Kinetic of Dissolved Phosphorus from Calcination Products of Mixed Rare Earth Minerals

The products of mixed rare earth minerals containing monazite and bastnaesite calcined by CaO-NaCl-CaCl2 contained calcium phosphate and phosphorite. In this paper, HCl-H3cit solution was used to wash the calcination products, and the kinetic character of dissolved phosphorus was studied. The results showed that the reaction rate control changed from chemical reaction control mode to mixed control mode and diffusion control mode with increasing temperature, and the activation energy were 7.36, 27.64 and 61.27 kJ·mol-1, respectively. The change of temperature, the reagent concentration and stirring speed were studied in order to increase the dissolution rate of phosphorus. Phosphorus and rare earth in the calcination products could be separated in this process applicable to the rare earth recovery in phosphorite containing the rare earth.

Bioleaching of a kind of alkaline mixed copper oxide and sulphide mineral

We conducted two-stage acidification-bioleaching experiments to probe the feasibility of bioleaching for a kind of mixed alkaline copper oxide and sulphide mineral. We used the uniform design method for data analysis and experimental optimization, with initial pH value, pulp density, inoculation of bacteria and ferrous iron concentration selected as the influential factors. Polynomial regression shows that the four factors sequentially influence the copper recovery by 14.430%, 8.555%, 1.982% and 3.895%. Acid equilibrium in the bioleaching system is mainly influenced by alkaline gangue content, chemical reactions and bacterial activity. A maximal portion of refractory copper extracted reaches 71.08%. The dynamic analysis of copper recovery indicates that bioleaching goes through a lag leaching phase, prime leaching phase and leaching stationary phase corresponding to the growth phases of bacteria. Compared with the predicted value of 80.87%, the confirmatory experiment observes a 78.21% copper recovery under the optimal conditions of pH of 1.5, pulp density of 5%, bacteria inoculation of 30% and initial ferrous iron concentration of 9 g L-1. Results suggest that bioleaching is technically feasible to improving total copper recovery.

Comprehensive Recovery of Tin, Sulfur and Arsenic from Mixed Mineral of Tin, Sulfur and Arsenic

A mixed mineral of tin, sulfur and arsenic was studied in this paper. The main components of the mineral were separated and the physical parameters of each mineral were measured. Comprehensive recovery of tin, sulfur and arsenic from the mixed mineral was studied. A joint flowsheet of flotation and gravity was developed according to the mineralogical characteristics of the sample. Flotation was carried out first to produce sulfur concentrate while the tailing was processed by a second flotation to obtain rougher arsenic concentrate which was further processed by gravity separation to get arsenic concentrate and the tailing of gravity separation was processed to obtain tin concentrate.

HRTEM Study of Three New Regularly Mixed-layer Structures of B_8S_6 Type in Ca-RE Fluorocarbonate Minerals

The microstructural features of clacium rare earth(Ca RE) fluorocarbonate minerals from Southwest China were studied by using selected area electron diffraction(SAED) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM). Three new regularly mixed layer structures of B 8S 6 type with long period and different stacking sequence, i.e. B 8S 6 Ⅰ, B 8S 6 Ⅱ, and B 8S 6 Ⅲ, were found in the derived polycrystal of parisite, in which their structural symmetry, cell parameters, chemical formulas of crystal and stacking models of structural unit layer, etc. were determined. The results of this study also show that these new regularly mixed layer structrues were formed by order stacking unit layer of bastnaesite(B) and synchisite(S) in varying proportion along c axis. The observation under HRTEM reveals that in the three new regularly mixed layer structures there are different distribution modes of Ce F ion layers, CO 2- 3 ion groups between the Ce F ion layers, and CO 2- 3 ion groups between Ce F and Ca 2+ ion layers, and there are some heterogeneous textures, such as disorder interlayer and stacking fault. It further proves the complexity of the crystal structure of the Ca RE fluorocarbonate minerals.

Effect of Spraying Liquid Mineral Mixed Fertilizers on the Mineral Elements of Potted Poa crymophila cv. Qinghai

Objective] The aim was to explain the accumulation characteristic of mineral elements in alpine grassland plants and the effect of supplementary supply on the nutrient changes of mineral elements. [Method] Potted Poa crymophila cv. Qinghai plants were regularly applied with liquid mineral mixed fertilizers, and samples were collected for analysis and detection. [Result] After the regular spraying of liquid mineral mixed fertilizers, the mineral elements in potted P. crymophila and its soil reduced （ P 〈0.05）, but the accumulation of corresponding mineral elements of P. crymophila in the control group was increased due to the ＂Starvation Effect＂, which was one of the endogenetic forces driving the increase in the accumulation of mineral elements. [Conclusion] This study is of great significance for the study of the accumulation of mineral elements in degraded grassland plants and its dynamic mechanism, as well as testing the hypothesis of the Starvation Effect of mineral elements. In addition, it also provides scientific bases and technical support for the restoration and remediation of degraded grassland and the development of ecological livestock husbandry.

Illite-smectite Mixed-layer Minerals in the Alteration Volcanic Ashes under Submarine Environment

The clay mineralogy of the clay intervals interbedded with siliceous mudstones across the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) in Pengda, Guiyang, Guizhou province, was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The clay mineral assemblages of the sediments are mainly I/S clays and minor smectite, kaolinite, and illite as reveled by XRD analyses. The peak-shape parameters BB1 and BB2 of I/S clays of the representative clay bed PL-01 are 4.7° and 4.4°, and the peak position of the low angle reflection is at 6.8° 2θ (13.6 ), suggesting that the I/S clays has a IS type of ordering. However, the presence of multi-order reflections and their intensities are different from those of completely ordered 1∶1 mixed-layer I/S clay rectorite, indicating that I/S clays of the Pengda section have partially ordered IS structures. HRTEM observations show that most of the I/S clays exhibit an IS stacking ordering. However, in some areas within a IS particle, smectite layer is observed in doublets, triplets, and quartets, which are interstratified by various amounts of illite layers, suggesting the presence of other irregular stacking in addition to the major 1∶1 IS ordered stacking. Transformation of smectite layer into illite layers is also observed in the I/S clays, suggesting that the Pengda I/S clays are derived from smectite illitization, in good agreement with the clay mineral assemblage. The I/S clays of the Pengda section contain up to 45% to 95% smectite layer, the notably higher contents of smectite layer relative to those of other PTB stratigraphic sets in south China can be attributed to difference in alteration and smectite illitization processes due to different sedimentary environments.

Study of the Stacking Sequences of an Irregular Mixed-Layer Illite/Smectite (I/S) Clay Mineral—with a Discussion on the Existence of Minerals with Two-Dimentional Lattice and One-Dimentional Quasi-Lattice

There are two aspects in the study of irregular mixed-layer clay minerals: one is the kinds and ratios of their basic structural unit layers and the other is the junction probabilities of the unit layers. Irregular mixed-layer illite/smectite clay minerals (I/S) are widespread in nature. While studying the clay minerals from the Permian-Triassic (P/T) boundary bed, the authors found that I/S clay minerals are developed in all P/T boundary clay layers in areas from the northwest to southeast of China. Systematic mineralogical studies of the I/S clay minerals from Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Zhejiang were made by means of X-ray, infrared spectroscopic, electron microscopic and chemical analyses and a deepened study of the stacking sequences of their structural unit layers was conducted by the MacEwan one—dimentional direct Fourier transform. It was found that the stacking of the illite and smectite crystal layers along the c axis can be derived from Fibonacci sequences. Hence, the authors propose that such I/S clay minerals are possessed of two—dimentional crystal lattice and one—dimentional quasicrystal lattice.

Geology and mineralization of the Pulang supergiant porphyry copper deposit(5.11 Mt)in Shangri-la,Yunnan Province,China:A review

The porphyry copper belt in the Geza island arc in southwestern China is the only Indosinian porphyry copper metallogenic belt that has been discovered and evaluated so far.The Pulang porphyry copper deposit(also referred to as the Pulang deposit)in this area has proven copper reserves of 5.11×106 t.This deposit has been exploited on a large scale using advanced mining methods,exhibiting substantial economic benefit.Based on many research results of previous researchers and the authors’team,this study proposed the following key insights.(1)The Geza island arc was once regarded as an immature island arc with only andesites and quartz diorite porphyrites occurring.This understanding was overturned in this study.Acidic endmember components such as quartz monzonite porphyries and quartz monzonite porphyries have been identified in the Geza island arc,and the mineralization is mainly related to the magmatism of quartz monzonite porphyries.(2)Complete porphyry orebodies and large vein orebodies have developed in the Pulang deposit.Main orebody KT1 occurs in the transition area between the potassium silicate alteration zone of quartz monzonite porphyries and the sericite-quartz alteration zone.Most of them have developed in the potassium silicate alteration zone.The main orebody occurs as large lenses at the top of the hanging wall of rock bodies,with an engineering-controlled length of 1920 m and thickness of 32.5‒630.29 m(average:187.07 m).It has a copper grade of 0.21%-1.56%(average:0.42%)and proven copper resources of 5.11×10^(6) t,which are associated with 113 t of gold,1459 t of silver,and 170×10^(3) t of molybdenum.(3)Many studies on diagenetic and metallogenic chronology,isotopes,and fluid inclusions have been carried out for the Pulang deposit,including K-Ar/Ar-Ar dating of monominerals(e.g.,potassium feldspars,biotites,and amphiboles),zircon U-Pb dating,and molybdenite Re-Os dating.The results show that the porphyries in the Pulang deposit are composite plutons and can be classified into pre-mineralization quartz diorite porphyrites,quartz monzonite porphyries formed during the mineralization,and post-mineralization granite porphyries,which were formed at 223±3.7 Ma,218±4 Ma,and 207±3.9 Ma,respectively.The metallogenic age of the Pulang deposit is 213‒216 Ma.(4)The petrogeochemical characteristics show that the Pulang deposit has the characteristics of volcanic arc granites.The calculation results of trace element contents in zircons show that quartz monzonite porphyries and granite porphyries have higher oxygen fugacity.The isotopic tracing results show that the diagenetic and metallogenic materials were derived from mixed crust-and mantle-derived magmas.

Study on mixing and segregation behaviors in particulate fluidized bed system for mineral processing

In order to identify the mixing and segregation behaviors in a mineral processing operation, present study aimed on the hydrodynamics of solid–liquid fluidization. The study was carried out in a fluidization column with tapings at different height of the bed to collect the sample. The binary particles considered in this study are hematite(4800 kg/m3) and quartz(2600 kg/m3) at different size fractions in the range of average size 87×10^(-6)m to 400×10^(-6)m. It is observed that for various binary mixtures, both quartz and hematite particles share the equal composition by mass(50%) at a particular height of fluidized bed, referred as ‘‘locus point'' of mixing. Study indicates that the mixing zone volume will increase for a continuous fluidized bed plant operation. It is observed that the number of locus points varies from 1 to 3 signifying their dependency on the size ratios of binary mixture. Whenever, the difference in terminal velocity between quartz and hematite particles approaches to zero, mixing is enhanced.Further, the present study is extended to find the segregation index for the different size ratios of quartz and hematite particles. It is evident that depending on the size ratios, various regions such as complete segregation, partial mixing and complete mixing can be observed.

Geology and mineralization of the Daheishan supergiant porphyry molybdenum deposit(1.65 Bt),Jilin,China:A review

The Daheishan supergiant porphyry molybdenum deposit(also referred to as the Daheishan deposit)is the second largest molybdenum deposit in Asia and ranks fifth among the top seven molybdenum deposits globally with total molybdenum reserves of 1.65 billion tons,an average molybdenum ore grade of 0.081%,and molybdenum resources of 1.09 million tons.The main ore body is housed in the granodiorite porphyry plutons and their surrounding inequigranular granodiorite plutons,with high-grade ores largely located in the ore-bearing granodiorite porphyries in the middle-upper part of the porphyry plutons.Specifically,it appears as an ore pipe with a large upper part and a small lower part,measuring about 1700 m in length and width,extending for about 500 m vertically,and covering an area of 2.3 km^(2).Mineralogically,the main ore body consists of molybdenite,chalcopyrite,and sphalerite horizontally from its center outward and exhibits molybdenite,azurite,and pyrite vertically from top to bottom.The primary ore minerals include pyrite and molybdenite,and the secondary ore minerals include sphalerite,chalcopyrite,tetrahedrite,and scheelite,with average grades of molybdenum,copper,sulfur,gallium,and rhenium being 0.081%,0.033%,1.67%,0.001%,and 0.0012%,respectively.The ore-forming fluids of the Daheishan deposit originated as the CO_(2)-H_(2)O-NaCl multiphase magmatic fluid system,rich in CO_(2)and bearing minor amounts of CH4,N2,and H2S,and later mixed with meteoric precipitation.In various mineralization stages,the ore-forming fluids had homogenization temperatures of>420℃‒400℃,360℃‒350℃,340℃‒230℃,220℃‒210℃,and 180℃‒160℃and salinities of>41.05%‒9.8%NaCleqv,38.16%‒4.48%NaCleqv,35.78%‒4.49%NaCleqv,7.43%NaCleqv,and 7.8%‒9.5%NaCleqv,respectively.The mineralization of the Daheishan deposit occurred at 186‒167 Ma.The granites closely related to the mineralization include granodiorites(granodiorite porphyries)and monzogranites(monzogranite porphyries),which were mineralized after magmatic evolution(189‒167 Ma).Moreover,these mineralization-related granites exhibit low initial strontium content and high initial neodymium content,indicating that these granites underwent crust-mantle mixing.The Daheishan deposit formed during the Early-Middle Jurassic,during which basaltic magma underplating induced the lower-crust melting,leading to the formation of magma chambers.After the fractional crystallization of magmas,ore-bearing fluids formed.As the temperature and pressure decreased,the ore-bearing fluids boiled drops while ascending,leading to massive unloading of metal elements.Consequently,brecciated and veinlet-disseminated ore bodies formed.

Bioleaching of low grade nickel sulfide mineral in column reactor

Jinchuan 低等级镍(0.4%0.6% Ni，集体部分) 硫化物矿物质矿石包含氧化镁的一个显著地高的内容(30%35% MgO，集体部分) 在主要脉石矿物质在场。Bioleaching 被执行调查可行性由于它花去要求的相对简洁， eco 友好的操作和低资本处理矿物质。混合 mesophiles 从在中国从几个酸矿收集的酸矿排水样品被充实。认为氧化镁被酸答案和过多的 Mg2+ 容易提取将超过混合 mesophiles 的忍耐，三个有效工具被用来在 bioleaching 操作期间减少氧化镁的劣势。他们是混合 mesophiles 的改编改进忍耐；预先沥滤移开很可滤取的氧化镁并且周期怀孕沥滤答案的部分流血基于混合 mesophiles 的忍耐控制 Mg2+ 的水平。镍(90.3%) 和钴(88.6%) 的抽取成功地在沥滤的 300 d 以内被完成从用在周围的温度的一个列反应堆的 Jinchuan 低等级镍硫化物矿物质矿石的过程。

Magma Mixing as a Trigger of Unzen's Volcano Eruptions

Recent eruption in 1991-1995 years of Unzen Volcano(Kyushu Island,Japan)has caught attention of many volcanologists because of dramatical consequences of the previos eruption in 1792,when more than 15000 people were perished.So it is important to study this volcano and try to predict future eruptions and their possible damage.It is proved now,that magma hybridization processes

透明砂土基本特性及其在注浆模型试验中的应用

透明土技术为可视化监测土体内部变形、渗流提供了有效手段,充分认识透明土透明度的影响因素是该技术发展的基础,亦是实现注浆模型试验浆液扩散可视化的前提。采用熔融石英颗粒和混合矿物油配制透明砂土,通过调整混合矿物油配比、熔融石英颗粒粒径、环境温度获得透明砂土。配制与标准砂级配相近的透明砂土,测试了透明土与标准砂的基本物理力学性能,并开展了大尺寸透明砂土注浆模型试验。结果表明:混合矿物油配比、熔融石英颗粒粒径对透明砂土透明度影响显著;混合矿物油折射率对温度较敏感,折射率随温度的升高而降低;与标准砂级配相近的透明土透明度较高,物理力学特性与标准砂相近,该透明砂土实现了注浆模型试验浆液扩散过程的可视化。研究成果对促进透明土技术发展及其在注浆模型试验中的应用具有借鉴意义。

EC130温拌剂对SBS改性沥青高温性能及抗疲劳性能的影响

作为制备沸石发泡沥青的发泡剂,EC130温拌剂释放的发泡水和残留的沸石矿物对沥青的性能有着不同的影响.为研究EC130温拌剂对SBS改性沥青高温性能和抗疲劳性能的影响,采用石灰岩矿粉、EC130沸石矿物和EC130温拌剂等3种添加物,设计了以添加物掺量为变量的单因素试验.以石灰岩矿粉为参照对象,通过温度扫描试验、多重应力蠕变恢复试验和线性振幅扫描试验,分析了EC130沸石矿物和EC130温拌剂释放的发泡水对SBS改性沥青高温性能和抗疲劳性能的影响.结果表明:同石灰岩矿粉一样,沸石发泡沥青中的EC130沸石矿物使沥青弹性增大、黏性减小,有利于抗车辙性能的提升,但不利于抗疲劳性能;沸石发泡沥青中的发泡水使其黏性增大、弹性减小,有利于抗疲劳性能的提升,但不利于抗车辙性能.

不同混交模式对杉木精油化学成分的影响

以湖南省永州市金洞林场15年林龄杉木-毛竹混交林、杉木-闽楠混交林和杉木纯林为研究对象,采用气相色谱–质谱联用(GC-MS)测定杉木不同器官(叶、枝、干、根)精油成分,用硫酸-高氯酸消化法检测杉木各器官矿质元素含量,分析不同混交栽植模式对杉木不同器官中精油成分和含量的影响,并将精油中主要挥发物成分与矿质元素进行相关性分析,探讨不同栽植模式下精油成分与矿质元素的关系。结果表明:杉木各器官共检测出50种物质,主要包括萜烯类32种、醇类12种、萘类2种、萜烯酯类3种、其他类1种。相比于杉木纯林,杉木-毛竹、杉木-闽楠模式中杉木干精油分别增加了156%、76%,根精油分别增加了77%、99%,杉木-毛竹模式效果更佳;精油主成分的相对质量与Al、Ca、K、Mg、Mn、P元素含量密切相关;混交模式会导致杉木不同器官间(+)-雪松醇、β-石竹烯、(-)-(7S)-germacrene D、α-芹子烯、(+)-β-芹子烯等主要物质的相对含量产生显著变化。因此,可通过改变杉木的混交模式提高精油提取率,定向提高精油中特定物质成分或降低有害物质的相对含量,满足对杉木精油产品的不同需求。

复杂岩性碳酸盐岩裂缝型储层酸化压裂数值模拟

鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田马家沟组碳酸盐岩储层岩性复杂,不同矿物成分的酸岩反应速率差异造成的非均匀溶蚀直接影响酸压效果。综合考虑多种矿物的酸岩反应,建立复杂岩性储层酸压模型,模拟分析了矿物含量、矿物分布、天然裂缝及储层温度等因素对酸压效果的影响。结果表明:由纯灰岩至复杂岩性储层,随着灰岩比例的减少,酸作用距离增加了23 m;岩矿分布对酸蚀缝长有较小影响,当酸液沿着矿物分布方向流动时酸作用距离最大;天然裂缝的发育加剧了酸液的滤失,裂缝密度相差0.2条/m时,酸作用距离减小约20 m;复杂岩性储层中温度影响最大,从60℃升至120℃时,白云岩酸岩反应速率接近灰岩,酸作用距离减小约72 m。研究成果为复杂岩性碳酸盐岩储层酸压改造提供了新方法,丰富了碳酸盐岩储层改造理论。

Kinetics of mixed rare earths minerals decomposed by CaO with NaCl-CaCl_2 melting salt

For increasing reaction rate and reducing decomposing temperature,TG-DTA,XRD,SEM and Chemical analysis were used to study the kinetics of mixed rar e earths minerals decomposed by CaO with NaCl-CaCl2. The results showed that the reaction rate increased with increasing of NaC-CaCl2 addition,CaO addition,an d decomposition temperature. The kinetics of mixed rare earths minerals decompos ed by CaO conformed to 1-2/3X-(1-X) 2/3=kdt mode. The decomposition reaction rate was controlled by two steps,and the activation energy was decreased with addin g of NaCl-CaCl2 melting salt. The micro-pattern of products was loosening and po rous with NaCl-CaCl2 in decomposition system.

搅拌理论技术在选矿领域的应用及发展

在矿物加工过程中,搅拌设备是工艺过程中不可缺少的流程装备。目前国内外研究机构开发的搅拌叶轮逐渐朝着低搅拌功耗与定制化的方向发展,结合不同的搅拌需求,如强剪切分散、高循环流动或强化固液悬浮等。高水平的搅拌设备以满足搅拌工艺特性为目标。目前不同用途的搅拌槽设备,已经根据现代搅拌流体力学理论,如叶轮剪切力计算理论、搅拌湍流涡理论等,结合计算流体力学和试验数据,对调浆搅拌槽、搅拌储槽、粗粒悬浮搅拌等展开定制化设计研究。对于工业尺度的搅拌设备,评价调浆搅拌效果、离底悬浮效果等仍然存在一定的空白,仍然需要进一步深入开展理论分析与试验研究。通过CFD的数值模拟方法,矿用搅拌器的转子动力学和流固耦合方法,目前已经能够预测临界转速、轴系受力和变形,但是对于复杂矿浆工况的研究无法做到数值模拟的完全复现或理论计算精确考虑。搅拌设备的测试方法在实验室尺度已较为完善,能够获取全解析的速度场或相含率分布,但是如何将试验研究成果应用到工业尺度,如何直接在工业尺度搅拌槽进行测量和评估仍然是研究难题。选矿搅拌设备设计的未来将向一个定制化、智能化和绿色化方向发展。

两类三元胶凝体系的构建及配比优化

为了保证混凝土材料性能,同时实现低碳、绿色化发展,本文以矿渣粉(GS)、粉煤灰(FA)和石灰石粉(LS)等辅助胶凝材料(SCMs)替代55%(质量分数)水泥(C)制备了两种三元胶凝体系,即粉煤灰-矿渣粉-水泥体系(FGC)和石灰石粉-矿渣粉-水泥体系(LGC),研究了体系中FA-GS、LS-GS比例变化对三元胶凝材料粉料堆积密实度、工作性和强度的影响,并结合微观结构分析确定了三元胶凝体系的最佳配比。结果表明,随着两种三元胶凝体系中GS占比的增大,试样密实度和流动性略微减小,试样抗压、抗折强度以及环境效益逐渐增大。在FA-GS和LS-GS质量比均为3∶8时,两种胶凝体系制备的胶砂试样中后期强度均能接近甚至超过纯水泥试样。

矿物油/蓖麻油混合乳化液条件下车削45钢的性能研究

为了减少工业中矿物油切削液对环境的污染并进一步提高冷却润滑性能,制备了新型矿物油/蓖麻油混合乳化液,并将其与矿物油乳化液和蓖麻油乳化液在浇注和微量润滑条件下进行车削45钢试验,基于力的波动情况分析了切削过程的稳定性,测量了切削力和切削温度,观察了前刀面磨损形貌,并分析了混合乳化液的润滑机理。在此基础上进一步分析了混合乳化液浓度对刀具切削性能的影响。试验结果表明:在浇注和微量润滑条件下,混合乳化液的冷却润滑性能最好。原因是在相同润滑条件下,混合乳化液中的矿物油和蓖麻油在刀—屑界面形成了减摩效果好的协同润滑膜,提高了切削过程的稳定性,降低了刀具的磨损程度。同时发现,随着混合乳化液浓度的增加,切削力、切削温度以及刀具磨损面积逐渐减小,当浓度为20%时,混合乳化液的冷却润滑性能最佳,且刀具的切削性能明显提高。