安徽新安江水牛mtDNA D-Loop区遗传多样性与系统进化研究

试验旨在分析安徽省黄山市新安江流域上游地区新安江水牛群体的分子遗传特性,探究其母系起源与遗传多样性。利用PCR扩增和测序技术测定28头新安江水牛的mtDNA D-Loop序列,下载GenBank数据库中24个中国水牛群体的693条D-Loop序列,利用生物信息学分析其遗传多样性,构建Neighbor-joining系统发生树和Media-joining网络,探索不同水牛群体的遗传距离。结果显示,28头新安江水牛的mtDNA D-Loop序列共有117个变异位点,构成25种单倍型,其核苷酸多样性为0.02602±0.00303,单倍型多样性为0.989±0.014。新安江水牛群体的变异性水平与中国其他水牛群体接近。N-J系统进化树显示,新安江水牛25个单倍型分为A、B两个支系,具有A支系和B支系2个母系来源,其中A支系占据主导地位。Media-joining进化网络显示,中国水牛主要为沼泽型水牛,分为沼泽型水牛A支系和B支系,B支系又分为b1亚支系和b2亚支系。综上,新安江水牛群体变异水平与中国其他地方水牛群体接近,群体遗传多样性丰富;且新安江水牛属于沼泽型水牛,具有2个线粒体母系来源,与我国其他地方水牛群体具有一定的遗传距离。

青海骆驼线粒体DNA D-loop区遗传多样性研究

旨在研究青海骆驼遗传多样性,揭示青海骆驼的母系起源进化。采集柴达木地区3个青海骆驼类群耳组织样品88份并提取基因组DNA,利用PCR扩增和基因测序分析线粒体DNA D-loop序列,并与蒙古、内蒙古双峰驼进行比较。结果表明:D-loop序列中共检测到96个多态位点,定义了27种单倍型。3个青海骆驼类群占有16个单倍型,而蒙古双峰驼独有7个单倍型,内蒙古双峰驼独有4个单倍型。系统发育分析显示出两个独立的分支:第一支为青海骆驼3个类群与蒙古双峰驼,且德令哈双峰驼与其他两个类群间存在明显界限;第二支为内蒙古双峰驼。青海骆驼与内蒙古双峰驼的遗传距离均较远,但与蒙古双峰驼的遗传距离较近。因此,青海骆驼母系起源更倾向于蒙古双峰驼而非内蒙古双峰驼。

Mutual promotion of mitochondrial fi ssion and oxidative stress contributes to mitochondrial-DNAmediated infl ammation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in paraquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis

BACKGROUND:Pulmonary fibrosis(PF)is one of the main causes of death in patients with paraquat(PQ)poisoning.This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between mitochondrial fi ssion and oxidative stress in PQ-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)and PF.METHODS:C57BL/6 mice and MLE-12 cells were exposed to PQ to construct a PF model in vivo and in vitro.Histological changes in the lungs were examined by hematoxylin and eosin(H&E)staining.Mitochondrial morphology was detected by MitoTracker®Deep Red FM or transmission electron microscopy(TEM).Western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to determine the expression of protein.The migration ability of the cells was detected by the cell scratch test.Mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA)levels were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR).Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was applied to detect cytokine levels.Superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity and the levels of glutathione(GSH)and malondialdehyde(MDA)were detected by chemichromatometry.RESULTS:PQ exposure caused EMT and PF in vivo and in vitro.PQ destroyed mitochondrial structure and enhanced the expression of dynamin-related protein 1(Drp1),which were accompanied by oxidative stress.Inhibiting mitochondrial fission using mitochondrial division inhibitor-1(Mdivi-1),a selective inhibitor of Drp1,attenuated PQ-induced EMT and oxidative damage.Treatment with N-acetyl-L-cysteine(NAC),an antioxidant,reduced Drp1 expression,attenuated mitochondrial structure damage and inhibited PQ-induced EMT and PF.Both Mdivi-1 and NAC treatment markedly suppressed mtDNA release,the expression of Toll-like receptor 9(TLR9)and phosphorylation(P)-NF-κB p65 as well as cytokines(interleukin 6[IL-6],interleukin-1β[IL-1β],and tumor necrosis factor-α[TNF-α])production.CONCLUSION:Mutual promotion of mitochondrial fission and oxidative stress contributes to EMT in PQ-induced PF,which is associated with the mtDNA/TLR9/NF-κB pathway.

Molecular phylogenetics and population demographic history of Amphioctopus fangsiao,inferred from mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA markers

Amphioctopus fangsiao(Cephalopoda:Octopodidae)is an important commercial species in the coastal waters of China.In recent years,however,the resource of A.fangsiao have declined because of habitat destruction and overfishing.To analyze the genetic variations of A.fangsiao caused by the fluctuation of resources,the population genetic structure of nine sampling locations collected from the Bohai Sea to the South China Sea were investigated,using mtDNA COI fragments and microsatellite DNA.The results of F-statistics,AMOVA,STRUCTURE and PCA analyses showed three phylogeographic clades(Clades A,B and C),revealing limited genetic exchange between north and south populations.These clades diverged in 2.23(Clades A and B)and 3.67(Clades A,B and C)million years ago,during the dramatic environmental fluctuations,such as sea level and temperature changes,have exerted great influence on the survival distribution pattern of global organisms.Our results for low genetic connectivity among A.fangsiao populations provide insights into the development of management strategies,that is,to manage this species as separate management unit.

Late-onset mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes syndrome with mitochondrial DNA 3243A>G mutation masquerading as autoimmune encephalitis:A case report

BACKGROUND Here,we present a unique case of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes(MELAS)syndrome,which initially appeared to be autoimmune encephalitis and was ultimately confirmed as MELAS with the mitochondrial DNA 3243A>G mutation.CASE SUMMARY A 58-year-old female presented with acute-onset speech impediment and auditory hallucinations,symmetrical bitemporal lobe abnormalities,clinical and laboratory findings,and a lack of relevant prodromal history,which suggested diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis.Further work-up,in conjunction with the patient’s medical history,family history,and lactate peak on brain lesions on magnetic resonance imaging,suggested a mitochondrial disorder.Mitochondrial genome analysis revealed the m.3243A>G variant in the MT-TL1 gene,which led to a diagnosis of MELAS syndrome.CONCLUSION This case underscores the importance of considering MELAS as a potential cause of autoimmune encephalitis even if patients are over 40 years of age,as the symptoms and signs are atypical for MELAS syndrome.

Benchmark Dose Assessment for Coke Oven Emissions-Induced Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number Damage Effects

Objective The study aimed to estimate the benchmark dose(BMD)of coke oven emissions(COEs)exposure based on mitochondrial damage with the mitochondrial DNA copy number(mtDNAcn)as a biomarker.Methods A total of 782 subjects were recruited,including 238 controls and 544 exposed workers.The mtDNAcn of peripheral leukocytes was detected through the real-time fluorescence-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction.Three BMD approaches were used to calculate the BMD of COEs exposure based on the mitochondrial damage and its 95%confidence lower limit(BMDL).Results The mtDNAcn of the exposure group was lower than that of the control group(0.60±0.29 vs.1.03±0.31;P<0.001).A dose-response relationship was shown between the mtDNAcn damage and COEs.Using the Benchmark Dose Software,the occupational exposure limits(OELs)for COEs exposure in males was 0.00190 mg/m^(3).The OELs for COEs exposure using the BBMD were 0.00170 mg/m^(3)for the total population,0.00158 mg/m^(3)for males,and 0.00174 mg/m^(3)for females.In possible risk obtained from animal studies(PROAST),the OELs of the total population,males,and females were 0.00184,0.00178,and 0.00192 mg/m^(3),respectively.Conclusion Based on our conservative estimate,the BMDL of mitochondrial damage caused by COEs is0.002 mg/m^(3).This value will provide a benchmark for determining possible OELs.

Mutation in D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA in gastric cancer and its significance

AIM: lo investigate the mutation in D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA in gastric cancer and its influence on the changes of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell cycle. METHODS: The D-loop region was amplified by PCR and sequenced. Reactive oxygen species and cell cycle were detected by flow cytometry in 20 specimens from gastriccancer and adjacent normal tissues. According to the sequence results, gastric cancer tissue was divided into mutation group and control group. Reactive oxygen species, apoptosis and proliferation in the two groups were compared.RESULTS: Among the 20 gastric cancer specimens, 18 mutations were identified in 7 patients, the mutation rate being 35%. There were four microsatellite instabilities in the mutations. No mutation was found in the adjacent tissues. Reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, and proliferation in the mutation group were all significantly higher than those in control group.CONCLUSION: Mutation in D-loop region plays a role in the genesis and development of gastric cancer.

A Study on the D-loop Region of Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Mutation in Cervical Carcinomas

Objective Background-study on genesis and development of tumor is mainly concentrated on gene mutation in nucleus.In recent years,however,the role of mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) mutation in tumor genesis has been given more and more attention,which is the only extra-nucleus DNA in cells of higher animals.Carcinoma of the uterine cervix is a common tumor in gynecology,but there are few reports of mtDNA mutation in this area.The focus of this study was to investigate the mtDNA mutation in tumor tissues of cervical carcinomas and their relationship to tumorigenesis and tumor development.Methods The D-loop region of 24 cervical carcinomas together with the adjacent normal tissues were amplified by PCR and sequenced.Results Among the 24 cervical carcinomas,30 mutations in 9 patients′ specimen were identified with the mutations rate of 37.5%(9/24).There were 8 microsatellite instabilities among the mutations and 13 new polymorphisms which were not reported previously in the Genbank.Conclusions The D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA is a highly polymorphoric and mutable region and the mutation rate is relatively high in patients with cervical carcinomas.

Mutations in the D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA in gastric cancer

Objective: To investigate the mutati ons in the D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in gastric cancer. Methods: The mtDNA of D-loop region was amplified by PCR and sequence d in 20 samples from gastric cancer tissue and adjacent normal membrane. Results: There were 7/20(35%) mutations in the mtDNA of D-loop regio n in gastric cancer patients. There were four microsatellite instabilities among the 18 mutations. Nine new polymorphisms were identified in 20 patients. Conclusion: The mtDNA of D-loop region might be highly polymorphoric and the mutation rate is high in patients with gastric cancer.

基于线粒体DNAD-loop全序列的麒麟鸡遗传多样性研究

【目的】从线粒体DNA(mtDNA)D-loop全序列角度评估麒麟鸡的遗传多样性水平,以期阐明麒麟鸡的品种形成。【方法】通过PCR产物直接测序法对麒麟鸡保种群的黄羽、白羽和黑羽3个资源群及8个地方鸡品种进行mtDNA D-loop全序列测定,分析遗传变异,并进行中性检测,构建单倍型中介网络图,探究麒麟鸡的群体历史。【结果】麒麟鸡mtDNAD-loop全序列为1231~1232bp,C+G含量(39.8%)低于T+A含量(60.2%),总体核苷酸多样性为0.00630±0.00054,明显高于其他8个地方鸡品种。3个资源群黄羽、白羽和黑羽麒麟鸡的单倍型多样性分别为0.777±0.076、0.816±0.060、0.710±0.057,核苷酸多样性分别为0.00699±0.00115、0.00662±0.00090、0.00546±0.00062,遗传多样性水平基本上与群体规模呈正相关。麒麟鸡与8个地方鸡的双参数遗传距离为0.008~0.009,净遗传距离为0.003~0.005,均大于其他地方鸡之间的遗传距离。90份麒麟鸡样本共检测到45个突变位点,定义了17个单倍型,其中独享型单倍型9个,单倍型多样性为0.773±0.039。黄羽、白羽和黑羽麒麟鸡的单倍型数量分别为12、7、5个。8个地方鸡品种定义了19个单倍型,其中河田鸡的单倍型数量最多(8个),宁都黄鸡的最少(3个),没有与麒麟鸡共享的单倍型。中性检测结果显示,除了黑羽麒麟鸡外,供试鸡种在品种水平上近期均未经历明显的种群扩张。麒麟鸡单倍型类群主要分布在进化枝A、B、C和E,优势单倍型类群是B(30.0%)和E(64.4%);8个地方鸡单倍型类群主要为A和B。【结论】独特的单倍型提示麒麟鸡具有独立的品种形成历史,相对较高的遗传多样性水平将有利于其保护和利用工作的开展。

苏姜猪mtDNA D-loop序列的遗传多样性分析

【目的】通过对苏姜猪线粒体DNA(mtDNA)D-loop高变区Ⅰ的序列扩增测序,探究苏姜猪种群的种质资源特性和遗传多样性。【方法】采集苏姜猪核心群100头经产母猪耳组织,提取DNA后扩增苏姜猪核心群母猪mtDNA D-loop高变区Ⅰ的基因片段并测序,运用NCBI在线BLAST对测序序列与参考序列进行比对、校正并寻找同源序列,确定mtDNA D-loop高变区Ⅰ序列的长度和位置;使用DnaSP v.5.10.1软件统计获得群体中核苷酸多态位点和变异位点数量,分析单倍型多样度(Hd)、核苷酸多样性(Pi)、平均核苷酸差异度(K)等参数;使用Mega 7.0软件对不同单倍型进行基于Kimura’s 2-prarmetermodel的遗传距离计算,采用邻接法(Neighbor-Joining,NJ)对苏姜猪的4个单倍型、17个中国地方猪种、欧洲家猪(登录号:AF034253.1)的mtDNA D-loop高变区Ⅰ序列构建系统发育树。【结果】对100头苏姜猪的mtDNA D-loop序列高变区Ⅰ进行扩增测序,获得长度为429 bp的有效序列,获得的序列中,AT含量为63.1%,GC含量为36.9%;中性检验Tajima’s D值为-1.80517(P<0.05),证实苏姜猪种群显著性偏离中性检验;被测序列中检测到19个变异位点,定义了4个单倍型,单倍型多样度为0.578,核苷酸多样性为0.0032;种群内4个单倍型之间的平均遗传距离在0.004~0.031之间。系统发育树结果显示,群体分为国内和国外2个类群,苏姜猪4个单倍型都聚集在国内分支上,其中单倍型H2和二花脸猪聚为一类,单倍型H4和姜曲海、皖南花猪等聚为一类。【结论】苏姜猪种群mtDNA D-loop高变区Ⅰ多态位点比例高,单倍型多样度高,核苷酸多样性低;苏姜猪群体内优势单倍型的遗传距离较近,占比较高,反映出苏姜猪群体母系来源较少。

线粒体DNA D-Loop区突变与弱精症的相关性

目的:探讨精子线粒体DNAD-Loop区基因突变和弱精症的相关性。方法:收集2019年7月至2021年3月温州市中医院诊治的134例弱精症患者(弱精症组)和129例同期健康男性(对照组)的精液,提取精子细胞DNA,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)对线粒体DNA D-Loop区进行扩增并测序,测序结果与剑桥标准序列(r CRS)进行比对,分析弱精症患者精子细胞线粒体DNA D-Loop区的基因突变情况。结果:两组中发生率>5%的突变有62种,大部分位于HV-1区和HV-2区(87.78%),突变类型以替换突变为主(87.03%)。分析显示,有11种突变在弱精症组和对照组之间的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),这些突变可能增加或降低弱精症风险。结论:精子线粒体DNA D-Loop区具有较高突变率,可能在弱精症发生发展中发挥重要作用。

张掖肉牛线粒体DNA D-loop区遗传多样性研究

为研究张掖肉牛的遗传多样性及母系起源,利用特异性引物扩增mtDNA D-loop区全序列,采用最大似然法构建了张掖肉牛mtDNA D-loop区分子系统树,对核苷酸多态性和遗传距离进行了分析。结果表明,构建的166头张掖肉牛mtDNA D-loop区全序列分子系统树分为3组(普通牛、瘤牛、牦牛),其中,普通牛血统基因型组占比80.7%,有93种单倍型(Hd=0.988),核苷酸变异度π=0.005 79;瘤牛血统基因型组占比13.2%,有6种单倍型(Hd=0.476),核苷酸变异度π=0.001 19;牦牛血统基因型组占比6.1%,有5种单倍型(Hd=0.867),核苷酸变异度π=0.009 65。张掖肉牛与中国北方牛的遗传距离比较近(Fst=0.01)。综上所述,张掖肉牛具有混合母系起源的特点,但受普通牛的影响较大,亲缘关系明显表现出了中国北方黄牛的地理生态分布特征,该研究结果可为张掖肉牛生态区的分布提供理论依据,也可为遗传育种提供参考。

Origin and phylogenetic analysis of Tibetan Mastiff based on the mitochondrial DNA sequence

At present, the Tibetan Mastiff is the oldest and most ferocious dog in the world. However, the origin of the Tibetan Mastiff and its phylogenetic relationship with other large breed dogs such as Saint Bernard are unclear. In this study, the primers were designed accord- ing to the mitochondrial genome sequence of the domestic dog, and the 2,525 bp mitochondrial sequence, containing the whole sequence of Cytochrome b, tRNA-Thr, tRNA-Pro, and control region of the Tibetan Mastiff, was obtained. Using grey wolves and coyotes as out- groups, the Tibetan Mastiff and 12 breeds of domestic dogs were analyzed in phylogenesis. Tibetan Mastiff, domestic dog breeds, and grey wolves were clustered into a group and coyotes were clustered in a group separately. This indicated that the Tibetan Mastiff and the other domestic dogs originated from the grey wolf, and the Tibetan Mastiff belonged to Carnivora, Canidae, Canis, Canis lupus, Canis lupus familiaris on the animal taxonomy. In domestic dogs, the middle and small breed dogs were clustered at first; German Sheepdog, Swedish Elkhound, and Black Russian Terrier were clustered into one group, and the Tibetan Mastiff, Old English Sheepdog, Leonberger, and Saint Bernard were clustered in another group. This confirmed the viewpoint that many of the famous large breed dogs worldwide such as Saint Bernard possibly had the blood lineage of the Tibetan Mastiff, based on the molecular data. According to the substitution rate, we concluded that the approximate divergence time between Tibetan Mastiff and grey wolf was 58,000 years before the present （YBP）, and the approximate divergence time between other domestic dogs and grey wolf was 42,000 YBP, demonstrating that the time of origin of the Tibetan Mastiff was earlier than that of the other domestic dogs.

Mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial DNA mutations in atherosclerotic complications in diabetes

Mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) is particularly prone to oxidation due to the lack of histones and a deficient mismatch repair system.This explains an increased mutation rate of mtDNA that results in heteroplasmy,e.g.,the coexistence of the mutant and wild-type mtDNA molecules within the same mitochondrion.In diabetes mellitus,glycotoxicity,advanced oxidative stress,collagen cross-linking,and accumulation of lipid peroxides in foam macrophage cells and arterial wall cells may significantly decrease the mutation threshold required for mitochondrial dysfunction,which in turn further contributes to the oxidative damage of the diabetic vascular wall,endothelial dysfunc-tion,and atherosclerosis.

Somatic alterations in mitochondrial DNA and mitochondrial dysfunction in gastric cancer progression

Energy metabolism reprogramming was recently identified as one of the cancer hallmarks.One of the underlying mechanisms of energy metabolism reprogramming is mitochondrial dysfunction caused by mutations in nuclear genes or mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA).In the past decades,several types of somatic mtDNA alterations have been identified in gastric cancer.However,the role of these mtDNA alterations in gastric cancer progression remains unclear.In this review,we summarize recently identified somatic mtDNA alterations in gastric cancers as well as the relationship between these alterations and the clinicopathological features of gastric cancer.The causative factors and potential roles of the somatic mtDNA alterations in cancer progression are also discussed.We suggest that point mutations and mtDNA copy number decreases are the two most common mtDNA alterations that result in mitochondrial dysfunction in gastric cancers.The two primary mutation types(transition mutations and mononucleotide or dinucleotide repeat instability)imply potential causative factors.Mitochondrial dysfunction-generated reactive oxygen species may be involved in the malignant changes of gastric cancer.The search for strategies to prevent mtDNA alterations and inhibit the mitochondrial retrograde signaling will benefit the development of novel treatments for gastric cancer and other malignancies.

Mitochondrial DNA alterations and mitochondrial dysfunction in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is one of the most common malignancies and is ranked third in mortality among cancer-related diseases.Mitochondria are intracellular organelles that are responsible for energy metabolism and cellular homeostasis,and mitochondrial dysfunction has been regarded as a hallmark of cancer.Over the past decades,several types of mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA)alterations have been identified in human cancers,including HCC.However,the role of these mtDNA alterations in cancer progression is unclear.In this review,we summarize the recent findings on the somatic mtDNA alterations identified in HCC and their relationships with the clinicopathological features of HCC.Recent advances in understanding the potential roles of somatic mtDNA alterations in the progression of HCC are also discussed.We suggest that somatic mtDNA mutations and a decrease in the mtDNA copy number are common events in HCC and that a mitochondrial dysfunction-activated signaling cascade may play an important role in the progression of HCC.Elucidation of the retrograde signaling pathways in HCC and the quest for strategies to block some of these pathways will be instrumental for the development of novel treatments for this and other malignancies.

Mitochondrial DNA mutations associated with aminoglycoside induced ototoxicity

Aminoglycosides(Am An) are widely used for their great efficiency against gram-negative bacterial infections. However, they can also induce ototoxic hearing loss, which has affected millions of people around the world. As previously reported, individuals bearing mitochondrial DNA mutations in the 12 S rRNA gene, such as m.1555A>G and m.1494C>T, are more prone to Am An-induced ototoxicity. These mutations cause human mitochondrial ribosomes to more closely resemble bacterial ribosomes and enable a stronger aminoglycoside interaction. Consequently,exposure to Am An can induce or worsen hearing loss in these individuals. Furthermore, a wide range of severity and penetrance of hearing loss was observed among families carrying these mutations. Studies have revealed that these mitochondria mutations are the primary molecular mechanism of genetic susceptibility to Am An ototoxicity, though nuclear modifier genes and mitochondrial haplotypes are known to modulate the phenotypic manifestation.

Aging:A mitochondrial DNA perspective,critical analysis and an update

The mitochondrial theory of aging, a mainstream theory of aging which once included accumulation of mitochondrial DNA(mt DNA) damage by reactive oxygen species(ROS) as its cornerstone, has been increasingly losing ground and is undergoing extensive revision due to its inability to explain a growing body of emerging data. Concurrently, the notion of the central role for mtDNA in the aging process is being met with increased skepticism. Our progress in understanding the processes of mtDNA maintenance, repair, damage, and degradation in response to damage has largely refuted the view of mt DNA as being particularly susceptible to ROS-mediated mutagenesis due to its lack of "protective" histones and reduced complement of available DNA repair pathways. Recent research on mitochondrial ROS production has led to the appreciation that mitochondria, even in vitro, produce much less ROS than previously thought, automatically leading to a decreased expectation of physiologically achievable levels of mtDNA damage. New evidence suggests that both experimentally induced oxidative stress and radiation therapy result in very low levels of mtDNA mutagenesis. Recent advances provide evidence against the existence of the "vicious" cycle of mtDNA damage and ROS production. Meta-studies reveal no longevity benefit of increased antioxidant defenses. Simultaneously, exciting new observations from both comparative biology and experimental systems indicate that increased ROS production and oxidative damage to cellular macromolecules, including mtDNA, can be associated with extended longevity. A novel paradigm suggests that increased ROS production in aging may be the result of adaptive signaling rather than a detrimental byproduct of normal respiration that drives aging. Here, we review issues pertaining to the role of mtDNA in aging.

Implications of mitochondrial DNA mutations and mitochondrial dysfunction in tumorigenesis

在源于 mitochondrial 机能障碍的氧化 phosphorylation 的改变长被假设了涉及 tumorigenesis。线粒体最近被显示了在调整规划房间死亡和房间增长起一个重要作用。而且， mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA ) 变化在各种各样的癌症房间被发现了。然而，在 tumorigenesis 的这些 mtDNA 变化的角色仍然保持大部分未知。这评论集中于基本 mitochondrial 遗传， mtDNA 变化和与癌症联系的结果的 mitochondrial 机能障碍。潜在的分子的机制，调停从 mtDNA 变化的致病和到 tumorigenesis 的 mitochondrial 机能障碍也被讨论。