Pyrosequencing-based assessment of bacterial community structure in mine soils affected by mining subsidence

Based on the 454 pyrosequencing approach, this research evaluated the influence of coal mining subsidence on soil bacterial diversity and community structure in Chinese mining area. In order to characterize the bacterial community comparatively, this study selected a field experiment site with coal-excavated subsidence soils and an adjacent site with non-disturbed agricultural soils, respectively. The dataset comprises 24512 sequences that are affiliated to the 7 phylogenetic groups: proteobacteria, actinobacteria,bacteroidetes, gemmatimonadetes, chloroflexi, nitrospirae and unclassified phylum. Proteobacteria is the largest bacterial phylum in all samples, with a marked shift of the proportions of alpha-, beta-, and gammaproteobacteria. The results show that undisturbed soils are relatively more diverse and rich than subsided soils, and differences in abundances of dominant taxonomic groups between the two soil groups are visible. Compared with the control, soil nutrient contents decline achieves significant level in subsided soils. Correlational analysis showed bacterial diversity indices have significantly positive correlation with soil organic matter, total N, total P, and available K, but in negative relation with soil salinity.Ground subsidence noticeably affects the diversity and composition of soil microbial community. Degeneration of soil fertility and soil salinization inhibits the sole-carbon-source metabolic ability of microbial community, leading to the simplification of advantage species and uneven distribution of microbial species. This work demonstrates the great potential of pyrosequencing technique in revealing microbial diversity and presents background information of microbial communities of mine subsidence land.

Role of the different planting age of seabuckthorn forests to soil amelioration in coal mining subsidence land

To investigate the effects of seabuckthorn(Hippophae rhamnoides)on soil amelioration,using the space replacement method,soil physical and chemical indexes as well as the microorganism quantity and soil enzyme activities were analyzed.The results showed that:the soil bulk density of surface soil decreased and soil porosity and field capacity increased after afforestation with seabuckthorn.The plant was found to effectively reduce the soil pH,increase the soil conductivity,soil organic matters and available nutrients.Soil microorganism quantity,soil enzyme activities were both higher in 0-20 cm layer than in 20-40 cm layer.With the increase years of remediation with seabuckthorn,the quantity of soil microorganism and enzyme activities were increasing to a higher level 5 to 8 years later.Our study indicates that seabuckthorn can effectively improve soil physical and chemical properties,increase the quantity of soil microorganisms and enzyme activities,which is of great significance for the ecosystem restoration in mining areas.

Study on Spatial Variation of Soil Moisture in Coal Mining Subsidence Area in Mu Us Sandy Land

In order to explore the spatial distribution and variation characteristics of soil moisture in coal mining subsidence area in Mu Us sandy Land,and provide theoretical basis for the restoration of the mining area,experiments based on a linear sampling and classic statistical and geostatistical methods were conducted. Spatial distribution characteristics and variation of soil moisture in the typical 0 to 100 cm dune area in the subsidence area and the non-subsidence area( control) were studied. The results showed that in the typical sand dune location of nonsubsidence area( control),the probability distribution curves of soil moisture changes in all layers along vertical and horizontal directions were all normal distribution,and it was consistent with the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of soil moisture in conventional dunes in Mu Us sandy land. By contrast,two years after the coal mine collapsed,the variations of soil moisture in different layers along vertical and horizontal directions were different,and soil moisture loss was more serious than that of control dune by nearly 10% to 30%,and the standard deviation varied from 0. 54 to 1. 05,increasing by 52. 08% compared with the non-subsidence area( control). The probability of positive and negative deviation greater than 1 was over 50%,and the coefficient of variation varied from 0. 14 to 0. 28,which was 80% higher than that of nonsubsidence area( control). After collapsing,the average level of soil moisture,standard deviation,variance and variation coefficient had greatly changed,and influence of coal mining subsidence on soil moisture was the most in the middle layer( 30-70 cm),and was not obvious in the surface( 0-20 cm) and lower layer( 80-100 cm). In coal mining subsidence area,the dispersion degree of soil moisture in different layers along the vertical and horizontal direction was greatly improved,which increased spatial variation of soil moisture.

Effects of Plant Types on Physico-chemical Properties of Reclaimed Mining Soil in Inner Mongolia,China

A field experiment was conducted in Jungar Banner,Inner Mongolia,China to study the effects of plant types on the physical structure and chemical properties of open-cast mining soils reclaimed for 15 years,and to analyze the triggering factors of the soil formation.Results indicate that plant types affect soil-forming process especially in the upper layer (0-20 cm),and the spatial structure of reclaimed plant is the main reason for variability of the soil-forming process.In the upper soil layer at the site reclaimed with mixed plants,the concentrations of soil organic matter (SOM) and soil organic carbon (SOC) are the highest,and they were significantly higher at the sites reclaimed with Leymus chinensis,Caragana sinica,which is mainly due to a large amount of litter fall and root exudation in herbages and shrubs.However,the concentrations of SOM and SOC in the soils at the reclaimed sites are quite low comparing with those in local primary soil,which indicates the importance of using organic amendments during the ecological restoration in the study area.

Constitutive model of disturbed soil-structure interface within mining subsidence areas

The characteristics of a disturbed soil-structure interface were studied based on the variation regularities of the disturbed soil within its mining subsidence area using direct shear tests.The effects of the initial moisture content on the shear strength parameters of the soil-structure interfaces were analyzed.The results indicate that the cohesion of the interface initially increased and then decreased as the initial moisture content increased.In addition,the friction angle of the interface decreased as the initial moisture content increased.A constitutive model of the disturbed soil-structure interface,a rigid-plastic model based on the initial void ratio and saturability(VSRP) model,was established based on the results.In order to validate this model,a finite element analysis of DRS-1 direct shear tests was conducted.The finite element model calculations coincided with the results of the DRS-1 direct shear tests.The proposed model also reflected the nonlinear features of the soil-structure interface.

Quantitative evaluation of soil erosion of land subsided by coal mining using RUSLE

Based on a RUSLE model,we identified the key factors of the impact on soil erosion induced by coal mining subsidence.We designed a method for predicting LS factors of a mining subsidence basin,using analytical GIS spatial technology.Using the Huainan mining area as an example,we calculated the modulus of erosion,its volume and classified the grade of soil erosion for both the original area and the subsidence basin.The results show that the maximum modulus of erosion and the volume of erosion of the subsidence basin without water logging would increase by 78% and 23% respectively compared with the original situation.The edge of the subsidence basin,where the land subsidence was uneven,is subject to the greatest acceleration in soil erosion.In the situation of water logging after subsidence,the maximum modulus of erosion would decrease if the accumulated slope length were reduced.This maximum modulus around the water logged area within the subsidence basin is equal to that without water logging,while the total volume of erosion decreases.Therefore,mining subsidence aggravates soil erosion especially at the edge of basins where water and soil conservation measures should be taken.

Analysis of the Engineering Restoration Effect of Abandoned Yongledian Quarry in Beijing City Based on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties

The improvement of the soil physical and chemical properties is the most important foundation for mine ecological restoration.The experiment is aimed at undisturbed area,restored area,and damaged area of abandoned Yongledian Quarry in Beijing.Through determination and analysis of soil physical and chemical properties,it shows that there are significant differences in the composite effects of soil physical and chemical properties between restored area,and undisturbed area,damaged area,and engineering restoration effectively improves the composite effects of soil physical and chemical properties in the restored area.The single factor hypothesis test shows that soil pH value,organic matter,alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen,and total nitrogen traits are the key targets to be restored in this mining area.

配施荧光假单胞菌对采煤区复垦土壤化学及生物学特性的影响

为探讨无机肥、有机肥配施荧光假单胞菌对采煤区复垦土壤化学生物学特性的影响,以复垦5 a的土壤为研究对象,设置单施无机肥(CF)、荧光假单胞菌剂配施无机肥(CFB)、单施有机肥(M)、荧光假单胞菌剂配施有机肥(MB)、不施肥(CK)共5个处理。结果表明,MB处理较M处理有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、微生物量碳氮含量显著增加了5.57%~21.30%,碱性磷酸酶、脲酶、转化酶活性显著增加了15.44%~18.68%;而CFB处理较CF处理仅碱解氮含量、脲酶活性分别显著增加了4.77%、12.62%,表明荧光假单胞菌可以在一定程度上提高复垦土壤化学生物指标。复垦土壤的优势菌门为放线菌门、变形菌门、绿弯菌门、芽单胞菌门、拟杆菌门,优势菌属为节杆菌属、芽生球菌属、KD4-96、芽单胞菌属、鞘氨醇单胞菌属、类诺卡氏菌属、Vicinamibacterales、Vicinamibacteraceae、JG30-KF-CM45。施加荧光假单胞菌对复垦土壤细菌多样性指数和优势菌门、菌属组成无显著影响,但可在一定程度上改变细菌属水平相对丰度。冗余分析结果表明,有机质、碱解氮对复垦土壤细菌群落的影响程度较高,脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、转化酶对复垦土壤细菌群落的影响程度较低。主成分分析表明,与M处理相比,MB处理的综合得分增加了2.92;与CF处理相比,CFB处理的综合得分增加了1.82。综上,荧光假单胞菌的施用有利于采煤复垦区土壤的熟化,且荧光假单胞菌与有机肥配施效果优于荧光假单胞菌与无机肥配施。

高潜水位采煤沉陷区微塑料赋存特征及风险评估

为探明高潜水位采煤沉陷区微塑料污染赋存特征及其环境风险,选取安徽省淮南市春申湖、舜耕湿地公园两个典型采煤沉陷区为研究区域,采集了表层水体,底泥及周边农田土壤样品,采用体视显微镜、扫描电镜、红外光谱对微塑料尺寸、形状、颜色及丰度等赋存特征进行表征.结果表明:采集的样本中多为纤维微塑料和薄膜微塑料,类型主要以聚乙烯,聚丙烯为主,颜色以黄色和透明为主,粒径大多小于500μm.采煤沉陷区的地表水丰度范围为0.77~7.1pcs/L,沉积物微塑料的丰度范围为540~2800pcs/kg,周边农田土壤微塑料的丰度范围为380~2380pcs/kg.采用污染负荷指数(PLI)模型进行评估,地表水和农田土壤的风险评估都为于Ⅰ级,属于轻微污染,而沉积物中的微塑料风险评估为Ⅱ级,属于中度污染.

山东省唐口矿区采煤塌陷地复垦土壤重金属潜在生态风险评价

本文采集山东省唐口矿区采煤塌陷地复垦土壤样品39个,分析了测试样品中As、Hg、Cr、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu、Ni的含量及pH,选取不同的参比值,采用潜在生态风险指数法对复垦土壤中重金属污染状况和潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,研究区复垦土壤中重金属含量除Cd外均未超过《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB15618—2018)中规定的农用地土壤污染风险筛选值。Hg、Pb、Zn的平均含量大于济宁市表层土壤地球化学背景值。复垦土壤重金属相关性分析表明,Cr-Ni元素具有较高同源性;As-Cu-Pb-Zn元素可能具有相似的来源,并且伴随有复合来源的可能;Hg和Cd元素来源与其他重金属不同。采用国家风险筛选值为参比值时,研究区复垦土壤整体生态风险水平为轻,但单项重金属Cd存在中度污染风险,需要重点关注。采用土壤背景值为参比值时,研究区复垦土壤中As、Pb、Ni、Cu、Cr和Zn处于轻度生态风险等级;Hg处于强生态风险等级,部分样品存在很强、极强生态风险等级;Cd虽处于轻度生态风险等级,但部分样品存在中度、强生态风险等级。研究区复垦土壤重金属综合潜在生态风险以轻度、中度为主,Hg和Cd是主要贡献因子。

大佛寺煤矿开采区土壤水分变化遥感反演研究

土壤水分是驱动矿区生态环境变化的关键要素。为研究黄土高原煤矿区开采沉陷对土壤水分变化的扰动影响,以彬长矿区大佛寺煤矿为例,采用主动微波和光学遥感影像反演开采沉陷区土壤水分的空间变化,用水云模型消除植被对主动微波影像的后向散射系数影响,通过实地采样数据构建支持向量机回归模型,获取矿区地表土壤水分的分布特征,分析黄土沟壑区地形因子和开采沉陷变形对矿区土壤水分变化的影响。结果表明:SVM构建的回归分析模型可以有效反演黄土高原煤矿开采区土壤水分的空间分布,地形特征对土壤水分的影响最大,沟壑区域土壤含水量更高;在未受开采影响的区域,土壤水分变化受地形坡度影响最大,坡向次之,高程影响最小;在40201工作面开采沉陷变形区域,土壤水分分布的变异系数显著增大,尤其在采动裂缝发育区更为明显。研究结果为揭示黄土高原煤矿开采区土壤水分变化的时空特征及机理提供了技术支持。

双龙沟废弃矿区修复年限对土壤物理性质和微生物群落结构的影响

【目的】探讨天祝藏族自治县双龙沟矿区废弃矿区不同修复年限土壤物理性质与微生物特性。【方法】采用时空替代法,选择双龙沟不同修复年限(2 a、5 a、10 a)和未修复(CK)废弃矿区为研究对象,分析了不同修复年限土壤物理性质(容重、含水量、机械组成)和土壤微生物(微生物量碳、氮、磷及真菌、细菌、放线菌数量)变化特征。【结果】随着修复年限的延长,表层土壤容重呈减少趋势,并在修复10 a时达到最小,为0.921 g/cm3;土壤含水率随修复年限的延长呈增加的趋势,并在修复10 a时为对照样地的2.4倍;土壤粒径随修复年限的增加整体向细化的方向发展;3大类微生物数量随修复年限的延长均整体呈增加的趋势,其中细菌占微生物总数量的96.74%,而放线菌和真菌仅占0.29%和0.003%,并且放线菌和真菌具有明显的表聚现象;土壤微生物量碳和土壤微生物量磷呈逐渐增加的趋势,并分别在修复2 a和5 a时超过对照样地,最大值分别达到385.562、24.414 mg/kg,而微生物量氮呈先增加后减少的趋势,变化范围为14.295~132.388 mg/kg。【结论】在双龙沟矿区废弃地修复使土壤质量有了显著的提升,加速了矿区生态系统的恢复。

采煤沉陷区地裂缝对土壤含水率的影响

为了探究地裂缝对深层土壤含水率的影响,以陕北某煤炭基地煤矿区为研究对象,利用统计分析方法分析动态地裂缝和边缘地裂缝对浅层(0.1~0.3 m)和深层(0.5~6.0 m)土壤含水率的影响,并基于克里金插值法解析土壤含水率的时空变化规律.研究结果表明:①竖直方向上,深度为0~2.0 m时,动态地裂缝区和边缘地裂缝区的土壤含水率均低于未扰动区的值;深度为2.0~6.0m时,各区土壤含水率差异不明显,表明地裂缝对土壤含水率的影响深度约为0~2.0 m,即地裂缝对浅层土壤含水率的影响较大,对更深层土壤含水率的影响相对较小.②水平方向上,动态地裂缝区土壤含水率整体低于闭合区,而1年边缘裂缝区土壤含水率整体高于2年边缘裂缝区,表明地裂缝会对土壤含水率的空间分布产生较大影响.综合来看,地表塌陷与地裂缝的出现改变了土壤的结构状态,加速了土壤水分的蒸发,降低了土壤持水性.

西部某矿区土壤养分时空分异特征及自修复规律

为了探究煤矿开采扰动区环境变化特征,厘清生态自修复驱动因素,以西部某矿区为研究区域,测定了2014—2017年和2019年开采区及未开采区域的土壤养分、土壤酶指标,评价了土壤C、N、P化学计量特征。结果表明,工作面区和沉陷扰动区的全磷、碳氮比、氮磷比及碳磷比存在显著差异;随开采沉陷年限增加,工作面区和沉陷扰动区土壤因子变化规律相似,全磷浓度逐年提升,有机质、速效钾及脲酶等物质浓度呈先上升后下降趋势;根据随机森林分析,在不同年限下,土壤养分循环的关键因子为蔗糖酶、脲酶、速效钾、全氮、全磷、碳磷比、碳氮比及水溶性盐,在不同位置下为碳氮比、氮磷比、全磷、碱性磷酸酶及水溶性盐;工作面开采年限对土壤因子及土壤酶的影响路径存在差异。研究结果可为采煤沉陷区人工引导自修复方案提供参考,为西部矿区生态恢复提供技术支持。

黄土高原彬长矿区土壤侵蚀特征及其与环境变化的关系

黄土高原矿区煤炭产量占全国70%以上,大规模开采活动导致区域内生态环境退化与土壤侵蚀加剧。然而,当前鲜有矿区土壤侵蚀时空特征及其与环境变化关系的定量研究,限制了煤矿区土地复垦与生态修复进展。为了探究矿区土壤侵蚀特征及其与环境变化的关系,为黄土高原煤矿区生态环境治理提供理论指导,该研究以彬长矿区为研究区,利用修订的通用土壤流失方程(revised universal soil loss equation,RUSLE)分别模拟了矿区全区2003—2019年及沉陷区2014—2019年土壤侵蚀速率,探究了矿区全区及沉陷区土壤侵蚀特征,定量研究了降雨、地形和植被对土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明:1)2003—2019年间,彬长矿区土壤侵蚀速率整体呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05),年份间差异较大,2003年土壤侵蚀最为严重,侵蚀速率为85.56 t/(hm~2·a),2009年侵蚀程度最低,侵蚀速率为15.54 t/(hm^(2)·a)。微度、轻度侵蚀主要分布于城区、黄土塬和河流阶地等平坦地区,其空间分布在不同年份间基本保持一致,其余侵蚀类型主要分布于煤矿开采区、沟壑区及河道周边,且侵蚀强度空间异质性较大。2)2014—2019年间矿区全区及沉陷区土壤侵蚀速率表现出明显的季节周期性变化。春秋季节土壤侵蚀强度多表现为微度、轻度侵蚀,冬季侵蚀速率接近于0,夏季土壤侵蚀速率为一年中最高,是矿区水土流失治理的重点时段。3)彬长矿区土壤侵蚀速率与降雨量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),沉陷区土壤侵蚀速率与降雨量、沉陷量及植被覆盖度均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),降雨量是土壤侵蚀的主要影响因子,且开采沉陷加剧了土壤侵蚀,沉陷区的沉陷量不同,土壤侵蚀程度也不同。该研究方法探明了矿区的土壤侵蚀变化规律及环境变化对土壤侵蚀的影响,可为黄土高原煤矿区土壤侵蚀防治和生态环境恢复提供决策支持和科学依据。

采煤沉陷区模拟土壤侵蚀胁迫对灌木生理生长特性的影响

【目的】探究半干旱地区采煤活动造成的土壤侵蚀对北沙柳Salix cheilophila、小叶锦鸡儿Caragana microphylla生长生理特性的影响,阐明植物在逆境胁迫下的适应性及生存策略。【方法】在野外原位试验条件下,对北沙柳、小叶锦鸡儿根部进行原位根系断裂试验来模拟土壤侵蚀胁迫,设置对照组(CK)和轻度胁迫(S1)、中度胁迫(S2)和重度胁迫(S3)四种不同程度的土壤侵蚀,测定了不同胁迫处理下两种灌木的生长指标和生理指标变化,并使用模糊数学隶属函数综合评价其抗逆性。【结果】土壤侵蚀胁迫显著抑制北沙柳和小叶锦鸡儿的株高、冠幅、枝条长度和枝条直径,且随着侵蚀胁迫程度增大,抑制程度越明显;北沙柳叶片叶绿素含量随着土壤侵蚀胁迫程度增大而降低,且随胁迫时间延长呈逐渐降低趋势,而小叶锦鸡儿的叶绿素含量在胁迫后期恢复至侵蚀胁迫前期;北沙柳的丙二醛含量随胁迫时间的延长呈先降低后升高趋势,而小叶锦鸡儿的丙二醛含量呈先升高后降低趋势;侵蚀胁迫后期北沙柳和小叶锦鸡儿叶片超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化物酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性升高;隶属函数分析显示,在土壤侵蚀环境中,小叶锦鸡儿抗逆性最强,北沙柳次之。【结论】小叶锦鸡儿对采煤沉陷区土壤侵蚀的破坏致损效应具有更好的抵抗力和恢复力,更适于干旱、半干旱矿区的生态修复与植被建设。

半干旱地区露天矿排土场复垦对土壤物理性质的影响

为研究露天煤矿排土场复垦对土壤物理性质的影响,以内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市准格尔旗黑岱沟露天矿排土场平台为研究对象。针对矿区自然地貌(ZR)、未复垦的排土场(WF)与复垦5年排土场(FK)0—60 cm土层土壤物理性质的差异,运用方差分析、主成分分析等方法研究复垦对排土场土壤物理性质的影响。结果表明,未复垦排土场的土壤容重和砾石含量均显著高于复垦排土场和自然地貌,而土壤含水率、饱和含水率和田间持水量均低于复垦排土场和自然地貌,其中田间持水量显著低于复垦排土场和自然地貌。相关性分析和回归方程拟合分析发现,土壤砾石含量影响土壤容重和持水保水性能。复垦使排土场土壤容重及砾石含量呈降低趋势,而土壤含水率、饱和含水率、田间持水量呈升高趋势;随着土层深度的增加,排土场土壤容重、含水率、饱和含水率呈升高趋势,而田间持水量和砾石含量呈降低趋势。复垦排土场40—60 cm、自然地貌40—60 cm、复垦排土场20—40 cm土层土壤的综合评分分别排第1、2、3位,说明排土场复垦能够在一定程度上改良土壤、优化土壤质地,并在复垦5年情况下对土壤的改良深度可达60 cm。以上研究结果对矿区复垦工作具有一定指导意义。

采煤沉陷区水土资源评价及生态修复技术实践研究

为进一步探究采煤沉陷区的有效治理路径,以某地采煤沉陷区现存问题为研究案例,首先对该区域水土资源进行全面评价,明确存在的水污染和土壤污染问题。而后针对两类污染问题,以湿地净化池和底泥干化技术为生态修复方法,针对该采煤沉陷区进行针对性的生态修复。从实际结果来看,本次生态修复技术模式在经济效益和生态效益上均有较优表现,因此其具有一定的参考价值。