A vector sum analysis method for stability evolution of expansive soil slope considering shear zone damage softening

Slope stability analysis is a classical mechanical problem in geotechnical engineering and engineering geology.It is of great significance to study the stability evolution of expansive soil slopes for engineering construction in expansive soil areas.Most of the existing studies evaluate the slope stability by analyzing the limit equilibrium state of the slope,and the analysis method for the stability evolution considering the damage softening of the shear zone is lacking.In this study,the large deformation shear mechanical behavior of expansive soil was investigated by ring shear test.The damage softening characteristic of expansive soil in the shear zone was analyzed,and a shear damage model reflecting the damage softening behavior of expansive soil was derived based on the damage theory.Finally,by skillfully combining the vector sum method and the shear damage model,an analysis method for the stability evolution of the expansive soil slope considering the shear zone damage softening was proposed.The results show that the shear zone subjected to large displacement shear deformation exhibits an obvious damage softening phenomenon.The damage variable equation based on the logistic function can be well used to describe the shear damage characteristics of expansive soil,and the proposed shear damage model is in good agreement with the ring shear test results.The vector sum method considering the damage softening behavior of the shear zone can be well applied to analyze the stability evolution characteristics of the expansive soil slope.The stability factor of the expansive soil slope decreases with the increase of shear displacement,showing an obvious progressive failure behavior.

ELASTO-PLASTIC CONSTITUTIVE MODEL OF SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERFACE IN CONSIDERATION OF STRAIN SOFTENING AND DILATION

The behavior of soil-structure interface plays a major role in the definition of soil-structure interaction. In this paper a bi-potential surface elasto-plastic model for soil-structure interface is proposed in order to describe the interface deformation behavior,including strain softening and normal dilatancy. The model is formulated in the framework of generalized potential theory,in which the soil-structure interface problem is regard as a two-dimensional mathematical problem in stress field,and plastic state equations are used to replace the traditional field surface. The relation curves of shear stress and tangential strain are fitted by a piecewise function composed by hyperbolic functions and hyperbolic secant functions,while the relation curves of normal strain and tangential strain are fitted by another piecewise function composed by quadratic functions and hyperbolic secant functions. The approach proposed has the advantage of deriving an elastoplastic constitutive matrix without postulating the plastic potential functions and yield surface. Moreover,the mathematical principle is clear,and the entire model parameters can be identified by experimental tests. Finally,the predictions of the model have been compared with experimental results obtained from simple shear tests under normal stresses,and results show the model is reasonable and practical.

Damage constitutive model for strain-softening rock based on normal distribution and its parameter determination

Firstly, using the damage model for rock based on Lemaitre hypothesis about strain equivalence, a new technique for measuring strength of rock micro-cells by adopting the Mohr-Coulomb criterion was developed, and a statistical damage evolution equation was established based on the property that strength of micro-cells is consistent with normal distribution function, through discussing the characteristics of random distributions for strength of micro-cells, then a statistical damage constitutive model that can simulate the full process of rock strain softening under specific confining pressure was set up. Secondly, a new method to determine the model parameters which can be applied to the situations under different confining pressures was proposed, by deeply studying the relations between the model parameters and characteristic parameters of the full stress-strain curve under different confining pressures. Therefore, a unified statistical damage constitutive model for rock softening which can reflect the effect of different confining pressures was set up. This model makes the physical property of model parameters explicit, contains only conventional mechanical parameters, and leads its application more convenient. Finally, the rationality of this model and its parameters-determining method were identified via comparative analyses between theoretical and experimental curves.

A work-hardening and softening constitutive model for sand:modified plastic strain energy approach

The paper describes an energy-based constitutive model for sand, which is modified based on the modified plastic strain energy approach, represented by a unique relationship between the modified plastic strain energy and a stress parameter, independent of stress history. The modified plastic strain energy approach was developed based on results from a series of drained plastic strain compression tests along various stress paths on saturated dense Toyoura sand with accurate stress and strain measurements. The proposed model is coupled with an isotropically work-hardening and softening, non-associtated, elasto-plastic material description. The constitutive model concerns the inherent and stress system-induced cross-anisotropic elastic deformation properties of sand. It is capable of simulating the deformation characteristics of stress history and stress path, the effects of pressure level, anisotropic strength and void ratio, and the strain localization.

Analytical solutions of stress and displacement in strain softening rock mass around a newly formed cavity

The closed form solutions of the stress and displacement in strain softening rock mass around a newly formed cavity are derived with a three step-wise elasto-plastic model. Hoek-Brown criterion is adopted as the yielding criterion of rock mass. Damage factors are proposed to account for degradation of the material parameters to reflect the degree of strain softening. The surrounding rock mass around the cavity is divided into three regions: elastic region, strain softening region and residual state region. The analytical solutions of stress, strain, displacement and radius of each region are obtained. The effects of the strain softening and shear dilatancy behavior on the results are investigated with parametric studies. The results show that the radii of the residual state region and strain softening region in the surrounding rock mass with higher damage degree are larger. The radii of the residual state region and strain softening region are 1-2 times and 1.5-3 times of the cavity radius, respectively. The radial and tangential stresses decrease with the increase of the damage factor. The displacement of the cavity wall for the case with maximum plastic bulk strain is nearly twice than that with no dilation. Rock mass moves more toward the center for the case with larger damage factor and shear dilation. The area of the plastic region is larger when the damage factors are considered. The displacements in the surrounding rock mass increase with the increase of the damage factors and shear dilation factors. The solutions can be applied to the stability analysis and support design of the underground excavation.

Constitutive model for Ya'an mudstone based on mesoscopic breakage mechanism

The slope stability of Ya’an expressway in Sichuan dominated by mudstone strata,is influenced greatly by both the mechanical properties and stressstrain relationship of mudstone.In this paper,the mechanical properties of the Ya’an mudstone samples under triaxial compression conditions were studied,based on an established constitutive model under the framework of breakage mechanics to simulate the mechanical properties of mudstone.Firstly,triaxial compression tests and SEM tests at the confining pressures of 0.5 MPa,1.0 MPa,and 2.0 MPa were carried out on the mudstone samples,and it was found that the mudstone sample undergoes strain softening and dilatancy followed by the volumetric compaction.Then,based on analysis on the breakage mechanism of the above test results,we idealized the mudstone sample as a binary medium material consisting of the bonded elements and frictional elements,of which the bonded elements are composed of solid matrix and pores,and the frictional elements are composed of broken aggregates.During the loading process,the cementation between clay minerals and non-clay minerals in the mudstone sample is first destroyed,leading to the formation of micro-cracks within the particle aggregate,that is,the bonded elements are gradually damaged during the loading process and gradually turned into the frictional elements,and the two jointly bear the external load.The bonded elements are composed of mudstone matrix and pores,which have the cementitious characteristics of mudstone,and the frictional elements are composed of the broken aggregate with the frictional characteristics of the broken particles.Based on the homogenization theory,the constitutive model for the mudstone is established,and the determining method for model parameters is also given.Finally,the results of the triaxial compression tests of the mudstone samples are predicted by the constitutive model proposed here,which can reflect the main mechanical properties of the mudstone samples.

基于统计损伤修正的冻结砂—黏混合土改进Duncan-Chang模型

为描述冻结砂—黏混合土的偏应力—应变关系,进行不同含砂量冻结砂—黏混合土的冻土三轴压缩试验。基于改进的Duncan-Chang模型(D-C模型),引入统计损伤理论,拟合三轴压缩试验结果,分别建立以Mises强度准则和应变发展为微元强度变量的统计损伤修正模型,对比计算结果与试验数据。结果表明:冻结砂—黏混合土偏应力峰值随含砂量的增加而增加,偏应力—应变曲线由应变硬化型逐渐过渡到应变软化型的临界含砂量为50%。当含砂量介于20%~60%时,基于统计损伤理论的修正改进D-C模型能有效拟合应变硬化型曲线和具有轻微应变软化现象的偏应力—应变曲线。当含砂量为90%时,基于应变发展的统计损伤修正模型的偏应力峰值与试验结果相差3%,具有较强适用性。该结果为不同微元强度变量的统计损伤修正模型提供参考。

冻结钙质黏土力学特性及修正邓肯-张模型的研究

淮南地区分布着广泛的钙质黏土地层,是冻结法施工的重难点,建立合适的力学模型是解决冻结壁设计的关键。以淮南地区钙质黏土为研究对象,进行不同含水率和温度下的单轴抗压试验,得到其应力-应变曲线。基于试验结果,建立描述钙质黏土的修正邓肯-张模型,将修正的邓肯-张模型进行简化、确定参数,并对曲线进行验证,结果表明:在较低含水率下冻结钙质黏土的应力-应变曲线呈现应变软化的趋势,其强度随着温度降低、含水率增大而增大;通过对比修正邓肯-张模型的计算值和试验值,表明所建立的模型能够很好地描述冻结钙质黏土应力-应变曲线的规律。模型的参数较少,易确定,可以为工程实际提供一定的理论依据。

考虑粉细砂应变软化特性的修正双曲线模型

在基础建设过程中,以粉细砂为填筑材料的地基在上覆荷载作用下可能发生软化现象。为探究饱和粉细砂应变软化规律,基于自动环境三轴试验系统开展合肥粉细砂固结不排水三轴剪切试验,分析不同围压下粉细砂应变软化特征,揭示其软化机理。研究结果表明:合肥粉细砂不排水剪切应力-应变曲线呈明显驼峰型软化特征;围压对于其应力-应变曲线影响显著,其峰值偏差应力及对应的峰值应变与固结围压呈正相关,偏差应力峰值与固结围压关系可用线性函数(σ1-σ3)p=0.637σ3+255.5拟合表述,拟合决定系数R2达到0.983,应变峰值与固结围压关系可用线性函数εp=0.0031σ3+5.45拟合表述,拟合决定系数R2达到0.982;剪切过程粉细砂试样产生剪胀现象,使得土体结构逐渐破坏,进而发生应变软化现象。通过在沈珠江院士提出的驼峰形双曲线型公式上添加新的边界条件以简化模型参数,构建了合肥粉细砂应变软化修正双曲线数学模型。该模型对合肥粉细砂应力-应变软化曲线的拟合效果良好,为安徽地区地下工程设计与施工提供重要依据。

基于能量耗散理论的深部巷道围岩松动圈范围分析

以某矿上组煤一采区回风大巷穿层4号煤层为背景,基于能量耗散理论进行巷道围岩松动圈范围研究分析,基于能量平衡方程和围岩松动圈能量分析理论建立拱形巷道能量耗散力学模型,确定巷道围岩松动圈破坏范围与能量耗散量呈正相关关系。基于摩尔-库伦应变软化本构模型,开发了基于FLAC3D软件能量耗散fish程序并进行数值模拟,确定了模型巷道能量耗散范围平均为5.9 m,结合现场钻孔成像试验,确定了大巷围岩松动圈破坏范围分别为5.9 m和6.04 m,证明了能量耗散理论能够较好适用于围岩松动圈范围的分析研究。

Statistical damage constitutive model for concrete materials under uniaxial compression

According to the damage mechanism of concrete material during the uniaxial compressive failure process,this paper further establishes the statistical damage constitutive model of concrete subjected to uniaxial compressive stress based on the statistical damage model under uniaxial tension. The damage evolution law in the direction subjected to pressure is confirmed by the tensile damage evolution process of lateral deformation due to the Poisson effect,and then the compressive stress-strain relationship is defined. The peak nominal stress state and the critical state occurring in the macro longitudinal distributed splitting cracks are distinguished. The whole loading process can be divided into the even damage phase and the local breakage phase. The concrete specimen is divided into the failure process zone and the resting unloading zone. The size effects during the local breakage phase under the uniaxial monotonic compressive process and the hysteretic phenomenon under the cyclic compressive loading process are analyzed. Finally,the comparison between theoretical results and experimental results preliminarily verifies the rationality and feasibility of understanding the failure mechanism of concrete through the statistical damage constitutional law.

Numerical Analysis and Centrifuge Modeling of Shallow Foundations

The influence of non-coaxial constitutive model on predictions of dense sand behavior is investigated in this paper. The non-coaxial model with strain softening plasticity is applied into finite-element program ABAQUS, which is first used to predict the stress-strain behavior and the non-coaxial characteristic between the orientations of the principal stress and principal plastic strain rate in simple shear tests. The model is also used to predict load settlement responses and bearing capacity factors of shallow foundations. A series of centrifuge tests for shallow foundations on saturated dense sand are performed under drained conditions and the test results are compared with the corresponding numerical results. Various footing dimensions, depths of embedment, and footing shapes are considered in these tests. In view of the load settlement relationships, the stiffness of the load-displacement curves is significantly affected by the non-coaxial model compared with those predicted by the coaxial model, and a lower value of non-coaxial modulus gives a softer response. Considering the soil behavior at failure, the coaxial model predictions of bearing capacity factors are more advanced than those of centrifuge test results and the non-coaxial model results;besides, the non-coaxial model gives better predictions. The non-coaxial model predictions are closer to those of the centrifuge results when a proper non-coaxial plastic modulus is chosen.

Application and Validation of a Multi-block Constitutive Model at Landslides of the Wenchuan Earthquake

A multi-block model and a corresponding computer program have been developed which predict the kinematics of landslides.Furthermore,a unique event for studying different models simulating the triggering and movement of landslides is the 2008Wenchuan earthquake in the mountainous region in Sichuan Province of China,which caused a large number of rapid landslides.The purpose of the paper is two-fold:(a)to propose and incorporate into the multi-block model constitutive relations predicting soil response along slip surfaces,and(b)to apply the multi-block model with the constitutive relations at landslides triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake.The proposed constitutive equations predict the shape of the shear stress-displacement response measured in ring shear tests.In the application,four landslides caused by the Wenchuan earthquake were considered.Only in one of these landslides the shear resistance-displacement response along the slip surface has been measured in laboratory tests.At this landslide,the triggering and movement of the landslide was predicted.In the other landslides,back analyses were performed and it was observed that the multi-block model predicted reasonably well the final configuration of all slides.In addition,as the measured and back-estimated total friction angle of all landslides was less than 180,and the materials along the slip surface were sandy,it is inferred that some,or all of the slip surface during these slides was sheared in an undrained manner and excess pore pressures generated during sliding played a key role in the triggering and movement of these landslides.Concluding,the paper(A)proposed and validated a multi-block constitutive model which can be applied to predict the triggering and movement of earthquake-induced slides and(B)by analyzing four landslides of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,it concludes that some,or all of the slip surface during these slides,was sheared in an undrained manner and excess pore pressures generated during sliding played a key role in the triggering and movement of these landslides.

一种状态变量相关的非饱和接触面弹塑性模型及验证

为研究非饱和土与结构的接触问题,基于状态相关概念和临界状态理论,以净法向应力和吸力为应力状态变量,在考虑吸力对屈服函数、流动法则和硬化定律等影响下,建立了非饱和土-结构接触面的弹塑性模型。通过砂土-钢和砂土-土工织物两种接触面的剪切试验结果,对模型的可靠性进行了验证。结果表明:该模型可描述不同初始状态的土-结构接触面力学行为,还能预测不同边界条件下(常法压、常刚度和常体积)接触面的剪应力、法向位移和应力路径变化。在此基础上,对不同吸力下的非饱和粉土-钢和风化花岗岩土(CDG)-混凝土接触面的剪切结果进行预测,发现随着吸力的增大,接触面峰值强度增大,应变软化和剪胀特征愈加明显,且由剪缩到剪胀转换的相变点所对应剪切位移减小。与已有模型相比,该模型参数更容易确定,计算的峰值强度和临界应力更接近实测值,且能反映峰值强度对应剪切位移随吸力减小的趋势,说明该模型能更好地考虑吸力对接触面峰值强度、临界状态和硬化特征的影响。

考虑岩石微缺陷影响的损伤本构模型

为准确描述岩石应力—应变曲线非线性过程,提出了考虑岩石微缺陷影响的损伤本构模型。首先对含微缺陷岩石进行分析,把含微缺陷岩石抽象成不含微缺陷的岩石骨架部分和微缺陷部分。岩石微缺陷包括初始空隙和岩石受载新增的微裂纹,微缺陷只能产生应变,不能承受应力。初始空隙产生的应变反映压密阶段的非线性特征,新增的微裂纹产生的应变反映岩石峰后阶段应变软化,用修正系数b来表示新增微缺陷的影响,假设岩石骨架部分的损伤符合Weibull概率分布,最后推导出基于微裂纹的损伤本构模型,并给出参数Vm、n、F0、m和b的确定方法,对模型参数进行讨论。用砂岩和苏长岩试验数据进行验证,结果显示试验数据与理论结果相吻合。

红黏土-混凝土接触面剪切特性及扰动本构模型

为研究不同法向应力下接触面应力-位移及破坏强度等特征,采用大型直剪仪对红黏土与混凝土结构接触面进行剪切试验。基于扰动状态理论对接触面剪切过程进行分析,在传统两参数Weibull分布函数的基础上引入扰动阈值参数γd,构建考虑初始扰动位置影响的接触面剪切扰动本构模型,并对该模型进行验证与讨论。试验结果表明:不同条件下接触面应力-位移曲线表现出典型的剪切软化特性,且其黏聚力c和内摩擦角φ均小于红黏土自身;构建的模型可较好地预测接触面在高法向应力和大剪切位移条件下的剪切应力应变关系,扰动阈值参数γd的合理取值范围为(0.7~0.9)γp(峰值剪应变)。

基于应变软化模型的地下储气库井筒水泥环完整性研究

地下储气库井筒水泥环完整性失效会导致储气库井筒出现环空带压问题。针对此问题,建立考虑水泥环强度演化特征的应变软化本构模型,运用FLAC~(3D)软件对地下储气库井筒注采天然气循环作业过程进行数值模拟研究,并对采用不同本构模型模拟计算得到的水泥环位移变化和应力分布情况进行了分析。结果表明:(1)建立的水泥环应变软化模型能够反映水泥环的主要力学性质;(2)在经历30次注采循环作业后,采用水泥环应变软化本构模型模拟计算得到的水泥环最大剪应变增量比采用莫尔-库仑本构模型的计算值大31.27%,并且考虑水泥环强度演化特征时,应力集中区域位于水泥环内侧,此时固井界面可能会产生微环隙,导致井筒水泥环完整性降低。该研究结果可为地下储气库井筒稳定性研究提供参考。

考虑剪胀性和应变软化的油砂非线性弹性模型

油砂力学模型是石油工程设计与开发的基础。为了更精确地描述油砂的剪胀和应变软化特征,本文提出了一种四参数形式的轴应变偏应力、轴应变体应变模型,对比分析了四参数模型、南水模型和修正的成都科大模型对风城油砂轴应变偏应力、轴应变体应变测试数据的拟合效果,最后对剪胀扩容诱导的绝对渗透率和水的有效渗透率增量进行了预测。研究表明,四参数模型比南水模型、修正的成都科大模型更能合理描述油砂的应变软化、剪胀效应以及体应变演化。根据四参数模型能够更精确地预测剪胀诱导的绝对渗透率以及水的有效渗透率增量,其预测误差比修正的成都科大模型小50%以上。本文提出的四参数模型可以为油砂钻完井及热采数值模拟分析提供关键依据。

深部软岩巷道围岩扩容与流变特性模拟研究及应用

深部软岩回采巷道围岩劣化、扩容和流变效应显著。基于增量塑性流动理论和流变理论,将改进伯格斯体、改进黏塑性体和应变软化塑性体串联建立了BVS模型,可描述围岩应变软化、塑性扩容、蠕变三阶段、稳定与非稳定蠕变、流变损伤和流变扩容6个力学特性。推导了该模型的三维增量本构方程,并开发出可供FLAC3D调用的数值形式。结合三维增量本构方程导出的参数辨识公式和中煤能源新集口孜东煤矿岩样试验数据,辨识了BVS模型的19个输入参数,并采用试验数据、理论解和数值计算结果相互印证的方式,对多种加载条件下单元件应力-应变响应、力学特性和模型整体进行严格校核。将BVS模型用于口孜东煤矿121302运输巷进行数值模拟计算,结果表明:掘进扰动较弱;流变期间围岩大范围持续劣化,呈顶板下沉量较小、巷帮锚固体整体内移和剧烈底臌的特点;回采影响强烈,使围岩大范围劣化,巷道断面强烈变形。底板泥岩持续臌起驱动不断扩容的底煤挤入巷道空间是发生剧烈底臌的主要原因;底板深度1.5 m处流变直接导致的软化参量全程仅占比0~16%,但流变损伤引起应力调整,间接导致软化参量增大。将数值模拟计算结果与井下实测数据进行了对比分析,表明BVS模型基本能反映深部软岩回采巷道围岩变形与破坏规律,但是2者还存在较大差异,仍需进一步完善BVS模型。

应变速率对T2紫铜热变形行为的影响

为研究T2紫铜热变形行为与应变速率的关系,在不同的试验温度和应变速率下,采用电子万能试验机及高温环境箱对T2紫铜进行了准静态拉伸试验,采用光学显微镜对T2紫铜进行了微观组织观测。结果表明,当温度为20~250℃、应变速率为10~(-4)~10~(-2) s~(-1)时,材料的抗拉强度最小值为629 MPa,最大值为767 MPa,变化率为21.94%;而屈服强度的最大、最小值分别为636和584 MPa,变化率为8.90%。通过Ludwick模型模拟,发现其应变硬化指数和强化系数均与温度成正相关,与应变速率负相关。在塑性变形阶段,材料的应变硬化、动态回复及动态再结晶并存,升高温度加剧了材料的锯齿流变行为。从微观组织中发现,升高温度、降低应变速率均使得变形孪晶增多,增加了位错运动的密度。结合试验结果建立了T2紫铜的Arrhenius双曲正弦与Johnson-Cook的本构模型,并验证了精确度。