and the mechanized filling mining technology and equipment are presented.Some typical case studies are also introduced.Finally,the existing problems with the FMM technology are discussed,and prospect of FMM technology and equipment applied in Chinese coal mines is put forward.

Using particle swarm optimization algorithm in an artificial neural network to forecast the strength of paste filling material

In order to forecast the strength of filling material exactly, the main factors affecting the strength of filling material are analyzed. The model of predicting the strength of filling material was established by applying the theory of artificial neural net- works. Based on cases related to our test data of filling material, the predicted results of the model and measured values are com- pared and analyzed. The results show that the model is feasible and scientifically justified to predict the strength of filling material, which provides a new method for forecasting the strength of filling material for paste filling in coal mines.

An investigation of surface deformation after fully mechanized,solid back fill mining

The surface deformation after fully mechanized back filling mining was analyzed.The surface deformation for different backfill materials was predicted by an equivalent mining height model and numerical simulations.The results suggest that:(1) As the elastic modulus,E,of the backfill material increases the surface subsidence decreases.The rate of subsidence decrease drops after E is larger than 5 GPa;(2) Fully mechanized back fill mining technology can effectively control surface deformation.The resulting surface deformation is within the specification grade I,which means surface maintenance is not needed.A site survey showed that the equivalent mining height model is capable of predicting and analyzing surface deformation and that the model is conservative enough for engineering safety.Finally,the significance of establishing a complete error correction system based on error analysis and correction is discussed.

Study on new technique of rapidly following curtain filling

The present problem of mining of narrow and gentle dip vein was analyzed. A new technique of rapidly following curtain filling was put forward. The results show that the new technique is feasible, has the characteristic to make the whole curtain wall filter, makes relative density of the filling tailings slurry reach saturation of 78.0% 80.0% in 25 min, and keeps the roof of mined out space stable in 60 min. The new technique of the rapidly following curtain filling has solved the difficult problem of the filling body filtering slowly and promptly controlling underground pressure, which cannot be solved in traditional ways.

煤矸石井下原位智能分选充填技术研究进展

传统井下煤矸石需运输至地面处理,不仅占用地面国土空间、自燃或雨水淋滤造成大气与环境污染,而且长距离无效运输造成的能源消耗问题已成为制约煤矿低碳发展的关键瓶颈。为实现煤矿矸石不出井,从煤炭生产源头减少碳排放与单位产出能源资源消耗,实现煤炭的绿色低碳智能开采,回顾了煤矸石井下分选充填技术现状及智能化进展,并在此基础上展望煤矸石井下分选充填技术发展趋势,提出了煤矸石井下原位绿色智能分选、充填新方法,详细阐述了煤矸智能分选机及新型充填液压支架的结构及原理,以最大化缩短矸石无效运输距离。为处理采煤工作面矸石,预防煤岩动力灾害,提出了包含少矸化智能开采系统、原位智能分选系统、工作面矿压反演系统、精准科学充填系统四大子系统的煤矿井下采选充智能一体化系统,并探讨了各子系统间的新环逻辑关系,以形成采煤利于分选、分选利于充填、充填利于采煤的良性循环。为处理掘进工作面矸石,提出了包含智能快掘系统、智能分选系统、煤矸分运系统、智能充填系统四大子系统的煤矿井下掘选充智能一体化系统,并对各子系统所负责工作及智能化实现进行了阐述。所提出的新工艺有望实现煤矿矸石不出井,并为煤矸石原位智能分选充填方法及采选充一体化系统的研究提供新思路。

Research on Deformation Regularity of Surface Migrating With Waste-fill Mining

Using FLAC3D numerical simulation software,the influence laws that the different mining depth,mining width and filling step have on the surface subsidence and horizontal movement under the condition of filling mining has been studied.The functional relation among full subsidence and horizontal movement of surface,mining depth,mining width and filling step has been given,which provides theoretical formulas been referenced for filling mining theory and has a certain guiding value.

金属矿山高浓度充填管道磨损规律与防控技术

金属矿高浓度充填能有效消除尾矿库和采空区危害,但充填管道磨损问题也成为制约充填效率的因素之一。基于对管道磨损类型的划分,从颗粒性质、料浆性质、料浆—管壁接触条件、管材性质和管道所处外部环境5个方面综述了充填管道磨损的影响因素;基于理论分析和现场实测归纳了5种不同形式充填管道的磨损规律,以此总结了充填管道磨损的防控技术。现有研究结果表明,不满管流时,充填管道最主要的磨损形式是冲蚀磨损,料浆流速的影响最显著;满管流时,磨蚀和腐蚀对管道磨损起重要作用,料浆浓度的影响最显著。垂直管道中,料浆—空气交界面处磨损最严重,提高满管率并采用等倍线设计可有效控制其磨损。水平直管和倾斜直管底部磨损最严重,水平弯管的底部和垂直弯管外侧为易磨部位。使用新型管道结构和耐磨管材,提高料浆均质性,优化充填骨料级配,改进充填作业制度,全面监测管网压力,革新管道磨损数据获取手段,采用数值模拟技术深入揭示管道磨损规律等措施,可直接或间接对充填管道磨损防控起到积极作用。研究结果可为矿山充填管道磨损控制提供指导。

端帮充填开采支撑煤柱参数设计方法

合理地设计端帮充填开采下支撑煤柱参数是端帮开采工艺推广应用的前提。对端帮充填开采前后煤柱受力变化进行了分析,阐明了充填体提高煤柱强度的机理。根据有效区域理论计算了煤柱上方载荷,推导了基于土压力公式的煤柱侧向约束力,结合CIMFR煤柱强度经验公式和Mohr-Coulomb强度准则获得了充填条件下煤柱强度,提出了兼顾煤柱安全系数的非均布载荷下端帮充填开采支撑煤柱参数设计方法。基于端帮充填开采支撑煤柱参数计算方法,考虑端帮充填开采三角载荷作用,提出了对采硐分段充填的方法,并且给出了不同条块充填高度的计算方法。考虑充填环节与端帮采煤时间的协调性,在一步式开采不合理的情况下,设计了两步式充填开采顺序、三步式充填开采顺序。以某露天矿为工程背景,设计了端帮充填开采支撑煤柱参数,较非充填开采单个煤柱宽度减小3.5 m,资源回收率由33.7%提升至68.4%,在分段充填条件下,单个采硐充填材料用量减少2053.6 m^(3)。提出了端帮充填开采条件下支撑煤柱设计方法,对推动露天煤矿端帮充填开采具有科学意义。

煤矿采动影响体微生物采残煤与CO_(2)-粉煤灰协同充填关键技术

煤矿采空区是我国实现“双碳”目标的重要突破口,煤炭开采形成的、能够富集煤层气、为后期微生物活动和矿化充填提供底物和空间的地质体定义为采动影响体。以采动影响体为研究对象,提出了采动影响体微生物采残煤与CO_(2)-粉煤灰协同矿化充填关键技术,并从必要性和可行性2个方面阐述了该技术在采动影响体资源二次开发、CO_(2)安全封存以及燃煤电厂粉煤灰固废高效处置等的广阔前景。其总体思路是将采动影响体作为一个厌氧发酵“工厂”,高产高效产甲烷菌群作为“劳动者”对“工厂”已有的原材料——残煤、薄煤层和分散有机质以及注入的CO_(2)进行加工,其“产品”是甲烷,进而实现微生物采残煤和CO_(2)资源化。同时,CO_(2)与碱性的粉煤灰结合,在实现了CO_(2)矿化封存的同时,也实现了采动影响体的充填。该技术涉及的关键科学问题包括采动影响体类型划分与有机质特征、采动影响体原位条件下厌氧发酵产甲烷机制、微生物-CO_(2)-粉煤灰协同矿化/固化机制以及微生物采残煤与充填关键技术示范工程建设。实验室物理模拟采动影响体原位条件实验表明其中残煤和富含有机质的泥页岩能够在微生物作用下生成生物甲烷,且添加少量的粉煤灰能够进一步强化甲烷的产出。物理模拟地下水补给的动态实验表明营养物质的补给对厌氧发酵系统的影响尤为重要,补给循环周期为14 d的厌氧发酵系统恰与产甲烷菌群繁殖的周期一致,能够保证厌氧发酵系统的持续高效运行。高钙粉煤灰-CO_(2)-矿井水协同胶结的试件经过28 d的养护后抗压强度为12.31 MPa,其矿化封存潜力约为21.99 m3 CO_(2)/t(粉煤灰),说明粉煤灰在实现采空区固化的同时能够实现CO_(2)减排。此外,基于微生物采残煤与粉煤灰充填目的对工程试验靶区进行优选,地下水滞留区是CO_(2)矿化和粉煤灰充填的最佳场所,因采掘活动自然形成的自然圈闭和人工充填形成的圈闭是较有利的工程试验靶区之一。针对这些靶区提出了微生物采残煤与CO_(2)-粉煤灰协同充填关键技术,旨在为中国碳减排和采空区生态环境治理提供一条新的技术路径。

煤矿覆岩离层注浆减沉技术研究及应用

针对门克庆煤矿11-3101工作面铁路下压煤问题,为提高煤炭资源回收率,应用离层注浆减沉技术减小地表下沉,通过室内试验测试了不同配比充填料浆的流变特性,确定了合适的料浆配比,同时构建采动覆岩离层演变力学模型,提出了离层动态发育位置及离层开度预测方法。研究结果表明:11-3101工作面从下往上将会产生四个离层,分别位于工作面顶板上方45.42、228.38、337.19、363.99 m处;离层开度从下到上依次为2.62、1.49、1.39和1.33 m,开度随着层高的增长而递减;注浆压力为6.5 MPa,注采比大于45%时,地表倾斜变形值小于3 mm/m,现场监测结果显示铁路路基最大沉降量仅58.72 mm,注浆减沉效果显著。

夯实矸石压缩-固结蠕变成岩过程及等价采高模型分析

目的为了研究被夯实矸石压缩-固结蠕变成岩过程及其等价采高模型,方法以亭南煤业公司1102矸石充填工作面为工程背景,采用理论分析、数值模拟、室内试验、现场实测等方法进行研究。结果结果表明:矸石充填工作面最大控顶距=端面距+截割深度+顶梁长度+架后触矸距离;顶板回转下沉量等于最大控顶距乘以支架后倾角度正弦值;架后可充填空间高度等于采高减去顶板回转下沉量、欠接顶量、架后底鼓量。被夯实矸石在可充填空间内压缩-固结蠕变成岩的4个阶段及可充压缩率分别为骨架调整段(7.42%),缓慢压缩段(5.39%),固结沉降段(0.34%),蠕变成岩段(12.38%)。由该等价采高模型可知,1102工作面4阶段等价采高为骨架调整段0.94 m,缓慢压缩段1.10 m,固结沉降段1.11 m,蠕变成岩段1.48 m。结论通过概率积分法预测、数值模拟和沉陷观测对比可知,1102工作面走向和倾向主断面地表下沉曲线均为碗形。前两阶段地表下沉曲线平缓,后两阶段地表下沉曲线陡峭。

煤矿矿区普适性拓展型固体改性充填采煤技术与装备

从我国煤炭行业绿色发展趋势和要求出发,分析了煤炭企业对不同充填开采方式选择的考量因素,以及影响充填开采技术推广的制约因素,针对不同矿区地域分布特征和充填需求差异性,划分了煤矿充填开采“保护生态环境优先、保护地面建筑优先、处理煤矸固废优先、提高经济效益优先”4类优先原则,提出了“以充填开采作为煤矿保护生态环境的调节工具,建设全过程全息立体生态矿山”的生态开采目标。依据充填开采顶板限定变形力学模型,阐述了影响充填开采目标岩层下沉量的构成因素,构建了生态环境保护、地面建筑保护、矸石固废处置3种充填工程模式下的工作面支护强度计算及覆岩变形控制方程。介绍了我国煤矿普适性充填采煤技术发展现状及发展方向,涵盖散状原矸固体充填、类贫混凝改性充填、矸石混凝土充填、薄煤层充填、区域性保护充填、巷道充填、选充留协同等适应各类煤矿需求的充填采煤技术,详细描述了不同充填技术的材料制备、运输、充填工艺特点及适应性充填装备。为实现煤矿充填智能化,建立了全面的数据感知系统,通过空间规划及充填效果判定来实现从单元到整体充填工作面的智能化过程,结合传感器网络和人工智能算法,实时监测和控制煤矿固体充填过程,提高充填质量和充填效率。煤矿充填开采在我国绿色矿山建设的远景规划中将扮演更加重要的角色,加强基于主动充填的煤矿生产全过程生态矿山建设、普适性充填技术工艺体系构建、新型固体充填材料研制、智能化充填开采研发等4个方向的科技攻关,我国煤矿充填开采会有极为广阔的发展前景。