Effect of Mirror Magnetic Field on Abnormal Glow Discharge of Four-Anode Device

Abstract In the four-anode device, the mirror magnetic field affects the characteristics of charged particles motion, so that the current-voltage relations of glow discharge are changed. Firstly, the discharge device is introduced, and the distribution of mirror magnetic field generated by the loops surrounding the discharge chamber is presented. Both the discharge current-voltage characteristics and the radial distributions of electron density are measured, respectively, with/without the magnetic field. When the discharge occurs in a 99.99% helium with a pressure ranging from 100 Pa to 800 Pa without magnetic field, the voltage, sustaining a certain abnormal glow discharge current, decreases with the increase in gas pressure. With a mirror magnetic field of certain intensity, the discharge voltage increases with the current in a rate slower than that without the magnetic field. Moreover, when the magnetic field intensity increases, the discharge voltage first decreases then increases. Simultaneously, the mirror magnetic field affects the moving characteristics of charged particles, and causes a more inhomogeneous electron density.

Electron Transport Behavior in a Mirror Magnetic Field and a Uniform Electric Field

A Monte Carlo simulation technique has been used to model the electron transport' behavior, especially the electron density and energy distributions under the influence of a mirror magnetic field and a uniform electric field in a positive column of helium direct current(DC) gas discharge Graphs showing the electron density and energy distributions, and the percentage of electrons that reach the wall and the end of the positive column are presented. The results indicate that the mirror magnetic field can control the electron transport behavior in the positive column which are in good agreement with experimental results.

Particle-in-cell simulation for different magnetic mirror effects on the plasma distribution in a cusped field thruster

Magnetic mirror used as an efficient tool to confine plasma has been widely adopted in many different areas especially in recent cusped field thrusters. In order to check the influence of magnetic mirror effect on the plasma distribution in a cusped field thruster, three different radii of the discharge channel(6 mm, 4 mm, and 2 mm) in a cusped field thruster are investigated by using Particle-in-Cell Plus Monte Carlo(PIC-MCC) simulated method, under the condition of a fixed axial length of the discharge channel and the same operating parameters. It is found that magnetic cusps inside the small radius discharge channel cannot confine electrons very well. Thus, the electric field is hard to establish. With the reduction of the discharge channel’s diameter, more electrons will escape from cusps to the centerline area near the anode due to a lower magnetic mirror ratio. Meanwhile, the leak width of the cusped magnetic field will increase at the cusp. By increasing the magnetic field strength in a small radius model of a cusped field thruster, the negative effect caused by the weak magnetic mirror effect can be partially compensated. Therefore, according to engineering design, the increase of magnetic field strength can contribute to obtaining a good performance, when the radial distance between the magnets and the inner surface of the discharge channel is relatively big.

磁约束聚变方案中的磁镜、场反及偶极场位形研究进展

随着高温超导技术的日趋成熟,中小型磁约束装置的优势日渐明显。与大型托卡马克相比,偶极场、场反位形和磁镜等装置的结构相对简单,建造和维护成本较低,且更易实现能维持高等离子体压强的磁场位形,这意味着在低磁场下能实现更好的等离子体约束。此外,这些装置在物理原理上具有各自独特的优势,如磁镜装置具有开放的磁场位形和相对简单的结构设计,能支持灵活多样的实验并保持相对稳态运行;场反位形(FRC)装置的极高β值(β为等离子体压强与磁压之比)使得基于FRC的聚变装置在工程上更可行;偶极场装置因其类似地球磁场位形,具有天然良好的磁流体稳定性,有助于维持等离子体的约束。本文重点介绍了磁约束聚变方案中的磁镜、场反位形及偶极场的研究历史、技术进展和未来发展方向,阐述了这3类装置在聚变能研究中的重要性及面临的挑战。此类装置的小型化和经济性也使其在商业化方面更具潜力,能更灵活地进行技术调整和技术创新融合,吸引更多商业资本投入,加速聚变能的实现。

汽车后视镜设计及模态分析

汽车后视镜设计的好坏直接影响汽车行驶安全。为规范汽车后视镜设计,为后续后视镜设计提供相应参考,文章分别从后视镜材料选择、表面处理工艺、镜体布置角度、视野要求以及后视镜内部零部件间隙要求等方面介绍后视镜的设计要求。同时,文章概括了后视镜还需满足相应物理实验以验证其设计的稳健性。另外,针对后视镜抖动的常见失效模式,利用常用的有限元分析软件HyperMesh和ABAQUS对其进行模态分析,通过计算得出后视镜的垂向模态频率为45.6 Hz,远大于汽车发动机的振动频率,可判断此后视镜不会发生共振异响,此后视镜的设计满足本公司要求。

基于自由曲面的紧凑型大视场离轴三反空间光学系统设计

为缩小空间光学系统的体积,降低遥感卫星的发射成本,根据初级像差理论求解光学系统的初始结构,采用视场和面型的渐进式优化策略设计了一款焦距为2000 mm,视场为5°×5°,F数为12.5,外包络圆直径为750 mm,具有“环形轮廓”的离轴三反光学系统。系统的主镜和三镜采用XY多项式自由曲面,次镜采用Zernike多项式自由曲面。根据自由曲面的面型参数,仿真出三个镜面的二维矢高图。设计结果表明系统的成像质量接近衍射极限,各视场RMS光斑直径最大为8.38μm,小于探测器的2个像元尺寸大小。系统能量集中度高,最大相对畸变量为1.88%,最大波前像差为0.053λ,各视场波像差优于λ/18。公差分析结果表明系统成像质量良好,可以满足各项指标要求。

基于最佳观感效果的电子后视镜图像处理方法

传统玻璃后视镜风阻风噪大,无法接入智能驾驶系统,所以电子后视镜取代传统后视镜已成为趋势。但电子后视镜使用鱼眼摄像机,所显示图像畸变大,无法像玻璃后视镜一样在近距离放大驾驶员所关注的视野,远距离缩小物体以此显示更多视野。通过对玻璃视镜放大系数和驾驶员视野角和物距的分析,得出适用于电子后视镜图像放大系数变换的方法,根据此方法对电子后视镜图像进行处理,以此达到显示最佳观感。实验结果证明,变换后的电子后视镜图像各处放大系数与玻璃视镜相差为9.52%,优于市面上仅经过鱼眼矫正的图像显示效果,在司机主观观感上能很好地提供“近距离放大外部环境,远距离更大视野”的功能,提高了驾驶安全性。

塔式太阳能光热发电镜场通信用RS-485总线电缆的结构设计

文中介绍了耐热90℃塔式太阳能光热发电镜场通信用RS-485总线电缆的主要技术性能要求,阐述了交联聚乙烯绝缘耐热90℃塔式太阳能光热发电镜场通信用RS-485总线电缆的材料选型及生产过程控制。通过对塔式太阳能光热发电镜场通信用RS-485总线电缆的结构设计和主要电气性能计算,阐明耐热90℃塔式太阳能光热发电镜场通信用RS-485总线电缆的关键参数设计、测试原理和测试方法,并对其进行了测试。结果表明,实测数据符合设计要求,能够满足塔式太阳能光热发电镜场RS-485现场通信用需求,应用前景广阔。

基于镜像法的高层电梯内移动通信信号场强的仿真分析

为了加强移动设施建设的针对性,有效利用频率资源、提高网络质量,利用射线跟踪法对高楼电梯内单电梯与双电梯井道模型的移动通信场强传播进行仿真和分析。结果表明,对于单电梯井道,在全球移动通信系统(GSM)信号、3G和WiFi信号仿真结果与测量结果一致性良好;在4G和5G信号中,建议将天线间隔分别设置在9~12 m和8 m时较适宜。同时,双电梯井道在不同频段下场强分布仿真也得到了验证。通过建立无线传播仿真模型,为4G及5G通信系统的电梯覆盖提供了依据。

对一道范艾伦辐射带试题的深入分析及可视化仿真研究

北京市丰台区2021届高三上学期物理期末试题有一道题目提到这样一个有趣的现象,来自外层空间的大量带电粒子进入地磁场影响范围后,粒子将绕地磁感线做螺旋运动,形成范艾伦辐射带.运用磁镜理论对带电粒子在地磁场中的运动进行理论分析,再运用COMSOL Multiphysics多物理场仿真软件对范艾伦辐射带现象进行可视化仿真,有效解决了学生对这道题目产生的种种疑惑.

深空探测中磁强计在轨标定研究进展

磁场测量是深空探测的重要任务之一,高精度的磁场测量对研究行星宜居性、空间等离子体环境等具有重要意义.磁通门磁强计是空间探测任务中最广泛使用的仪器之一.然而其磁补偿会随时间缓慢变化,因此,在卫星飞行期间需要定期对磁强计的磁补偿实施在轨标定.本文综述了基于空间物理现象对星载磁强计实施在轨标定的方法.根据计算磁补偿的方式,这些方法可分为两类.第一类方法通过公式计算磁补偿,如基于阿尔芬波动特征的Belcher方法、Hedgecock方法和Davis-Smith方法,以及一维和三维磁镜模方法;这类方法中,Davis-Smith方法被认为是计算磁补偿的最优方法.第二类方法通过概率获取磁补偿的最优解,该类方法被称为新一代在轨标定技术,目前已发展出六种算法;该技术可使用阿尔芬波动、磁镜结构和电流片中的一种或多种现象来实施在轨标定,另外,该技术也可以使用足够数据量(如4小时)的任意行星际磁场数据来计算磁补偿.与Davis-Smith方法相比,新一代在轨标定技术具有很好的兼容性(可同时使用不同的物理现象)和拓展性.除了太阳风,该技术还能在火星磁鞘中实施在轨标定.目前,该技术已为“天问一号”环绕器的磁场数据提供标定服务.

航空声衬声阻抗实验提取技术研究进展

本文综述了航空声学环境下声衬声阻抗实验提取技术,介绍了多种方法的基本原理、实验布置、研究进展和优劣势。在低频平面波场下,介绍了阻抗管法、单模态法,以及目前主流的目标函数法和直接提取法,其中直接提取法因具有高效、准确的解析优势而受到认可,以上方法均受模态成分限制而存在频率上限。在高频多模态场下,介绍了原位测量法、三维目标函数法、多模态直接提取法、准三维直接提取法、镜像多模态直接提取法,这些方法解决了模态限制,可在不同程度上拓展频率上限。原位测量法的侵入性测量导致其误差和局限性大,三维目标函数法因需三维数值模拟和迭代而效率极低,多模态直接提取法因测点横向间距小而精度不足,准三维直接提取法因受最高阶模态限制而测点需求量大。镜像多模态直接提取法能较好地解决上述问题,它采用锯齿形阵列,基于声场周期性和镜像原理,先将物理阵列展开为多倍宽度等效声场中的对角映射阵列,再调用多模态直接提取法以多模态Prony算法进行声场分解,进而提取声阻抗。镜像多模态直接提取法打破了以往3 kHz的频率上限,能覆盖航空发动机风扇噪声0.2~10 kHz的主要频带,全频提取仅需1 min,比三维目标函数法的效率至少高3个量级,准确性和可靠性较高,且测点大幅减少,兼具宽频、高效、准确、测点少且无损的优势。

Effect of Anode Magnetic Shield on Magnetic Field and Ion Beam in Cylindrical Hall Thruster

Numerical simulation of the effect of the anode magnetic shielding on the magnetic field and ion beam in a cylindrical Hall thruster is presented. The results show that after the anode is shielded by the magnetic shield, the magnetic field lines near the anode surface are obviously convex curved, the ratio of the magnetic mirror is enhanced, the width of the positive magnetic field gradient becomes larger than that without the anode magnetic shielding, the radial magnetic field component is enhanced, and the discharge plasma turbulence is reduced as a result of keeping the original saddle field profile and the important role the other two saddle field profiles play in restricting electrons. The results of the particle in cell （PIC） numerical simulation show that both the ion number and the energy of the ion beam increase after the anode is shielded by the magnetic shield. In other words, the specific impulse of the cylindrical Hall thruster is enhanced.

Deriving of the Generalized Special Relativity (GSR) by Using Mirror Clock and Lorentz Transformations

Einstein relativity theory shows its high capability of promoting itself to solve the long stand physical problems. The so-called generalized special relativity (GSR) was derived later, using the beautiful Einstein relation between field and space-time curvature. In this work we re-derive (GSR) expression of time by incorporating the field effect in it, and by using mirror clock and Lorentz transformations. This expression reduces to that of (GSR) the previous conventional one, besides reducing to special relativistic expression. It also shows that the speed of light is constant inside the field and is equal to C. This means that the observed decrease of light in matter and field is attributed to the strong interaction of photons with particles and mediates which causes successive absorption and reemission processes that lead to time delay. This absorption process makes some particles appear to move faster than light within the field or medium. This new expression, unlike that of GSR, can describe time and coordinate relativistic expressions for strong as well as weak fields at constant acceleration.

超大型低反射镜面单锥脉冲电场标准装置

针对现有镜面单锥TEM室用作脉冲电场传感器校准时存在测试尺寸空间较小、低频响应较差、内部与环境反射影响测量准确度等问题,采用超大型精密单锥结构、终端阻抗加载和低反射异形电波暗室等方法,在仿真优化分析基础上,设计研制了基于超大型低反射镜面单锥的脉冲电场标准装置。该镜面单锥母线长2 m,能够适应脉冲宽度大于5 ns的脉冲信号,整体装置所产生的标准脉冲电场幅值50~150 V/m可调、脉冲前沿小于100 ps、脉冲宽度大于5 ns,满足装备测试脉冲电场传感器的大空间、宽频带、高准确度校准需求。

Studying of Kinematics and Elements of Tension of Blocks of the Massif According to Field Geological Observations

The description of the received new results of field geological (teсtonophysical) study of massifs of rocks is provided: tectonic jointing, explosive and folded deformations, mirrors of slidings, tectonic motions of blocks of breeds. Reconstruction of fields of tension according to geological data of the certain massif of the Chatkalo-Kurama mountain area (Tien-Shan)—a coastal zone of the Charvak reservoir and the Almalyk mining industrial region is executed. The multidirectional motions of blocks of rocks in the massif of a coastal zone of the Charvak reservoir connected with tectonic and technogenic factors are revealed. The scheme of kinematics and the intense deformed condition of blocks of the Almalyk district is received. Here the regional field of tension with horizontal and submeridional orientation of an axis of the main normal tension of compression at the inclined provision of two other axes are observed. The received results testify to opportunities field the tectonophysical of methods for obtaining important data on kinematics and dynamics of massifs of rocks, tectonic blocks, and features of their deformation. Such studying of the massif of rocks before the beginning and in the course of performance of work on objects of the national economy is important for the choice of design and optimum parameters of laying of excavations, control of a condition of their boards and walls, definition of strategy of safety of conducting mining operations and also seismic stability of constructions.

Combined Focusing and Flat-Field Spectrometer System for Extreme Ultraviolet Pulse

For reducing both extreme ultraviolet attosecond pulses energy loss in the focusing reflection process and measurement error caused by pulse focusing aberration, as well as improving the operability of pulse spectroscopy monitoring, a combined focusing and flat-field spectrometer analysis system for attosecond pulse is proposed and designed through step-by-step performance optimization. The focusing and spectrum-analyzing components are gold- coated grazing incidence to roidal mirror and grazing incidence concave focusing grating, respectively. The characteristic parameters of the system are given in details. The system proposed can find application in research platform of attosecond spectroscopy using high energy short attosecond pulse as basic probe tool.

螺绕环磁场的镜像对称性分析

利用安培环路定理求解长直导线、长直螺线管、螺绕环等载流系统的磁场时,对称性分析是选取闭合回路的关键.通过分析解螺绕环磁场时的镜像对称条件,说明合理应用对称性分析,能够使求解电场和磁场问题的图像更清晰、计算更简化、表述更准确.因此,在电磁学教学中应给予对称性分析足够的重视.

Research on the Static Magnetic Field of Ships with Corrosion and Anticorrosion Efficacy Using Electric Dipole Model

In the case of three-layered(air-seawater-seabed)model,the analytical expressions of the static electric and static magnetic field produced by the static electric dipole located in seawater were derived by using the mirror image theory.Combined with the distribution of the underwater electric potential measured in laboratory,an electric dipole model for physical scale of ship was established and the distribution characteristics of an actual ship' s corrosion related magnetic field were obtained.Based on established models,theoretical analysis and calculation were made to catch out the distribution characteristics of static magnetic field related with corrosion and anticorrosion,which can not be measured directly in seawater.The results show that the static magnetic field related with corrosion and anticorrosion is a kind of noteworthy obstacle signal for degaussed ships.

镜面反射综合孔径近场成像及其成像分辨率研究

镜面反射综合孔径成像技术是一种通过非相干探测实现综合孔径成像的方法,利用功率探测获得余弦可视度函数,进而通过反演算法获得目标场景亮温图像。文中对镜面反射综合孔径成像方法的近场成像及其成像分辨率进行了理论研究,并通过点源成像实验对理论分析结果进行了实验验证,实验测得的成像角度分别为16.07°、18.48°、23.73°和27.47°,对应的成像分辨率分别为0.95°、0.98°、1.00°和1.04°,实验结果和理论计算结果相符,表明了镜面反射综合孔径成像技术在近场成像领域应用的有效性和优越性。