Optical and electrical properties of BaSnO_(3) and In_2O_(3) mixed transparent conductive films deposited by filtered cathodic vacuum arc technique at room temperature

For the crystalline temperature of BaSnO_(3)(BTO)was above 650℃,the transparent conductive BTO-based films were always deposited above this temperature on epitaxy substrates by pulsed laser deposition or molecular beam epitaxy till now which limited there application in low temperature device process.In the article,the microstructure,optical and electrical of BTO and In_(2)O_(3) mixed transparent conductive BaInSnO_(x)(BITO)film deposited by filtered cathodic vacuum arc technique(FCVA)on glass substrate at room temperature were firstly reported.The BITO film with thickness of 300 nm had mainly In_(2)O_(3) polycrystalline phase,and minor polycrystalline BTO phase with(001),(011),(111),(002),(222)crystal faces which were first deposited at room temperature on amorphous glass.The transmittance was 70%–80%in the visible light region with linear refractive index of 1.94 and extinction coefficient of 0.004 at 550-nm wavelength.The basic optical properties included the real and imaginary parts,high frequency dielectric constants,the absorption coefficient,the Urbach energy,the indirect and direct band gaps,the oscillator and dispersion energies,the static refractive index and dielectric constant,the average oscillator wavelength,oscillator length strength,the linear and the third-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities,and the nonlinear refractive index were all calculated.The film was the n-type conductor with sheet resistance of 704.7Ω/□,resistivity of 0.02Ω⋅cm,mobility of 18.9 cm2/V⋅s,and carrier electron concentration of 1.6×10^(19) cm^(−3) at room temperature.The results suggested that the BITO film deposited by FCVA had potential application in transparent conductive films-based low temperature device process.

Mixed Conduction in BaCe0.8Pr0.2O3-α Ceramic

BaCe0.8Pr0.2O3- 陶器被高温度综合固态反应。结构的特征和水晶的阶段纯净用粉末 X 光检查衍射分析被决定。由使用交流阻抗光谱学，煤气的集中房间并且氢的电气化学的抽的方法，传导性和 BaCe0.8Pr0.2O3- 的离子的运输数字被测量，并且材料的电的传导行为在 500-900

Adaptive mixed least squares Galerkin/Petrov finite element method for stationary conduction convection problems

An adaptive mixed least squares Galerkin/Petrov finite element method （FEM） is developed for stationary conduction convection problems. The mixed least squares Galerkin/Petrov FEM is consistent and stable for any combination of discrete velocity and pressure spaces without requiring the Babuska-Brezzi stability condition. Using the general theory of Verfiirth, the posteriori error estimates of the residual type are derived. Finally, numerical tests are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the method.

NUMERICAL METHOD OF MIXED FINITE VOLUME-MODIFIED UPWIND FRACTIONAL STEP DIFFERENCE FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE TRANSIENT BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS

Transient behavior of three-dimensional semiconductor device with heat conduc- tion is described by a coupled mathematical system of four quasi-linear partial differential equations with initial-boundary value conditions. The electric potential is defined by an ellip- tic equation and it appears in the following three equations via the electric field intensity. The electron concentration and the hole concentration are determined by convection-dominated diffusion equations and the temperature is interpreted by a heat conduction equation. A mixed finite volume element approximation, keeping physical conservation law, is used to get numerical values of the electric potential and the accuracy is improved one order. Two con- centrations and the heat conduction are computed by a fractional step method combined with second-order upwind differences. This method can overcome numerical oscillation, dispersion and decreases computational complexity. Then a three-dimensional problem is solved by computing three successive one-dimensional problems where the method of speedup is used and the computational work is greatly shortened. An optimal second-order error estimate in L2 norm is derived by using prior estimate theory and other special techniques of partial differential equations. This type of mass-conservative parallel method is important and is most valuable in numerical analysis and application of semiconductor device.

Electrical Conductivity of Sintered Chromia Mixed with TiO_2,CuO and Mn-Oxides

The electrical conductivity of sintered Cr2O3 mixed with 2% and 5% （in molar fraction） TiO2 or CuO was investigated in the temperature range 500-900℃ in air and in At/4 vol. pct H2 atmospheres. The effect of different Mn-oxides on the electrical conductivity of Cr2O3 was also studied under the same conditions. From the conductivity measurements it is established that additions of TiO2 change the defect structure of Cr2O3 and the effect of TiO2 on the electrical conductivity is controlled by TiO2 concentration as well as temperature and O2 partial pressure of the surrounding atmosphere. The conductivity of Cr2O3 increased in air and decreased in the At/H2 atmosphere by CuO additions. The effect of CuO was discussed with possible changes in the defect concentration in Cr2O3. Mixing of Cr2O3 with different Mn-oxides at the same Mn to metal atom fraction decreased the conductivity in air and in Ar/H2 atmospheres. No clear correlation between the spinel fraction and the changes in conductivity could be found.

A Comparative Study of the Performance of Symmetric and Asymmetric Mixed-conducting Membranes

According to the configuration,mixed-conducting membranes are classified as symmetric membranes and asymmetric membranes consisting of a thin dense layer and a porous support.In this study,these two kinds of SrCo0.4Fe0.5Zr0.1O3-δ oxide-based membranes were systematically compared in terms of oxygen permeability and chemical stability,and their differences were elucidated by means of the theoretical calculation.For the oxygen permeability,the asymmetric membrane was greater than the symmetric membrane due to the significant decrease of bulk diffusion resistance in the thin dense layer of the asymmetric membrane.In regard to the chemical stability,the increase of oxygen partial pressure on the asymmetric membrane surface at CH4 side produced the stable time of over 1032h in partial oxidation of methane at 1123K,while the symmetric membrane was only of 528h.This study demonstrated that the asymmetric membrane was a promising geometrical configuration for the practical application.

Tunneling conductance in quantum wire/insulator/d_(x2-y2) + id_(xy) mixed wave superconductor junctions

Using the extended Blonder-Tinkham-Klapwijk （BTK） theory, this paper calculates the tunnelling conductance in quantum wire/insulator/dx2-y2 ＋ idly mixed wave superconductor （q/I/dx2-y2 ＋ idly） junctions. That is different from the case in d- and p-wave superconductor junctions. When the angle α between a-axis of the dx2-y2 wave superconductor and the interface normal is π/4, there follows a rather distinctive tunnelling conductance. The zero-bias conductance peak （ZBCP） may or may not appear in the tunnelling conductance. Both the interface potential z and the quasi-particle lifetime factor F are smaller, there is no ZBCP. Otherwise, the ZBCP will appear. The position of bias conductance peak （BCP） depends strongly on the amplitude ratio of two components for dx2-y2 ＋ idxy mixed wave. The low and narrow ZBCP may coexist with the BCP in the tunnelling conductance. Using those features in the tunnelling conductance of q/I/dx2-y2 ＋ idxy junctions, it can distinguish dx2-y2 ＋ idxy mixed wave superconductor from d- and p-wave one.

Effect of dopant valence on the oxygen desorption and oxygen permeability of SrCo_(0.4)Fe_(0.5)M_(0.1)O_(3-δ)(M=Ni, Al and Zr) mixed-conducting oxides

The effect of dopant valence on oxygen desorption and oxygen permeability of SrCo0.4Fe0.5M0.1O3-δ （M = Ni, Al and Zr） mixed-conducting oxides were investigated in detail by O2-TPD and oxygen permeation measurement. The SrCo0.4Fe0.5M0.1O3-δ for M = Fe, Ni, Al and Zr were denoted as SCF, SCFN, SCFA and SCFZ, respectively. O2-TPD analysis revealed that the amount of α oxygen desorption decreased with increasing the valance of doped metal elements （SCFN 〉 SCFA SCF 〉 SCFZ）. The oxygen permeation flux at the temperature ≈igher than 1148 K decreased in the order of SCFN 〉 SCF 〉 SCFZ 〉 SCFA. Single activation for oxygen permeation was observed for SCFZ oxide and the activation energies of SCF and SCFA change at around 1073 K, while the change temoerature of SCFN was about 1173 K.

Electrical Relaxation in Mixed Alkali Bi_2O_3-K_2O-Li_2O-Fe_2O_3 Glasses

A new glass system （Bi2O3）50（Fe2O3）10（Li2O）x（K2O）40-x, where x changes in steps of 5 mole fraction between 0 and 40, was selected to study the electrical relaxation and the mixed alkali effect （MAE） phenomena. Measurements of ac conductivity σac, dielectric permittivity ε′ and loss factor tanδ in the frequency range of 0.12～10^2 kHz and in the temperature range of 300～650 K were carried out. The temperature dependence of the ac conductivity shows a slow increasing rate at low temperature and high frequency and a rapid increase at high temperature and low frequency. At constant temperature, the ac conductivity is found to be proportional to ω^8, where s is the frequency exponent, which is less than 1. Analysis of the conductivity data and the frequency exponent shows that the overlapping large polaron tunnelling （OLPT） model of ions is the most favorable mechanism for the ac conduction in the present glass system. The ac response, the dc conductivity and dielectric relaxation have the same activation energy and they originate from the same basic transport mechanism. The results of the dielectric permittivity show no maximum peak in the temperature and frequency range studied. This absence of maximum peak is an indication of non-ferroelectric behavior of all the studied samples. The MAE has been detected in the ac conductivity, which is the same as the classical MAE in the dc conductivity. The electrical parameters such as dielectric permittivity ε′ and real dielectric modulus M′ show a typical minimum deviation from linearity by about two orders of magnitude. The loss factor tanδ and the imaginary dielectric modulus M″ are insignificantly dependent on composition even at the same transition temperature Tg.

A REDUCED MFE FORMULATION BASED ON POD FOR THE NON-STATIONARY CONDUCTION-CONVECTION PROBLEMS

In this article, a reduced mixed finite element （MFE） formulation based on proper orthogonal decomposition （POD） for the non-stationary conduction-convection problems is presented. Also the error estimates between the reduced MFE solutions based on POD and usual MFE solutions are derived. It is shown by numerical examples that the results of numerical computation are consistent with theoretical conclusions. Moreover, it is shown that the reduced MFE formulation based on POD is feasible and efficient in finding numerical solutions for the non-stationary conduction-convection problems.

Closed-form internal impedance model and characterization of mixed carbon nanotube bundles for three-dimensional integrated circuits

Based on the complex effective conductivity method, a closed-form expression for the internal impedance of mixed carbon nanotube （CNT） bundles, in which the number of CNTs for a given diameter follows a Gaussian distribution, is proposed in this paper. It can appropriately capture the skin effect as well as the temperature effect of mixed CNT bundles. The results of the closed-form expression and the numerical calculation are compared with various mean diameters, standard deviations, and temperatures. It is shown that the proposed model has very high accuracy in the whole frequency range considered, with maximum errors of 1% and 2.3% for the resistance and the internal inductance, respectively. Moreover, by using the proposed model, the high-frequency electrical characteristics of mixed CNT bundles are deeply analyzed to provide helpful design guidelines for their application in future high-performance three-dimensional integrated circuits.

ALTERNATING-DIRECTION MULTISTEP PRECONDITIONED ITERATIVE METHODS FOR SEMICONDUCTOR PROBLEM WITH HEAT-CONDUCTION

The model of transient behavior of semiconductor with heat-conduction is an initial and boundary problem. Alternating-direction multistep preconditioned iterative methods and theory analyses are given in this paper. Electric potential equation is approximated by mixed finite element method, concentration and heat-conduction equations are approximated by Galerkin alternating-direction multistep methods. Error estimates of optimal order in L2 are demonstrated.

Experimental investigation of the mixing efficiency via intensity of segregation along axial direction of a rotating bar reactor

As a significant index to evaluate the mixing efficiency,studying the concentration distribution is directly related to the intensity of segregation(I_(s)).In this work,the I_(s) of the mixture composed of NaCl solutionwater was investigated experimentally in a rotating bar reactor(RBR)by the conductivity method.The results showed that the mixing efficiency was improved along the axial direction from the bottom to the top in the RBR.The concentration distribution at the bottom section was more uneven,and I_(s) was higher compared with the top section,which decreased from 6.53×10^(-5)to 1.57×10^(-7).With the increase of rotational speed from 0 to 700 r·min^(-1),I_s at the bottom and top sections decreased from 4.27×10^(-3)to 7.10×10^(-5)and from 1.93×10^(-3)to 7.29×10^(-7),respectively.The increases flow rate of solution A,and the decreases of concentration of NaCl and flow rate of solution B gave rise to the reduction of I_(s),signifying an improved mixing efficiency.The results revealed that the conductivity method used in this paper has high efficiency and low cost to measure the I_(s),which indicates a promising prospect for estimating reactors'mixing performance.

缙云山针阔混交林水热通量特征及其影响因子

基于涡度相关技术,对重庆市缙云山观测站内的针阔混交林生态系统的净辐射(Rn)、显热通量(H)、潜热通量(LE)、土壤热通量(G)等进行处理,分析研究区水热通量及各环境因子的变化过程,明确水热通量变化的外在驱动因子,为森林经营及林业可持续发展提供科学依据。结果表明:1)该生态系统能量闭合缺失为0.26。2)各水热通量在日变化上呈现单峰变化趋势,在季节变化上呈现出夏季最大(日均值124.66 W/m^(2)),冬季最小(日均值31.68 W/m^(2));空气温度(Ta)、饱和水气压差(VPD)呈现多峰变化趋势;降水集中于一年的4、7、8,9和10月;叶面积指数(LAI)在生长季(4—10月)呈现单峰变化。3)非雾天情况下显热通量(H)显著大于雾天情况,冠层导度(Gs)表现出多维度的复杂特征。缙云山针阔混交林能量循环损失较小,数据可靠;太阳高度角变化引起的净辐射变化是水热通量变化的主导因素;降水量(Pr)的不规则分布及LAI的变化导致Ta和VPD多峰变化;雾气对土壤热量的导向会造成显热通量下降;较高的空气温度导致了大气与下垫面之间湍流形式的热流显著增加而使显热通量上涨。一般情况下,H主要受到Rn的影响,且分别受到VPD和土壤温度(Tsoil)的次要影响(雾天环境)以及VPD和风速WS的次要影响(非雾天环境)。Rn、Gs、Ta、VPD均对LE产生显著影响,未发现研究区Pr和Tsoil与LE存在显著关系。Gs受多种因素(Rn、VPD、Ta、VWC、P等)综合影响。

高岭土-砂土混合介质电导率预测模型适用性及误差评估

为提高电导率预测模型对岩土体结构性质的反演精度,以不同黏土质量分数的高岭土-砂土混合介质为研究对象,测定其在不同孔隙液下的电导率。根据参数获取途径,将现有电导率预测模型分为拟合模型和经验模型,通过拟合计算得到各模型的电导率预测值,与实测值对比并建立误差评估体系。研究结果表明:对于高岭土-砂土混合介质,拟合模型的电导率预测效果优于经验模型。在经验模型中,不同黏土质量分数下广义Archie模型的预测值均大于实测值,在使用广义Archie模型进行电导率预测时,需进行修正和调整;Waxman-Smits模型适用于预测低黏土质量分数下混合介质的电导率;修正的Archie模型对中等黏土质量分数下混合介质的电导率预测效果较好;Rhoades模型对高黏土质量分数下混合介质的电导率预测效果最佳。

干式厌氧发酵失稳调控机制及策略研究进展

干式厌氧发酵技术是一项有机废弃物处理与资源化利用技术,在处理有机废弃物的同时既可产生清洁的甲烷能源,又可实现区域环境的改善,但其反应过程中极易出现酸化和氨氮抑制现象,进而导致反应体系产气效率降低甚至崩溃。综述了干式厌氧发酵体系失稳调控机制,总结了酸化和氨氮抑制两类失稳情况的调控策略,分析了外源添加导电材料(生物炭、磁铁矿等)、添加微量元素(铁、镍等)和生物强化以及各项调控策略之间的混合协同调控。以期为缓解干式厌氧发酵过程中出现的酸化和高氨氮抑制现象,从而实现高效稳定运行提供相应的理论参考。

氧化石墨烯掺杂UO_(2)芯块制备工艺及性能研究

氧化石墨烯(Graphene Oxide,GO)掺杂改性二氧化铀(UO_(2))芯块是高性能核燃料研究的重点方向之一。为实现GO在UO_(2)芯块中的均匀分布及掺杂量的有效控制,利用固-液混合法和重铀酸铵(Ammonium Diuranate,ADU)共沉淀法制备了不同GO掺杂量的UO_(2)粉末,研究了制粉方法及GO掺杂量对GO在UO_(2)中混合均匀性的影响。采用放电等离子烧结制备了不同GO掺杂量的UO_(2)-GO芯块,探索了不同烧结参数的影响,并对燃料芯块的性能进行测试。结果表明,固-液混合法制备的GO掺杂UO_(2)粉末混合均匀度更好;放电等离子烧结得到的UO_(2)-GO芯块密度最高可达97.6%T.D.;GO掺杂量为1.5 wt.%的芯块在1000℃下的热导率较常规UO_(2)芯块提高了85.9%;制备的UO_(2)-GO芯块晶粒尺寸较为均匀,GO均匀分布在晶界处并形成了桥联导热网络,有效提升了掺杂芯块的热导率。

钢渣-偏高岭土基导电地聚合物的压敏性能研究

以钢渣和偏高岭土为主要原材料制备导电地聚合物,分析了钢渣掺量和养护温度对其抗压强度、电阻率、压敏性能以及微观结构的影响规律,并对其压敏性能进行了评估。结果表明:随着养护龄期的延长和养护温度的升高,试样抗压强度均有一定的增加,其中钢渣掺量为30%时试样抗压强度最高。在不同养护温度下,钢渣掺量越多,试样电阻率越低。养护温度的升高提升了试样早期物理力学性能,然而随着龄期延长,温度对试样电阻率的影响变弱。此外,在循环压缩荷载作用下,试样的最优应变灵敏度为40.35~50.31,远高于电阻应变片的灵敏度2。其中,当养护温度为40℃、钢渣掺量为30%时,试样电阻变化率(FCR)与循环压缩应力的相关系数R~2高达0.953,试样压敏稳定性最优。由微观分析可知,当养护温度为60℃时,试样微观结构最为致密,稳定性最好,致使其应变灵敏度较低。在相同养护温度下,随着钢渣掺量的增加,试样致密性先增强后减弱,其中SS-30组最优,该结果与强度结果吻合较好。可见,钢渣-偏高岭土基导电地聚合物将是一种理想的压敏基体材料。

混床运行周期降低的原因及处理

陕西延长中煤榆林能源化工股份有限公司(简称“榆能化公司”)是中国污水近“零排放”企业之一,原水水质复杂,由地表水、回用水、再生水及少量的污水站产水混合而成。各类回用水占比较大,部分难去除离子长期在水系统内富集,导致脱盐水混床运行周期不稳定、树脂再生频繁、酸碱单耗增加,严重影响装置稳定运行。文章通过对混床进水离子含量、树脂交换容量及再生操作等方面原因分析,发现混床进水电导率是影响混床运行周期的关键因素,并通过对各类回用水进行分质利用等措施,使混床运行周期降低问题得到了有效解决。

差速非对称双螺杆挤出制备高性能HDPE/h-BN导热复合材料

电子元器件的飞速发展对电子设备的散热要求也越来越高。通过使用基于混沌混合原理的差速非对称双螺杆挤出机制备了高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)/六方氮化硼(h-BN)高导热复合材料,通过微观形貌、导热性能、力学性能等测试分析,研究了螺杆转速对h-BN的剥离与分散混合及其对HDPE/h-BN复合材料性能的影响。结果表明,转速的提升能够改善挤出机对h-BN的剥离分散效果,从而提高导热复合材料的综合性能。当转速为300 r/min时,平面内和平面外方向上的热导率分别达到了7.91和0.38 W/(m·K),与100 r/min时相比,分别提高了7.62%和15.15%,而拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别提升了2.68%和81.63%。此方法工艺简单、生产效率高,且无需使用有害试剂,为高效规模化制备综合性能优异的高导热复合材料提供了新思路。