High-speed polarization mode dispersion compensation in a 43-Gb/s RZ-DQPSK transmission system over 1200 km of standard single-mode fibre

This paper reports that the designed optical polarization mode dispersion compensator shows a good performance under the real-time variation of differential group delay, state of polarization and principal state of polarization in a （40×43）-Gb/s dense-wavelength-multiplexing, 1200-km enhanced return-to-zero differential-quadrature-phase-shift- keying （RZ-DQPSK） system. The polarization mode dispersion tolerance of the system is improved by 26 ps using the optical polarization mode dispersion compensator. The short and long time stabilities are tested with the bit error ratio recorded.

PSO-based Control Algorithm for Polarization Mode Dispersion Self-adaptive Compensation

Polarization mode dispersion(PMD) is considered to be the ultimate limitation in high-speed optical fiber communication systems. Establishing an effective control algorithm for adaptive PMD compensation is a challenging task, because PMD possesses the time-varying and statistical properties. The particle swarm optimization(PSO) algorithm is introduced into self-adaptive PMD compensation as feedback control algorithm. The experiment results show that PSO-based control algorithm has some unique features of rapid convergence to the global optimum without being trapped in local sub-optima and good robustness to noise in the optical fiber transmission line that has never been achieved in PMD compensation before.

Multichannel Adaptive Polarization Mode Dispersion Compensation with One Compensator in Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing Transmission Systems

A simple two-section polarization mode dispersion(PMD) compensator is proposed for multichannel PMD compensation, which can compensate two or even more channels simultaneously. Because of the statistical characteristics and the frequency-dependence of PMD, for current single mode fiber with moderate PMD, the probability that all channels are severely degraded at the same time is extremely small, which makes it possible to compensate a dense wavelength division multiplexing(DWDM) transmission system with moderate PMD using this compensator. It is shown that the outage probability of a 40×43 Gb/s DWDM transmission system using this compensator is decreased significantly from 3.6×10-3 to 3.6×10-5.

The Effect of Polarization Mode Dispersion on the Transmission System Using Dispersion Compensation Fiber

In this paper, we simulate the effect of Polarization Mode Dispersion( PMD ) on 40 Gb/s dispersion compensation transmission system by resolving the coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equation, and calculate the performance of system with different duty cycle order and chirp of the super Gaussian pulse. The results show that the performance of the system changes with these parameters, and there is a group of optimum parameters for the optimum performance of the system.

A novel tunable polarization mode dispersion compensator with strain chirped fiber Bragg gratings

A tunable polarization mode dispersion (PMD) compensator based on strain-ckirped fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) is proposed. It natures in flexible designing, large tuning range, without using linear or nonlinear chirped phase mask, fast tuning response time, continuously adjustable, all-fiber based, compact, and cheap.

Polarization Mode Dispersion Probability Distribution for Arbitrary Mode Coupling

The probability distribution of the differential group delay for arbitrary mode coupling is simulated with Monte-Carlo method. Fitting the simulation results, we obtain probability distribution function for arbitrary mode coupling.

Filter control polarization mode dispersion in dispersion managed soliton systems

In this paper, the dispersion managed soliton (DMS) transmission equation is built on considering the effects of polarization mode dispersion (PMD) and filter control. The DMS transmission of filtering control in constant birefringence fibers is firstly analyzed by varitional method, from which the evolving rules of characteristical DMS parameters are obtained. Secondly, the stability of DMS transmission and its timing jitter are investigated in the random varying birefringence fibers with the conventional model of PMD. The results reveal that filter control DMS system has powerful robustness to PMD effects and DMS's timing jitter can be decreased considerably with the help of filters.

Generation of DQPSK format and its performance against polarization mode dispersion

We propose a novel transmitter and receiver for differential quadrature phase-shift keying （DQPSK） format. The impact of the first-order polarization mode dispersion （PMD） on systems using DQPSK with 100- Gb/s non-return-to-zero （NRZ） or return-to-zero （RZ） format is investigated. Through computing the eye openings of DQPSK formats under different PMD conditions, it is found that NRZ DQPSK, as compared with RZ DQPSK, incurs smaller eye opening due to PMD. Carrier-suppressed return-to-zero （CSRZ） DQPSK format has better tolerance than RZ DQPSK format to PMD for a given bit rate.

Key Techniques in Adaptive Polarization Mode Dispersion Compensation: Sampling and Feedback Control

This paper presents the sampling and feedback control techniques, which are the kernel of our experiment on adaptive Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) compensation for optical fiber communication systems. Some key points on sampling and feedback techniques are discussed and practical resolutions for them are put forward.

Impact of polarization mode dispersion and nonlinearities on 2-channel DWDM chaotic communication systems

This paper has designed 2-channel dense wavelength division multiplexing （DWDM） chaotic sys- tem at the frequencies of 193.1 and 193,2THz, respec- tively. The optical chaotic signals were produced by using the semiconductor laser that is numerically modeled by employing laser rate equations. These two channels were multiplexed and then propagated through single mode optical fiber （SMF） of 80kin length with dispersion compensating fiber of 16 km length. Erbium doped fiber amplifier （EDFA） was used to compensate the power losses in the SMF. In lhis paper, we investigated the effects of polarization mode dispersion （PMD） and nonlinearities especially stimulated Raman scattering （SRS） on 2 channel DWDM chaotic communication system by varying the length of the SMF and value of differential group delay （DGD）.

Wideband dispersion removal and mode separation of Lamb waves based on two-component laser interferometer measurement

Ultrasonic Lamb waves are considered as a sensitive and effective tool for nondestructive testing and evaluation of plate-like or pipe-like structures. The nature of multimode and dispersion causes the wave packets to spread, and the modes overlap in both time and frequency domains as they propagate through the structures. By using a two-component laser interferometer technique, in combination with a priori knowledge of the dispersion characteristics and wave structure information of Lamb wave modes, a two-component signal processing technique is presented for implementing dispersion removal and mode separation simultaneously for two modes mixture signals of Lamb waves. The proposed algorithm is first processed and verified using synthetic Lamb wave signals. Then, the two-component displacements test experiment is conducted using different aluminum plate samples. Moreover, we confirm the effectiveness and robustness of this method.

Functional diversity in an Andean subparamo affected by wildfire in Colombia

Recently,the Andean subparamo in Colombia has experienced severe wildfires,but little is known about the functional composition of recovering or not after a wildfire.Therefore,we examined the functional community composition subparamo affected byfire in 2016.We documented how functional traits changed 31 months after the disturbance and compared them with an unburned site.We sampled from one to two years after the fire every four months,then registered all recruits in 1655m plots.New individuals were classified into strategy functional groups based on the traits of persistence and dispersal.The first group was stem type and regeneration mechanism(seedling and resprout),and the second was fruit type and dispersal mode.We investigated the degree to which functional diversity changes plant communities over time(woody and non-woody),and we compared it with an unburned site.The most relevant results showed that resprouts and seed regenerated increased post-fire time and significant differences between sampling periods.The anemochory is the most relevant dispersal mode that indicates the community capacity to colonize the new gaps opened by the fire rapidly.We discuss how wildfire appears to be a triggering factor for persistence and dispersal strategy groups in subparamo burned given their characteristics of tolerance to stress.For this reason,a greater functional divergence between the ecosystems studied post-fire recovery has been related to higher levels of biodiversity at the landscape scale due to the high degree of endemism and significant differences in species composition between paramos.

Microwave frequency transfer over a 112-km urban fiber link based on electronic phase compensation

We demonstrate the transmission of a microwave frequency signal at 10 GHz over a 112-km urban fiber link based on a novel simple-architecture electronic phase compensation system.The key element of the system is the low noise frequency divider by 4 to differentiate the frequency of the forward signal from that of the backward one,thus suppressing the effect of Brillouin backscattering and parasitic reflection along the link.In terms of overlapping Allan deviation,the frequency transfer instability of 4.2×10-15 at 1-s integration time and 1.6×10-18 at one-day integration time was achieved.In addition,its sensitivity to the polarization mode dispersion in fiber is analyzed by comparing the results with and without laser polarization scrambling.Generally,with simplicity and robustness,the system can offer great potentials in constructing cascaded frequency transfer system and facilitate the building of fiber-based microwave transfer network.

Novel Tunable PMD Compensation Technology Using Linear Chirped Fiber Bragg Grating

Based on uniform fiber Bragg grating bonded with a magnetostrictive rod in the non-uniform magnetic field,a novel PMD compensation technique is proposed.This all-fiber PMD compensation technology is cost-effective and flexible in designing the differential group delay profile.

Widening DGD Dynamic Range of DOP-based PMD Monitor Using Band-pass Filter

The theoretical and experimental analyses of widening the differential group delay (DGD) dynamic range of degree of polarization(DOP)-based polarization mode dispersion monitor using a band-pass filter are presented. The experiment shows that the maximum DGD monitoring range is widened up to ~6ps using band-pass filter. At the same time, DOP sensitivity has a little change. The experimental results are in accordance with the numerical ones.

Contribution to the Study of 2R Regenerators in Optical Transmission Link into Account the PMD

With the development of optical communication systems in high bandwidth fiber, various degradations affect the propagation of light signals such as polarization mode dispersion which represents a temporal pulse broadening, it becomes troublesome from long and long distances for this, it is necessary to regenerate the signal optically, that is to say, the amplified （1R regeneration） , the reshaping （2R regeneration） and sometimes resynchronize to overcome the phenomenon of jitter time （3R regeneration）. In this paper we study the contribution of 2R optical regenerator self-modulation to combat the phenomenon of polarization mode dispersion. The experiment is simulated with optisystem.

Functional trait profiles and diversity of trees regenerating in disturbed tropical forests and agroforests in Indonesia

A main question in restoration of degraded forests and forest landscapes recovering from logging and fire is what to expect from natural regeneration through surviving propagules in the soil or seed sources and associated dispersal agents from the surrounding landscape mosaic,as alternative to tree planting.Tree diversity in secondary forests may be high,but based on newcomer species of low wood density and long-distance,abiotic dispersal modes.We compiled and analyzed three pairs of case studies(totaling 815 plots and 11.8 ha)of secondary forests recovering from logging,fire and conversion to agroforest in Sumatra and Kalimantan(Indonesia)on mineral soils.Data on tree species diversity,wood density frequency distribution(indicative of successional status)and dispersal modes were compared with those of less disturbed comparator forests in the same landscapes.Relatively undisturbed lowland dipterocarp forest in Kalimantan had close to 200 species of trees(>10 cm diameter)at a 1-ha sample scale(and 450 at a 10-ha scale).After repeated fires a sample area of 2 ha was needed to reach the same species richness.Regulation-based logging had little impact on tree species richness.In rubber agroforest with low-intensity management beyond rubber planting,50 tree species were found at a 1-ha scale and close to 100 species in 3 ha.The Kalimantan forest after repeated fires had a markedly higher fraction of lowwood-density trees(40%),but otherwise,all forests sampled were similar in overall wood density profiles.Selectively logged forest managed by a local community(village forest)and rubber agroforest in Sumatra contained larger fractions of heavy-wood-density trees.The majority of trees(50%–70%)had birds,bats and primates as dispersal agents in all sites.Selectively logged forests had higher fractions of autochorous species(15%)compared to other sites.Anemochorous(wind-dispersed)species,especially Macaranga lowii,were most common(20%)in lowland dipterocarp forest.Comparison between secondary forests and agroforests showed the influence of farmer selection regarding what is allowed to grow beyond the pole stage.Wood density and seed dispersal profiles can be used as degradation indicators of species assemblages across various disturbance levels and types,as they reflect the habitat quality of the surrounding landscape mosaics.

Impact of patch size on woody tree species richness and abundance in a tropical montane evergreen forest patches of south India

We examined the effects of forest patch size on woody tree species richness and abundance in tropical montane evergreen forest patches of the Nilgiri region,south India. We sampled woody trees(>1 cm dbh) from 21 forest patches in the upper Nilgiri hills(> 2000 m elevation) and recorded a total of 35,146 individuals of 61 species, 45 genera and 30 families. Species richness and abundance of sapling/shrubs(≥ 1 to < 10 cm dbh)increased significantly with increasing patch size, but the species richness and abundance of small, medium and larger trees(≥ 10 to < 30, ≥ 30 to < 60 and ≥ 60 cm dbh,respectively) did not. Overall, forest interior species richness and abundance increased significantly with increasing patch size but edge species richness did not. Species richness and abundance of shade-tolerant and shade-demanding tree species also increased with increasing patch size. The abundance of zoochory dispersed tree species was significantly related to increasing patch size, but those dispersed by autochory did not display any clear relationship between patch size and species richness or abundance.Our findings suggest that with increasing forest patch area,tree compositional patterns may be driven by species specific shade-tolerance adaptations and dispersal patterns.Differential responses in these traits by the plant community within the individual habitat zones of forest edge and interiors likely plays a major role in determining the inherent plant community and thus the subsequent ecological processes of forest patches, including their responses to increasing patch area.

Reclamation and reuse of distributed wastewater and programming based on cost analysis

In order to improve the water environment of Songhua River,develop and maintain a healthy water cycle,the article has made theoretical and mathematical analyses of wastewater treatment and reuse.It proposes that the important link of sustainable utilization of urban water resources is wastewater treatment and reuse,and the main approach of sustainable utilization of water resources is water saving,wastewater reclamation and reuse.Through establishing the cost equation of recycle water system and optimizing it by Matlab,an optimal treatment scale of the city recycle distributed wastewater system is obtained.The principles of recycle water system in northern areas are put forward based on the research of sustainable utilization of water resource in Songbei district.The results can provide experiences and references for water saving,wastewater reclamation and reuse in northern cities of China.

Dispersion Management with Higher Order Mode Fibers

Dispersion compensation with few-mode fibers is emerging as a promising technique that can provide full dispersion and dispersion-slope compensation. The inherent modal path diversity of these fibers allows implementation of static as well as tunable dispersion management schemes. In addition, the low non-linearity of this technology can improve system OSNR, leading to enhancements in transmission distances.