Investigation of Electrical Parameters of Fresh Water and Produced Mixed Injection in High-Salinity Reservoirs

Assuming a reservoir with a typical salt-lake background in the Qaidam Basin as a testbed,in this study the var-iation law of the rock electrical parameters has been determined through water displacement experiments with different salinities.As made evident by the results,the saturation index increases with the degree of water injec-tion.When the salinity of the injected water is lower than 80000 ppm,the resistivity of the rock samplefirst decreases,then it remains almost constant in an intermediate stage,andfinally it grows,thereby giving rise to a‘U’profile behavior.As the salinity decreases,the water saturation corresponding to the inflection point of the resistivity becomes lower,thereby leading to a wider‘U’type range and a higher terminal resistivity.For dif-ferent samples,higher initial resistivity of the sample in the oil-bearing state,and higher resistivity after low-sali-nity water washing are obtained when a thicker lithology is considered.

Injection of biosurfactant and chemical surfactant following hot water injection to enhance heavy oil recovery

This study investigates the potential of enhancing oil recovery from a Middle East heavy oil field via hot water injection followed by injection of a chemical surfactant and/or a biosurfactant produced by a Bacillus subtilis strain which was isolated from oil-contaminated soil.The results reveal that the biosurfactant and the chemical surfactant reduced the residual oil saturation after a hot water flood.Moreover,it was found that the performance of the biosurfactant increased by mixing it with the chemical surfactant.It is expected that the structure of the biosurfactant used in this study was changed when mixed with the chemical surfactant as a probable synergetic effect of biosurfactant-chemical surfactants was observed on enhancing oil recovery,when used as a mixture,rather than alone.This work proved that it is more feasible to inject the biosurfactant as a blend with the chemical surfactant,at the tertiary recovery stage.This might be attributed to the fact that in the secondary mode,improvement of the macroscopic sweep efficiency is important,whereas in the tertiary recovery mode,the microscopic sweep efficiency matters mainly and it is improved by the biosurfactantchemical surfactant mixture.Also as evidenced by this study,the biosurfactant worked better than the chemical surfactant in reducing the residual heavy oil saturation after a hot water flood.

Non-water Injection Mix for Blast Furnace YB/T 4153-2006

1 Scope This standard specifies the classification, techni cal requirements, test methods, quality appraisal pro- cedures, packing, marking, transportation, storage, quality certificate, and construction manual of nonwater injection mix for blast furnace.