Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Perennial Ryegrass Mixed Planting with Legumes under Heavy Metal Pollution

In artificially controlled pot experiments,perennial ryegrass was mixed with other leguminous plants(white clo-ver and alfalfa)and treated with lead,zinc and cadmium(337 mg·kg^(-1),648 mg·kg^(-1),and 9 mg·kg^(-1),respectively)to simulate compound pollution conditions.The results showed that the concentrations of heavy metals,trans-port factors,and bioconcentration factors in mixed planting of ryegrass decreased compared with those in mono-culture.Regardless of whether heavy metal pollution was introduced,mixed planting increased the aboveground and underground biomasses of ryegrass.The different mixed planting treatments had no significant impact on the chlorophyll concentration of ryegrass.The mowing time,mixed planting treatment,and heavy metal treatment had impacts on antioxidant and osmotic adjustment substances,and there were some interactions.The mixed planting treatment did not significantly affect glutathione concentration,cysteine concentration,or nonprotein thiol.Mixed planting generally increased the nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of ryegrass while reducing the stoichiometric ratio of carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus.These results suggest that the mixed planting of ryegrass with legumes promotes the growth of ryegrass in the presence of high concentrations of heavy metal pollution.However,it does not enhance the ability of ryegrass to remediate heavy metal pollution in the soil.

Silvicultural Systems for Restoration of Mahogany in Degraded Landscapes in Africa: Influence of Mixed Rainforest Plantation on Growth and Pest Damage

African mahogany, one of the world’s most valuable timber species is threatened by over-exploitation in natural forests and failure of plantations due to attacks by the shoot borer Hypsipyla robusta. Mixed-species plantations has been reported to be an effective component of integrated pest management of major pest in other crops;but there is very limited empirical data on its use for managing Hypsipyla in mahogany mixed stands in West Africa. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of mixed-species stands as management intervention, on the growth of Khaya grandifoliola and Khaya ivorensis in relation to Hypsipyla robusta attack in a 10 ha experimental plantation in the wet evergreen forest type in Ghana. Khaya grandifoliola recorded faster growth than Khaya ivorensis in this forest type though the later naturally grow in this forest type while the former is introduced from the dry forest. Two years after planting, diameter and height growth were greater in the mixed-species stand than the pure stands for K. grandifoliola and K. ivorensis. Hypsipyla damage was less in the mixed stands of both K. grandifoliola and K. ivorensis compared to the pure stands, with the 20% and 10% Khaya mixed stand recording the lowest attack in both species. It can be recommended that mixed stands of the two Khaya species at 20% or lower Khaya density might be ideal for reducing the levels of Hypsipyla attack in this type of forest.

Pure and Mixed Plantations of <i>Eucalyptus camaldulensis</i>and <i>Cupressus lusitanica</i>: Their Growth Interactions and Effect on Diversity and Density of Undergrowth Woody Plants in Relation to Light

Published results on the growth interactions of non-nitrogen fixing mixed plantations species, and their impact on the regeneration of woody plants are scant. This paper addresses the growth interactions of pure and mixed plantations of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Cupressus lusitanica and their impact on the regeneration of woody plants in relation with light. Data on the regenerated woody plants, individual characteristics of the plantation species and light reaching under the canopies were collected using sample plots (n = 4) with a size of 20 m × 20 m for each plantation type. The result showed that, E. camaldulensis was suppressing the growth of C. lusitanica while its growth was favored when it was mixed with C. lusitanica (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the pure and mixed plantations in their diversity and density of undergrowth woody plants (p > 0.05). Density of plantation trees were found not having a significant relationship with diversity of species (p = 0.801). There was a significant but not direct relationship between light reached in the understory of the canopies and diversity of species in the plantations (p = 0.027). Overall, the result indicated that both the pure and the mixed plantations were favoring the recruitment of woody plants.

Effect of Thermal Discharge of Cool Water Outfall from Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Plant into Sea Using CORMIX

The numerical modeling for the cool water outfall discharge from the LNG Plant is undertaken using CORMIX to evaluate the design of diffuser for discharge. The hydrodynamic data tide and currents are used inputs to the model. It is then calibrated using monitored data. The software has been run to calculate the mixing zone and dilution patterns for various flow conditions. Model result shows that ambient condition is achieved within 64 m from the proposed outfall locations. From the results of the modeling studies it can be concluded that the proposed diffuser design and outfall locations are suitable for all tide conditions. It also shows that there is no significant impact on the marine life due to the proposed cool water discharge, beyond the small area around the discharge location, as the parameters are attaining near ambient water quality within the acceptable space and time.

Study on Addition Amount of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Cellulase in Mixed Silage of Potato Plants

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the appropriate addition amounts of lactic acid bacteria and cellulase in the mixed silage of potato plants,so as to provide a basis for the rational use of potato plants.[Methods]Fresh potato(Solanum tuberosum)seedling plants,watermelon(Citrullus lanatus)plants,and melon(Cucumis melo)plants were selected as raw materials for silage,each of which was added at a ratio of 32%,and 4%of brown flour was added additionally.On this basis,an L 9(32)orthogonal experiment was designed to investigate the effects of the amount of lactic acid bacteria(10,20,30 g/kg)and the amount of cellulase(5,10,15 g/kg)on the experimental results with sensory evaluation score as an investigation index.[Results]With the increase of the amount of lactic acid bacteria and the amount of cellulase,the sensory evaluation score of silage increased,and it was the highest when the amount of lactic acid bacteria added was 20 g/kg and the amount of cellulose was 10 g/kg.With the increase of the amounts of lactic acid bacteria and cellulase added,ammonia nitrogen showed a decreasing trend,and the pH and ammonia nitrogen were the lowest when the amount of lactic acid bacteria added was 20 g/kg and the amount of cellulose was 10 g/kg.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for the rational use of effective ingredients and nutrients in potato plants and the development of new feed resources.

Effect of mixed-cropping and water-stress on macro-nutrients and biochemical constituents of rhizomatous medicinal plants in Central Himalaya,India

Plants in the alpine zone mainly depend on the reserved food materials stored in their rhizomes for the next growing season. We investigated the effect of mixed cropping （Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Pinto） with four rhizomatous medicinal plants, i.e., Angelica glauca, Arnebia benthamii, Rheum emodi and Pleurospermum angelicoides as well as three levels of water stress treatment under two conditions （shade net and open field） on macronutrients （NPK） and biochemicals （carbohydrates and protein）. The experiment was conducted by completely randomized design （CDR）. The data were analyzed with ANOVA as well as CDR. The experimental results show that in all the species shade conditions with sever water stress （SSWS） increased the level of macronutrients （NPK）. However, （N） concentration was highest under shade with mixed cropping （SMIX）. Under SMIX, carbohydrate content was highest than open field control conditions （CONT）. This investigation results demon- strate that mixed cropping of medicinal plants with Phaseolus vulgaris could be a good livelihood option in the mountainous regions of Indian Central Himalaya. And the water-stress conditions along with mixed cropping could improve the biochemical constituents in the rhizome of these species.

Impacts of the Minimum Purchase Price Policy for Grain on the Planting Area of Rice in Hubei Province Based on a Mixed Linear Model

Impacts of the minimum purchase price policy for grain on the planting area of rice in Hubei Province were analyzed based on a mixed linear model.After the indicator system containing the minimum purchase price policy and other factors influencing the planting area of rice was constructed,principal component analysis of the system was conducted,and then a mixed linear model where the planting area of rice was as the dependent variable was established.The results show that after the exclusion of the interference from other factors,the minimum purchase price policy for grain had a positive impact on the planting area of rice in Hubei Province.That is,the minimum purchase price policy significantly stimulated the growth of rice planting area in Hubei Province.

Use of Linear Spectral Mixture Model to Estimate Rice Planted Area Based on MODIS Data

MODIS （Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer） is a key instrument aboard the Terra （EOS AM） and Aqua （EOS PM） satellites. Linear spectral mixture models are applied to MOIDS data for the sub-pixel classification of land covers. Shaoxing county of Zhejiang Province in China was chosen to be the study site and early rice was selected as the study crop. The derived proportions of land covers from MODIS pixel using linear spectral mixture models were compared with unsupervised classification derived from TM data acquired on the same day, which implies that MODIS data could be used as satellite data source for rice cultivation area estimation, possibly rice growth monitoring and yield forecasting on the regional scale.

基于eM-Plant的活塞混流生产线仿真与优化

探究了某企业的一条活塞混流生产线,并对其车间活塞混流生产线状况和生产流程特性进行了分析。通过构建活塞生产线平面布局,运用e M-Plant系统仿真软件构建活塞生产线生产过程模型,同时仿真模拟生产线生产过程。经过多次运行仿真模拟,在分析仿真数据输出结果的基础上,找出影响生产线平衡的瓶颈,并依此提出解决的方法,为生产线的规划设计与运行管理提供了直观、量化的依据。

The Removal and Remediation of Phenanthrene and Pyrene in Soil by Mixed Cropping of Alfalfa and Rape

The mechanisms and efficiencies of the removal and remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） in soils by different planting patterns with rape （Brassica campestris） and alfalfa （Medicago sativa） were studied by pot experiments in a greenhouse. Results showed that the remediation efficiencies under mixed cropping of alfalfa and rape significantly exceeded those under single cropping when the initial concentrations of phenanthrene and pyrene were at 20.05-322.06 mg kg^-1 and 20.24-321.42 mg kg^-1, respectively. After 70 days plantation of crops, the contents of extractable PAHs in soils under mixed cropping were much lower than those under single cropping. About 65.17-83.52% of phenanthrene and 60.09%- 75.34% ofpyrene was removed from the soils under mixed cropping, respectively, which were averagely 43.26 and 40.38% for phenanthrene, and 11.03 and 16.29% for pyren higher than those under single cropping. Alfalfa or rape did absorb and accumulate PAHs from the soils apparently; the PAHs concentrations in plants monotonically increased with the increase of initial PAHs concentrations in soil; the accumulations of PAHs in plants showed following sequence as roots 〉 above parts, phenanthrene 〉 pyrene and single cropping 〉 mixed cropping at same contamination level. Despite the presence of vegetation significantly enhanced the remediation of PAHs in soils, contributions of abiotic loss, plant uptake, accumulation and microbial degradation was much lower than those of plant-microbial interactions in the process of phytoremediation. Thus plant-microbial interactions are the main mechanisms for the remediation enhancement of soil PAHs pollution under mixed cropping models. Results suggested a feasibility of the establishment of multi-species phytoremediation for the improvement of remediation efficiencies of PAHs, which may decrease accumulations of PAHs in crops and thus reduce their risks.

Short-Term Scheduling of Combined Cycle Units Using Mixed Integer Linear Programming Solution

Combined cycle plants (CCs) are broadly used all over the world. The inclusion of CCs into the optimal resource scheduling causes difficulties because they can be operated in different operating configuration modes based on the number of combustion and steam turbines. In this paper a model CCs based on a mixed integer linear programming approach to be included into an optimal short term resource optimization problem is presented. The proposed method allows modeling of CCs in different modes of operation taking into account the non convex operating costs for the different combined cycle mode of operation.

A method to refine the start-up scheme of compression and refrigeration systems in ethylene plants via dynamic simulation

Starting the cracking gas compressor and precooling the refrigeration system are keys to start-up of an ethylene plant and accounts for up to 50% of the total start-up time and plant flare emissions. Premature feeding of cracking furnaces can be avoided if the cracking gas compressor is started and the refrigeration system is precooled in advance using mixed gas as the start-up working medium(SWM). Start-up scenario with mixed gas as SWM could significantly reduce the emission loss and shorten the precooling time. Research shows that making appropriate start-up scheme is important not only to ensure operational safety and feasibility, but also to reduce energy consumption. In this paper, a method is proposed to select suitable start-up operational parameters of compression and refrigeration system with sufficient safe operating ranges and short precooling time. The complex interrelation among key parameters of start-up is analyzed. It is found that higher energy consumption, especially for super high-pressure steam(SS), can promote operational safety and shorten the precooling time during start-up.Based on steady-state and dynamic simulation, appropriate operating parameter ranges are determined with reasonable SS consumption. A real case study demonstrates that an appropriate start-up scheme will optimize the operation.

H_∞ control design for unstable plants

For the control of unstable plants,it is required that the Nyquist locus of the system should encircle anticlockwise the point-1+j0,and the performance weighting function must be selected based on the specific requirement of the mid-frequency gain. Besides,the performance limitation imposed by the Bode's integral also must be considered. Therefore the H∞ design for unstable plants is different from that in the regular case. It is pointed out that the sensitivity function for unstable plants must remain constant over the mid-frequency range to ensure a robust design. The selection of weighting functions to meet these requirements in the H∞ design is discussed in detail in the paper. A mixed sensitivity H∞ design example is also given to demonstrate the special considerations of the design.

基于OBE理念的发电厂电气部分课程建设

发电厂电气部分是电气工程及其自动化专业重要的专业课程,对学生工程实践能力的培养起到重要的支撑作用。该文基于成果导向教育理念(OBE),建立MOOC教学平台的“课前-课中-课后”线上线下混合式闭环教学模式,构建丰富的教学资源,课程教学目标支撑毕业要求,构建成果导向的课程考核评价体系,体现以学生学习为中心。在新的教学模式下,学生学习效果明显改善。在OBE理念指导下,通过MOOC平台进行电气类专业课程改革是改进教学方法、提升教学质量的有效手段,也是未来教学改革的方向。

园艺植物生物技术混合式教学模式探究

新农科背景下为培养适应现代园艺产业发展需求的新型人才,开展混合式教学模式探究是重要的途径之一。以“园艺植物生物技术”课程为例,结合教学实际,分析课程教学中存在问题,通过线上平台建设、线下教学组织与实施,教学效果评价等,探索线上线下混合式教学模式在园艺专业核心课程中的教学效果。线上线下混合式教学模式通过改变学生学习方式,提升学生自主学习、发现问题和解决问题的能力,能够有效提高“园艺植物生物技术”课程教学效果,达到园艺专业本科人才培养方案的要求。

基于“雨课堂”的植物生理学混合式教学设计与探索

随着多媒体工具和网络覆盖普及,基于互联网的在线教育愈加便捷,但其优势并未在高校的课程教学中得到体现和充分应用。该文针对植物生理学的学科特点和教学现状,充分利用线上教学资源,针对性地选择教学内容和方法,以学生为主体、教师为主导,基于“雨课堂”等教学平台进行线上线下混合式教学模式初探,以期利用有限的学时和丰富的线上教学资源,整合线上和线下教学的优势,通过有效的管理方式组织实施,为深化信息化教学改革、提高植物生理学的教学效果奠定基础。

基于“雨课堂”的园艺植物种质资源学课程混合教学模式探索

以园艺植物种质资源学课程为例,从课程内涵和特点出发,针对目前研究生教学过程中存在的问题,从整合课程资源、建立混合教学模式、改革考核体系、提升自主学习能动性等方面,提出了基于“雨课堂”的混合式教学模式课程改革实例。园艺植物种质资源学课程混合教学模式的探索,填补了传统教学模式的短板,实现了专业知识与研究生综合素质的协同提升,达到培养新农科园艺专业人才的目的。

不同混交模式和种植密度对桉树混交林生长的影响

通过分析混交模式和种植密度对桉树混交林生长特征的影响,为桉树人工林高效、可持续经营提供科学依据。分别设置尾巨桉与红锥、黑木相思、白千层、香樟(B1),与灰木莲、大花序桉、米老排、柠檬桉(B2)2种混交模式和4种种植密度(A1:1.5 m×2.0 m;A2:2.0 m×2.8 m;A3:2.5 m×3.5 m;A4:3.0 m×4.2 m),比较混交模式和种植密度对混交树种树高、胸径、材积和保存率的影响。结果表明:(1)混交模式对尾巨桉生长影响较小,但A3、A4显著增加尾巨桉胸径和单株材积;(2)种植密度对混交树种树高生长影响不显著,但黑木相思和灰木莲在A1种植密度处理下的胸径和单株材积显著低于其他密度处理;(3)大花序桉和米老排A1种植密度处理保存率显著低于A3和A4密度处理,混交树种不同种植密度之间保存率没有显著差异。综合分析,认为A3是较好的种植密度。

复合改性沥青高模量热再生混合料性能研究

通过添加大比例布敦岩沥青(BRA)和苯乙烯丁二烯共聚物(SBR)改性沥青,实现热再生沥青混合料综合路用性能、动态回弹模量和抗疲劳性能的提高,基于室内试验和试验段铺筑经验,验证BRA热再生高模量沥青混合料的技术可行性。结果表明:使用3%SBR改性沥青和添加2%~8%BRA可使热再生沥青混合料的车辙试验动稳定度不小于5 000次/mm,且加载60分钟后的车辙变形量不大于2.0 mm,低温弯曲破坏应变不小于2 800με;推荐复配方案的热再生沥青混合料满足高模量沥青混合料技术指标要求。

地下因子驱动的人工混交林生产力提高机制

由于立地条件限制、商业需求等原因,世界范围内营建了大面积的人工林,其在木材生产、景观建设、环境改善和减缓气候变化等方面发挥着重要作用。然而,人工纯林经营带来的生产力下降和生物多样性降低等弊端是制约其发展的主要问题。营建混交林是为了规避人工纯林中出现的上述问题,最大程度提高人工林的效益。受限于林木生长的长周期性、森林环境的复杂性和土壤“黑箱”特性,探索地下生态系统进程具有一定的挑战性。目前,混交林增产机制的研究多集中于树种组成和林分结构等地上部分,地下因子的探索多注重土壤养分含量和周转过程,对于最终驱动混交林增产的机制仍有诸多疑问。生态位互补导致的地下生态位分离、竞争减少和促进作用是混交林中物种共存的主要机制,有利于混交树种资源获取,根可塑性对种间相互作用的响应是植物避免直接竞争有限资源的另一种机制,甚至可能导致“超产效应”。植物-土壤反馈导致的根系分泌物和土壤微生物变化对某些混交林内的生理生态过程产生重要影响。因此,生态位互补和植物-土壤反馈在很大程度上决定了混交林的生产力和可持续性。鉴于此,本文的目的是基于生态位互补效应、植物-土壤反馈理论,阐述成功的人工混交林地下发生的相互作用,力图加深我们对于混交林树木地下资源获取策略变化与调节机制的理解,并提出目前研究的不足及展望。