Effects of unsaturated fatty acids on calcium-activated potassium current in gastric myocytes of guinea pigs

AIM: To investigate the effects of exogenous unsaturated fatty acids on calcium-activated potassium current [IK(Ca)] in gastric antral circular myocytes of guinea pigs. METHODS: Gastric myocytes were isolated by collagenase from the antral circular layer of guinea pig stomach. The whole-cell patch clamp technique was used to record /K(Ca) in the isolated single smooth muscle cells with or without different concentrations of arachidonic acid (AA), linoleic acid (LA), and oleic acid (OA). RESULTS: AA at concentrations of 2,5 and 10 μmol/L markedly increased IK(Ca) in a dose-dependent manner. LA at concentrations of 5, 10 and 20 μmol/L also enhanced /K(Ca) in a dose-dependent manner. The increasing potency of AA, LA, and oleic acid (OA) on /K(Ca)at the same concentration (10μmol/L) was in the order of AA>LA>OA. AA (10 μmol/L)-induced increase of Ik(ca) was not blocked by H-7 (10 μmol/L), an inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), or indomethacin (10 μmol/L), an inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase pathway, and 17-octadecynoic acid (10 μmol/L), an inhibitor of the cytochrome P450 pathway, but weakened by nordihydroguaiaretic acid (10μmol/L), an inhibitor of the lipoxygenase pathway. CONCLUSION: Unsaturated fatty acids markedly increase Ik(Ca), and the enhancing potencies are related to the number of double bonds in the fatty acid chain. The lipoxygenase pathway of unsaturated fatty acid metabolism is involved in the unsaturated fatty acid-induced increase of IK(Ca) in gastric antral circular myocytes of guinea pigs.

Effects of Ginkgo biloba extracts with mirodenafil on the relaxation of corpus cavernosal smooth muscle and the potassium channel activity of corporal smooth muscle cells

In this study, we investigated the effects of a combination of Ginkgo biloba extracts （GBE） and phosphodiesterase type 5 （PDE-5） inhibitors on the muscular tone of the corpus cavernosum and potassium channel activity of corporal smooth muscle cells. Strips of corpus cavernosum from male New Zealand white rabbits were mounted in organ baths for isometric tension studies. After contraction with 1 × 10^-5 mol I^-1 norepinephrine, GBE （0.01-1 mg ml^-1） and mirodenafil （0.01-100 nmol I^-1） were added together into the organ bath. In electrophysiological studies, whole-cell currents were recorded by the conventional patch-clamp technique in cultured smooth muscle cells of the human corpus cavernosum. The corpus cavemosum was relaxed in response to GBE in a dose-dependent manner （from 0.64%±8.35% at 0.01 mg ml^-1 to 52.28%±11.42% at 1 mg ml^-1）. After pre-treatment with 0.03 mg ml^-1 of GBE, the relaxant effects of mirodenafil were increased at all concentrations, After tetraethylammonium （TEA） （1 mmol I^-1） administration, the increased effects were inhibited （P〈0.01）. Extracellular administration of GBE increased the whole-cell K^＋ outward currents in a dose-dependent fashion. The increase of the outward current was inhibited by I mmol 1-1 TEA. These results suggest that GBE could increase the relaxant potency of mirodenafil even at a minimally effective dose. The K＋ flow through potassium channels might be one of the mechanisms involved in this synergistic relaxation.

Regulation of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels suppresses the toxic effects of amyloid-beta peptide(25-35)

In this study, we treated PC12 cells with 0-20 μM amyloid-β peptide （25-35） for 24 hours to induce cytotoxicity, and found that 5-20 μM amyloid-β peptide （25-35） decreased PC12 cell viability, but adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel activator diazoxide suppressed the decrease in PC12 cell viability induced by amyloid-β peptide （25-35）. Diazoxide protected PC12 cells against amyloid-β peptide （25-35）-induced increases in mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular reactive oxygen species levels. These protective effects were reversed by the selective mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel blocker 5-hydroxydecanoate. An inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, Nw-nitro-L-arginine, also protected PC12 cells from amyloid-β peptide （25-35）-induced increases in both mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular reactive oxygen species levels. However, the H202-degrading enzyme catalase could not reverse the amyloid-β peptide （25-35）-induced increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species. A 24-hour exposure to amyloid-13 peptide （25-35） did not result in apoptosis or necrosis, suggesting that the increases in both mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species levels preceded cell death. The data suggest that amyloid-β peptide （25-35） cytotoxicity is associated with adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels and nitric oxide. Regulation of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels suppresses PC12 cell cytotoxicity induced by amyloid-β peptide （25-35）.

Chronic salt-loading downregulates large-conductance Ca^(2+)-activated potassium channel in mesenteric arterial smooth muscle cells from SD rats

Objective Large-conductance calcium-activated potassium(BKCa)channel modulates vascular smooth muscle tone.In the present study,we tested the hypothesis that salt,one of the factors which significantly influence blood pressure(BP),can regulate BKCa activity and then elevate blood pressure.Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 6 weeks were randomized into high salt diet group(HS)and control group,fed with high salt diet(containing 5% NaCl)and standard rat chow(containing 0.4% NaCl)respectively for 16 weeks.Tail systolic blood pressure(SBP),body weight(BW)and 24-hour urinary output were tested every 4 weeks.Content of urinary Na+ was detected using flame spectrophotometrical method.At the end of 16 weeks,all the rats were killed,the mesenteric arteries were obtained,and single mesenteric smooth muscle cells were isolated at once.The resting membrane potential(Em),the total potassium currents and the currents after perfusion with TEA solution of the cells were all recorded by whole cell patch clamp.The transcriptions of BKCa channel α and β1 subunits in mesenteric arterial vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMC)of each group were calculated by real-time RT-PCR.Results There was no difference in SBP and BW at each stage between control group and HS group;the urinary Na+ level in HS animals was elevated significantly after 4 weeks.The negative values of Em in HS group VSMCs were reduced compared with those in the control group.Transcriptions of β1 subunit of BKCa channels were decreased in HS group,but α subunit transcriptions did not differ between the two groups.Whole cell potassium currents did not differ between HS and control groups,but BKCa currents of HS group VSMCs were lower than those of control group ones.Conclusion Even without elevating SBP,salt-loading can still modulate the expression and activity of BKCa channel in the mesenteric arterial VSMC and elevate vascular tone.

Effect of nitric oxide-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of calcium-activated potassium channel α subunit on vascular hyporesponsiveness in rats

Objective: To study the effect of nitric oxide-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK Ca) channel α subunit on vascular hyporesponsiveness in rats. Methods: A total of 46 Wistar rats of either sex, weighing 250 g±20 g, were used in this study. Models of vascular hyporesponsiveness induced by hemorrhagic shock (30 mm Hg for 2 hours) in vivo and by L-arginine in vitro were established respectively. The vascular responsiveness of isolated superior mesenteric arteries to norepinephrine was observed. Tyrosine phosphorylation of BK Ca α subunit was evaluated with methods of immunoprecipitation and Western blotting. Results: In the smooth muscle cells of the superior mesenteric arteries, the expression of BK Ca α subunit tyrosine phosphorylation increased following hemorrhagic shock, and L-arginine could induce BK Ca channel α subunit tyrosine phosphorylation in a time- and dose-dependent manner. L-NAME (Nω-nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester), a nitric oxide synthetase inhibitor, could partly restore the decreased vasoresponsiveness of the superior mesenteric arteries after hemorrhagic shock in rats. Down-regulating the protein tyrosine phosphorylation with genistein, a widely-used special protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, could partly improve the decreased vasoresponsiveness of the superior mesenteric arteries induced by L-arginine in vitro, while up-regulating the protein tyrosine phosphorylation with Na3VO4, a protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, could further decrease the nitric oxide-induced vascular hyporesponsiveness, which could be partly ameliorated by 0.1 mmol/L tetrabutylammonium chloride (TEA), a selective BK Ca inhibitor at this concentration. Conclusions: Nitric oxide can induce the tyrosine phosphorylation of BK Ca α subunit, which influences the vascular hyporesponsiveness in hemorrhagic shock rats or induced by L-arginine in vitro.

Ischemia/reperfusion injury and cardioprotective mechanisms:Role of mitochondria and reactive oxygen species

Reperfusion therapy must be applied as soon as possible to attenuate the ischemic insult of acute myocardial infarction(AMI).However reperfusion is responsible for additional myocardial damage,which likely involves opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore(mPTP).In reperfusion injury,mitochondrial damage is a determining factor in causing loss of cardiomyocyte function and viability.Major mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction include the long lasting opening of mPTPs and the oxidative stress resulting from formation of reactive oxygen species(ROS).Several signaling cardioprotective pathways are activated by stimuli such as preconditioning and postconditioning,obtained with brief intermittent ischemia or with pharmacological agents.These pathways converge on a common target,the mitochondria,to preserve their function after ischemia/reperfusion.The present review discusses the role of mitochondria in cardioprotection,especially the involvement of adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium channels,ROS signaling,and the mPTP.Ischemic postconditioning has emerged as a new way to target the mitochondria,and to drastically reduce lethal reperfusion injury.Several clinical studies using ischemic postconditioning during angioplasty now support its protective effects,and an interesting alternative is pharmacological postconditioning.In fact ischemic postconditioning and the mPTP desensitizer,cyclosporine A,have been shown to induce comparable protection in AMI patients.

Beneficial effects of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive K^+ channel opener on liver ischemia/reperfusion injury

AIM: To investigate the effect of diazoxide administration on liver ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Endothelium-derived Relaxing Factor Activates Calcium-activated Potassium Channels of Resistance Vessel Smooth Muscle Cells

Direct observation was made by using the patch-clamp technique with a specially designed microperfusion system to investigate the effect of acetylcholine (Ach 10^(-6) mol/L) elicited endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) on the calcium-activated potassium channel (IK(Ca))in the smooth muscle cells of mesenteric resistance vessels in Wistar rats. Activation of IK(Ca) was firstly observed by inducing the elicited EDRF or sodium nitroprusside (SNP 10^(-8) mol/L) under various clamping voltages in cell-attached configuration. While the pipette solution contained KCl 126 mmol/L and the bath solution contained KCl 5.9 mmol/L, two types of conductances of calcium-activated potassium current being 76.4±2.3 pS(mean±S.E. n = 7) and 160.3±7.5 pS (mean±S.E. n= 7) were recorded during the EDRF activation, one type of conductance being 100.5±2.8 pS (mean±S.E. n = 6) was activated by nitric oxide (NO) which is an effective component from SNP. Differences in kinetic characteristics of these channels between EDRF and NO activation were found, particularly the probability of the channel being open in EDRF activation was obviously greater than that in NO stimulation. It has been shown that the potassium channel mechanisms involved in the EDRF and NO actions might be different.

线粒体三磷酸腺苷敏感钾离子通道在大鼠心肺复苏后急性肾损伤中的作用研究

目的 探索线粒体ATP敏感钾离子通道(mitoKATP)在大鼠心肺复苏后急性肾损伤(AKI)中的作用。方法 采用窒息法建立大鼠心脏骤停-心肺复苏模型,将50只健康成年雄性Sprague Dawley(SD)大鼠随机分为左西孟旦治疗(levo)组、mitoKATP通道激动(mito)组、肌膜KATP通道激动(sarc)组、空白对照(control)组和假手术(sham)组,每组各10只。levo组采用左西孟旦干预,mito组在左西孟旦干预的基础上予sarcKATP抑制剂HMR-1098处理,sarc组在左西孟旦干预的基础上予mitoKATP抑制剂5-HD处理。心肺复苏6 h后收集5组大鼠样本,检测大鼠血清肌酐(sCr)、尿素氮(BUN)、IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α水平,H-E染色观察肾脏组织损伤情况,采用分光光度法检测线粒体呼吸链复合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ活性,免疫印迹实验检测凋亡相关蛋白cleaved caspase 3表达水平。结果 与sham组比较,control组大鼠心肺复苏6 h后sCr和BUN水平均显著升高(P值均<0.05)。与control组比较,levo组和mito组sCr、BUN水平均显著降低(P值均<0.05);而sarc组sCr和BUN水平的差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。与control组比较,levo组和mito组肾小管轻度扩张,管型明显减少;而sarc组大鼠肾组织结构变化与control组相似。levo组和mito组IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α水平均较control组显著降低(P值均<0.05),而sarc组与control组间的差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。与sham组比较,control组肾组织cleaved caspase 3相对表达量显著增加(P<0.05);与control组比较,levo组和mito组cleaved caspase 3相对表达量均显著减少(P值均<0.05),而sarc组肾组织cleaved caspase 3相对表达量的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与sham组比较,control组线粒体复合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ活性显著受到抑制(P值均<0.05);与control组比较,levo组和mito组线粒体呼吸链复合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ活性均显著增强(P值均<0.05),而sarc组线粒体呼吸链复合物活性的差异无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。结论 mitoKATP开放能够抑制炎症反应,减少肾组织细胞凋亡,改善肾脏线粒体功能,缓解大鼠心肺复苏后AKI。

阿托伐他汀预处理对缺氧复氧后乳鼠心肌细胞的保护作用及其机制

目的探讨阿托伐他汀预处理对缺氧复氧后乳鼠心肌细胞的保护作用是否与线粒体ATP敏感的钾通道(mitoKATPC)和线粒体膜通透性转换孔(MPTP)有关。方法将原代培养的C57BL/6乳鼠心肌细胞随机分为五组,control组常规培养,H/R组、Ator组、5-HD+Ator组和LND+Ator组均进行缺氧复氧处理(缺氧12 h、复氧6 h);Ator组缺氧复氧前给予1μmol/L阿托伐他汀预处理3 h,5-HD+Ator组缺氧复氧前给予100μmol/L mitoK_(ATP)C通道阻断剂5-羟基葵酸+1μmol/L阿托伐他汀干预3 h,LND+Ator组缺氧复氧前给予1μmol/L阿托伐他汀干预3 h+30μmol/L MPTP开放剂氯尼达明干预20 min。采用CCK-8法检测细胞存活率,流式细胞术检测细胞内钙离子浓度、线粒体膜电位、MPTP开放情况和活性氧(ROS)含量。结果与control组比较,H/R组、Ator组、5-HD+Ator组、LND+Ator组细胞存活率均降低、钙离子浓度均升高,H/R组、5-HD+Ator组、LND+Ator组线粒体膜电位均降低、MPTP开放程度及ROS含量均升高(P均<0.05)。与H/R组、5-HD+Ator组、LND+Ator组比较,Ator组细胞存活率、线粒体膜电位均升高,钙离子浓度、MPTP开放程度及ROS含量均降低(P均<0.05)。结论阿托伐他汀对缺氧复氧后的乳鼠心肌细胞具有保护作用,其机制可能与开放mitoK_(ATP)C和关闭MPTP从而抑制ROS生成有关。

线粒体ATP敏感性钾离子通道开放剂调控冠心病大鼠心肌凋亡的功能及机制

目的:探讨线粒体ATP敏感性钾离子通道开放剂对冠心病大鼠心肌细胞凋亡的影响及机制。方法:将50只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、冠心病组及二氮嗪低、中、高剂量组,除对照组外,其余各组大鼠均用高脂饮食联合垂体后叶素构建冠心病大鼠模型,造模后二氮嗪低、中、高剂量组大鼠分别灌胃3,5,7 mg/kg的二氮嗪,每日给药1次,共14 d,对照组和冠心病组大鼠灌胃等体积的生理盐水。治疗14 d后,取各组大鼠心肌组织,苏木精-伊红(HE)染色检测心肌损伤,原位缺口末端转移酶标记法(TUNEL)检测心肌细胞凋亡,酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清炎性细胞因子白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)浓度,蛋白免疫印迹法(Western Blot)检测心肌组织中Cleaved-Caspase 3、Bcl-2、Bax、磷酸化蛋白激酶B(p-AKT)、蛋白激酶B(AKT)、磷酸化磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(p-PI3K)、磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(PI3K)表达。结果:相比于对照组,冠心病组大鼠心肌损伤严重,血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6显著增加,心肌细胞凋亡指数增加,Cleaved-Caspase 3和Bax表达增加,Bcl-2表达、PI3K和AKT磷酸化水平降低(P<0.05)。相比于冠心病组,二氮嗪低、中、高剂量组大鼠心肌损伤均有缓解,TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6降低,心肌细胞凋亡指数降低,Cleaved-Caspase 3和Bax表达下调,Bcl-2表达、PI3K和AKT磷酸化水平增加(P<0.05)。结论:线粒体ATP敏感性钾离子通道开放剂二氮嗪可缓解冠心病大鼠心肌细胞损伤及凋亡,其机制为激活抗凋亡的PI3K/AKT信号通路。

Protective effects of pinacidil hyperpolarizing cardioplegia on myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury by mitochondrial KATP channels

Background Many studies have indicated that hyperpolarizing cardioplegia is responsible for myocardial preservation and researchers have suggested that the adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels （KATe） were the end effectors of cardio-protection. But whether mitochondrial KATe plays an important role in hyperpolarizing cardioplegia is not apparent. The present study investigated the effect of hyperpolarizing cardioplegia containing pinacidil （a nonselective KATe opener） on ischemia/repeffusion injury in rat hearts, especially the role of mitochondrial KATe in pinacidil hyperpolarizing cardioplegia. Methods Sprague-Dawley rat hearts were Langendorff-perfused for 20 minutes with Krebs-Henseleit buffer at 37℃ before equilibration. Cardiac arrest was then induced in different treatments： there was no arrest and ischemia in the normal group, the control group were arrested by clamping the aorta, depolarizing caidioplegia （St. Thomas solution containing 16 mmol/L KCI） and hyperpolarizing cardioplegia groups used St. Thomas solution containing 0.05 mmol/L pinacidil and 5 mmol/L KCI to induce cardiac arrest in group hyperkalemic and group pinacidil, in group hyperkalemic ＋ 5-hydroxydecanote （5HD） and Pinacidil ＋ 5HD, 5HD （0.1 retool/L） was added to the above two solutions to block mitochondria KATe channels. Global ischemia was then administrated for 40 minutes at 37℃, followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion. At the end of equilibration and reperfusion, hemodynamics, ultrastructure, and mitochondrial function were measured. Results In the control group, ischemia/reperfusion decreased the left ventricular developed pressure, heart rate, coronary flow, mitochondrial membrane potential, impaired mitochondrial respiratory function, increased reactive oxygen species and left ventricular end diastolic pressure. Damage to myocardial ultrastructure was also evident. Both depolarized arrest and especially hyperpolarized cardioplegia significantly reduced these lesions. 5HD partially blocked the beneficial effects of pinacidil cardioplegia but showing no effects on hyperkalemic arrest. Conclusions Pinacidil cardioplegia provides better cardioprotection with preservation of hemodynamics, ultrastructure, and mitochondrial function than traditional cardioplegia. The mitochondria KATe channels may play an important role in the protection mechanism.

线粒体ATP敏感钾通道与线粒体自噬对心力衰竭的作用研究

心力衰竭是由心脏的收缩和/或舒张功能发生障碍,导致心室泵血功能受损引起的循环障碍症候群。临床主要表现为呼吸困难、咳嗽和咳痰。心力衰竭是心脏疾病发展的终末阶段,患者预后较差,目前心力衰竭的发病机制尚不完全明确。近年来,许多研究表明线粒体功能障碍与心力衰竭的发生发展密切相关。现对线粒体ATP敏感钾通道以及线粒体自噬对心力衰竭的作用进展进行综述。

Effect of mitochondrial K_(ATP) channel on voltage gated K^+ channel in 24 hour-hypoxic human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells

Background Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) is initiated by inhibition of O 2 sensitive, voltage gated (Kv) channels in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) The mechanism of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension has not yet been fully elucidated The mitochondrial ATP sensitive K + channel (MitoK ATP ) is extremely sensitive to hypoxia, and is a decisive factor in the control of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ m) This study investigated the changes of cell membrane potential and Kv channel in cultured human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (hPASMC) exposed to 24 hour hypoxia, and explored the role of MitoK ATP and ΔΨ m in this condition Methods Fresh human lung tissues were obtained from the patients undergoing a chest operation hPASMCs were isolated, cultured, and divided into 6 groups: ① control group, cultured under normoxia; ② diazoxide group, cultured in normoxia with diazoxide, an opener of MitoK ATP ; ③ 5 HD group, cultured in normoxia with sodium 5 hydroxydecanoate (5 HD), an antagonist of MitoK ATP ; ④ 24 hour hypoxia group; ⑤ 24 hour hypoxia + diazoxide group; and ⑥ 24 hour hypoxia + 5HD group Whole cell patch clamp technique was used to trace the cell membrane K + currents The expressions of cell membrane Kv1 5 mRNA and protein were determined by RT PCR and Western blot technique, respectively The relative changes in mitochondrial potential were tested with rhodamine fluorescence (R 123) technique Results After exposure to diazoxide for 24 hours, the intensity of R 123 fluorescence in normoxic hPASMCs was significantly increased compared with control group ( P <0 05), but there were no significant changes in these tests after the hPASMCs had been exposed to 5 HD for 24 hours Twenty four hour hypoxia or 24 hour hypoxia + diazoxide could markedly increase the intensity of R 123 fluorescence in hPASMC and the changes were more significant in 24 hour hypoxia +diazoxide group than in 24 hour hypoxia group ( P <0 05) although 5 HD could partly weaken the effect of 24 hour hypoxia on the intensity of R 123 fluorescence After exposure to diazoxide for 24 hours, the cell membrane K + currents and the expression of cell membrane Kv1 5 mRNA and protein in normoxic hPASMCs were significantly decreased compared with control group ( P <0 05), but there were no significant changes in these tests after the hPASMCs had been exposed to 5 HD for 24 hours Also, 24 hour hypoxia or 24 hour hypoxia + diazoxide decreased the cell membrane K + currents and the expression of Kv1 5 mRNA and protein ( P <0 05) but the changes were more significant in 24 hour hypoxia + diazoxide group than in 24 hour hypoxia group ( P <0 05) Again, 5 HD could partly weaken the inhibitory effect of 24 hour hypoxia on the cell membrane K + currents and the expression of Kv1 5 mRNA or protein ( P <0 05) Conclusions The opening of MitoK ATP followed by a depolarization of ΔΨ m in hypoxia might contribute to the alterations in the expression of cell membrane Kv1 5 mRNA and protein leading to change in the cell membrane potential of hypoxic hPASMCs This might be a mechanism of the development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension

二氮嗪对长时程低温保存大鼠心脏Fas／FasL蛋白表达的影响

本文旨在研究线粒体ATP敏感性钾(mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel, mitoKATP)通道开放剂二氮嗪(diazoxide,DE)对离体长时程低温保存的大鼠心脏促凋亡蛋白 Fas 和 FasL 表达的影响。利用 Langendorff 离体大鼠心脏灌注法,观察心脏在4 oC 含或不含(对照组) DE 的Celsior 保存液保存8 h 后,复灌期心脏作功量(rate-pressure product, RPP)变化情况,采用原位末端标记(TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling, TUNEL)染色法检测心肌细胞凋亡和免疫组织化学方法检测Fas 和FasL蛋白表达情况。结果显示,在Celsior 保存液中加入DE (30 μmol/L),复灌期RPP 的恢复率在多个复灌时间点上优于对照组;同时可降低长时程低温保存心脏心肌细胞凋亡指数,减少 Fas 和FasL 蛋白的表达。DE 的上述作用可被 mitoKATP 通道特异性阻断剂5- 羟基葵酸盐(5-hydroxydecanoate, 5-HD)所取消。以上结果提示,DE 可能通过激活 mitoKATP 通道来减少Fas 和FasL 蛋白表达,从而减轻大鼠心肌缺血 / 再灌注损伤后的心肌细胞凋亡。

七氟醚预处理对大鼠海马脑片缺氧无糖损伤的保护作用:线粒体K_(ATP)通道的作用

利用离体海马脑片缺氧无糖(oxygen-glucose deprivation,OGD)损伤模型,探讨七氟醚预处理对神经细胞的保护作用及陔作用与线粒体内膜ATP敏感钾通道(mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels,mitoK_(ATP)channels)的关系,随机将脑片用2%、4%、6%七氟醚,以及6%七氟醚复合mitoK_(ATP)通道阻滞剂5-羟基奎酸盐(5-hydroxydecanoic acid,5-HD)预处理30min,观察OGD损伤14min复氧1h期间顺向群峰电位(orthodromic population spike,OPS)的变化,并应用透射电镜观察细胞超微结构的改变。结果表明,与单纯OGD组相比,七氟醚预处理可使海马脑片OPS消失时间明显延长(P＜0．01),使OPS明显恢复,其中4%、6%七氟醚组的恢复率均为71．4%(P＜0．05 vs OGD),相应恢复程度为(61．0±42．3)%和(78．7±21．1)%(P＜0．01),而且6%七氟醚的保护作用可被5-HD取消。OGD组的海马CA1区锥体细胞明显水肿,核膜皱缩、破裂,染色质聚集,线粒体肿胀畸形,嵴断裂或消失,而4%和6%七氟醚组仅见海马CA1区锥体细胞轻度水肿,核膜皱缩不明显,染色质均匀,线粒体轻度肿胀。结果提示,七氟醚预处理对大鼠海马脑片OGD损伤有一定的保护作用,且七氟醚对神经细胞的保护作用与激活mitoK_(ATP)通道有关。

缺氧肺动脉平滑肌细胞中线粒体ATP敏感钾通道开放对细胞色素C的分布及细胞增殖的作用

为了探讨线粒体ATP敏感钾通道(mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K^+channel,mitoK_(ATP))和线粒体膜电位(ΔΨm)在细胞缺氧信号转导中的作用以及对缺氧肺动脉平滑肌细胞中细胞色素C在细胞内的分布及细胞增殖的影响,本实验将人肺动脉平滑肌细胞进行常氧或24h缺氧培养,并将标本分为六组：(1)对照组；(2)mitoK_(ATP)开放剂diazoxide组；(3)mitoK_(ATP)阻断剂5-HD组：(4)24h缺氧组：(5)24h缺氧+diazoxide组；(6)24h缺氧+5．HD组。利用激光共聚焦显微镜成像法检测ΔΨm：线粒体/胞浆成分分离试剂盒(BioVision)分离线粒体和胞浆成分后,Western blot检测两者细胞色素C：Western blot检测细胞中caspase-9的蛋白表达量；MTT法及PI染色后流式细胞仪检测细胞增殖情况。结果显示：(1)diazoxide作用24h后,R-123荧光明显增强,胞浆细胞色素C与线粒体细胞色素C的比值明显降低,caspase-9的蛋白表达显著减少,细胞增殖明显增多、凋亡减少,与正常对照组相比较,均P＜0．05；而5-HD作用24h与正常对照组比较,上述指标无明显变化(P＞0．05)。(2)缺氧24h组,结果与diazoxide组相似,R-123荧光明显增强,胞浆细胞色素C与线粒体细胞色素C的比值明显降低,caspase-9的蛋白表达显著减少,细胞增殖明显增多、凋亡减少,与正常对照组相比较,均P＜0．05：24h缺氧+diazoxide组与缺氧组相比较,R-123荧光明显增强,胞浆细胞色素C与线粒体细胞色素C的比值明显降低,caspase-9的蛋白表达显著减少,细胞增殖明显增多、凋亡减少(P＜0．05)；而24h缺氧+5-HD组与缺氧组比较,R-123荧光明显降低,胞浆细胞色素C与线粒体细胞色素C的比值明显升高,caspase-9的蛋白表达显著增加,细胞增殖明显减少、凋亡增多(P＜0．05)。上述实验结果提示,缺氧可以引起mitoK_(ATP)的开放以及ΔΨm的去极化,并进而抑制细胞色素C从线粒体释放到胞浆,抑制线粒体凋亡途径,从而参与并影响肺动脉高压的发生、发展。

线粒体钾通道参与葛根素抗心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤的作用

目的:探讨线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道和线粒体钙激活钾通道在葛根素预处理抗心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤中的作用。方法:采用酶解分离大鼠心肌细胞复制心肌细胞缺氧/复氧模型,台盼蓝拒染法测定心肌细胞存活率;四甲基罗丹明乙酯(TMRE)孵育测定线粒体膜电位值;分离线粒体测定线粒体渗透性转换孔开放程度。结果:与缺氧/复氧组相比,葛根素(0.24mmol/L)预处理5min可明显增加心肌细胞的存活率,线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道抑制剂5-羟基癸酸(100μmol/L,预处理20min)或线粒体钙激活钾通道阻断剂paxilline(1μmol/L,预处理5min)均可拮抗葛根素的作用。葛根素预处理可明显减弱缺氧引起的线粒体膜电位的耗损,5-羟基癸酸和paxilline都能明显拮抗其作用。在分离心肌线粒体模型上,葛根素显著减弱CaCl2诱导的线粒体在A520处吸光度降低,其作用与单独应用线粒体渗透性转换孔抑制剂环孢菌素A相似;5-羟基癸酸和paxilline可拮抗葛根素的保护作用。结论:在大鼠分离心肌细胞模型或分离线粒体模型上,葛根素预处理具有抗缺氧/复氧损伤的作用,这种保护作用可能与其促进线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道和线粒体钙激活钾通道的开放,进而稳定线粒体膜电位,抑制线粒体渗透性转换孔开放有关。

ATP敏感性钾通道和线粒体通透转换孔参与白藜芦醇苷的心肌保护作用(英文)

目的探讨白藜芦醇苷(Poly)对大鼠缺血再灌注(I-R)心肌损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法应用Langendorff室技术制备离体大鼠心脏I-R损伤模型。雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、Poly(25, 50和75μmol.L-1)组、格列本脲(Gli) +Poly组、5-羟基癸酸(5-HD) +Poly组和苍术苷(Atr) +Poly组。对照组心脏由K-H液灌流110 min;模型组由K-H液灌流20 min后,停灌30 min,复灌60min;Poly组在I-R处理前用含不同浓度Poly的K-H液灌流10 min;Gli +Poly和5-HD+Poly组在I-R前分别用含Gli (10μmol.L-1)和5-HD(100μmol.L-1)的K-H液灌流5 min,再加入Poly (50μmol.L-1)灌流10 min;Atr +Poly组用含Poly(50μmol.L-1)K-H液灌流10 min及停灌30 min后,先用含Atr(20μmol.L-1)的K-H液灌流15 min,然后改用K-H液灌流。分别记录各组停灌前、停灌30 min和复灌60 min内的左心室舒张末压(LVEDP)、左心室舒张压(LVDP)、左心室等容期压力最大变化速率(±dp/dtmax)和冠脉流量(CF)等心功能指标。心脏复灌60 min后,用氯化三苯基四氮唑染色法测定心肌梗死面积,透射电镜下检测心肌超微结构变化。结果缺血前各组心功能参数无明显变化。与模型组相比,Poly可浓度依赖性地促进大鼠I-R后心功能的恢复,预防I-R损伤。复灌60 min后,Poly组大鼠心脏LVDP,±dp/dtmax和CF明显高于模型组;LVEDP则低于模型组;缺血前给予Poly(50μmol.L-1)10 min可明显减小I-R后心肌梗死面积,并改善心肌超微结构。Gli, 5-HD和Atr可阻断Poly对I-R心脏心功能参数和心肌梗死面积等的保护作用。结论 Poly具有明显的抗心肌I-R损伤作用,其心脏保护作用可能与其增加细胞膜和线粒体膜ATP敏感性钾通道开放和抑制线粒体通透转换孔开放有关。

一氧化氮和线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道介导血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂加强阈下预处理的作用

实验采用离体大鼠心脏Langendorff灌流模型,观察含巯基(卡托普利)和不含巯基(培哚普利拉)的两种血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(angiotensin-convertingenzymeinhibitors,ACEI)对抗心肌缺血的作用,并探讨一氧化氮(nitricoxide,NO)和线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道(mitochondrialATP-sensitivepotassiumchannel,mitoKATPchannel)是否参与ACEI的心肌保护作用。结果表明:(1)给予大鼠心脏2min全心停灌和10min复灌作为阈下缺血预处理(subthresholdpreconditioning,sPC)、卡托普利或培哚普利拉单独使用,均不能改善长时间缺血复灌(缺血30min+复灌120min)引起的心肌损伤。(2)当两种ACEI分别和sPC联合使用时,与sPC组相比,缺血心脏在长时间缺血后的复灌期间左室舒张末压(leftventricularend-diastolicpressure,LVEDP)明显降低,左室发展压(leftventriculardevelopedpressure,LVDP)和冠脉流量明显增高,乳酸脱氢酶(lactatedehydrogenase,LDH)的释放量和心肌梗死面积明显低于sPC组。(3)利用NOS抑制剂L-NAME和mitoKATP通道的抑制剂5-HD灌流10min后,可明显抑制卡托普利/培哚普利拉和sPC联合使用引起的LVEDP降低,并使LVDP和冠脉流量降低,LDH的释放量和心肌梗死面积明显增高(P<0.05)。(4)sPC、卡托普利或培哚普利拉单独使用,心脏NO的产生增加。ACEI和sPC联合使用,与三者单独使用相比NO的浓度亦明显增高(P<0.05)。结果提示:含与不含巯基的ACEI与阈下缺血预处理联合使用均可使大鼠心脏功能明显改善,其心肌保护作用的机制可能通过NO途径,并和mitoKATP通道的激活有关。