V2V Channel Characterization and Modeling for Underground Parking Garages

As an important part of the intelligent transportation system(ITS),vehicle-to-vehicle(V2V)communication will improve the safety and efficiency of the transportation system by realizing the information transmission between vehicles.The underground parking garage is a typical scenario in V2V communication,but as an indoor environment,it is different from the conventional outdoor road scenarios significantly.Therefore,the purpose of this paper is to analyze and model the V2V channel characteristics of an underground garage.In this paper,a novel channel measurement carried out in the underground garage is first introduced.Considering that there are a lot of obstacles in an underground garage,the non-line-of-sight(NLoS)condition is taken into account during the measurement.Then,channel characteristic parameters,including large-scale fading,delay spread,and K-factor,are analyzed based on the measured data.In addition,we also carry out channel angle of arrival analysis,show the distribution of azimuth of arrival(AOA)and elevation of arrival(EOA)of multipath components(MPC),and conduct a statistical analysis of the angular spread.In the process of analysis and modeling,we focus on the differences between line-of-sight(LoS)and NLoS conditions.The analysis and conclusions presented in this paper will enrich the understanding of V2V channel and benefit the design of V2V communications.

Inclusion complexes of cefuroxime axetil with β-cyclodextrin:Physicochemical characterization, molecular modeling and effect of Larginine on complexation

The inclusion complexes of poorly water-soluble cephalosporin, cefuroxime axetil(CFA), were prepared with β-cyclodextrin(βCD) with or without addition of L-arginine(ARG) to improve its physicochemical properties. We also investigated the effect of ARG on complexation efficiency(CE) of βCD towards CFA in an aqueous medium through phase solubility behaviour according to Higuchi and Connors. Although phase solubility studies showed AL(linear) type of solubility curve in presence and absence of ARG, the CE and association constant(Ks) of βCD towards CFA were significantly promoted in presence of ARG,justifying its use as a ternary component. The solid systems of CFA with βCD were obtained by spray drying technique with or without incorporation of ARG and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), X-ray powder diffractometry(XRPD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and saturation solubility and dissolution studies. The molecular modeling studies provided a better insight into geometry and inclusion mode of CFA inside βCD cavity. The solubility and dissolution rate of CFA were significantly improved upon complexation with βCD as compared to CFA alone. However, ternary system incorporated with ARG performed better than binary system in physicochemical evaluation. In conclusion, ARG could be exploited as a ternary component to improve the physicochemical properties of CFA via βCD complexation.

Comprehensive Characterization Model of Integrated Cotton Fiber Quality Index

An integrated cotton fiber quality index （ICFQI） model with cotton fiber qualities which can directly express cotton fiber integrated quality and spinning yarn quality was studied. The fiber length, strength, Micronalre （fiber fineness and fiber maturity）, uniformity of fiber length, and short fiber content are the pivotal indexes expressing ICFQI. All of the results above are the basic knowledge to build up the models of ICFQI. According to spinning consistency index （SCI）, spinning strength and spinning yarn integrated quality, ICFQI was the best choice. As the methods of ICFQI had quite a lot of advantages like explicit mechanism, few independent variables. The integrated fiber quality index had a significant positive correlation with yarn strength and spinning consistency, significant negative correlation with yarn evenness and yarn thin places. In additional, the model of the relationship between ICFQI and SCI was established as： SCI=0. 235 6·ICFQI ＋56.153. It was concluded that ICFQI value was the shared reference index for the testing of fiber inspection agency and the selection and distribution of raw cotton bales by textile mills.

CHARACTERIZATIONS ON THE THIXOTROPY-LOOP TESTS USING UCM MODEL WITH A RATE-TYPE KINETIC EQUATION

The theoretical characterizations on the triangular-form thixotropy-loop tests of an LDPE melt （PE-FSB- 23D022/Q200） were conducted in the present paper by using a new thixotropy model, which is constituted by the upper convected Maxwell model and a rate-type kinetic equation. The new thixotropic Maxwell model can partially describe well three reported thixotropy-loop experiments by comparison with the previous calculations of the variant form of the thixotropy-type Huang model. It is noted that the stress deviations between the experiments and the predictions of the new thixotropic Maxwell model are much slighter than those deviations obtained by using the variant Huang model at the same condition, although both models include five parameters. The constitution of the new thixotropic Maxwell model is more reasonable than that of the variant Huang model.

Computer Modeling and Simulation of Ultrasonic System for Material Characterization

In this paper the system for simulation, measurement and processing in graphical user interface implementa- tion is presented. The received signal from the simulation is compared to that of an actual measurement in the time domain. The comparison of simulated, experimental data clearly shows that acoustic wave propaga- tion can be modeled. The feasibility has been demonstrated in an ultrasound transducer setup for material property investigations. The results of simulation are compared to experimental measurements. Results ob- tained fit some much with those found in experiment and show the validity of the used model. The simula- tion tool therefore provides a way to predict the received signal before anything is built. Furthermore, the use of an ultrasonic simulation package allows for the development of the associated electronics to amplify and process the received ultrasonic signals. Such a virtual design and testing procedure not only can save us time and money, but also provide better understanding on design failures and allow us to modify designs more efficiently and economically.

Characterization of Metallic Formation on Ion Exchange/Chelating Resins by Various Metal Groups and Extrapolation to Molecular Models

This paper examines the metallic rare earth element (REE) formations that grow on ion exchange/chelating resins. Formation of these stabilized metallic structures leads to composite particle destruction and appears to be the result of the dynamic environment of the batch experimentation. Polymeric structure, electron availability, pH, kinetic factors, and the REE f-orbitals play significant roles in the formation of the organometallic framework. f-orbitals are largely still not understood to a great extent but this work serves to elucidate the larger role they may play in ligand interactions. Molecular modeling was utilized as a secondary component in investigating rare earth element (REE) deposition onto ion exchange/chelating resins. Modeling of the f-orbital frontier regions and the application of the HOMO-LUMO transition’s effect on molecular transfer and stability is discussed. Advanced metallic loading, in the manner of an organometallic structure, shows short-term stability resulting in particle destruction as increased REE is adsorbed.

Synthesis and Characterization of Porphyrin-Trisbenzimidazole Dinucleating Ligand and Its Heterodinuclear Complex as CcO Active Site Model

A new dinucleating ligand having two metalbinding sites has been designed and synthesized as model ligand for Cytochrome c Oxidase. The corresponding heterodinuclear complex, as an active site model of Cytochrome c Oxidase, consisting of a porphyrinatocobalt compound covalently linked with a copper derivative of tris(2-benzimidazylmethyl) amine bearing three benzimidazole ligands for copper was synthesized and spectroscopically characterized. The spectra data suggest that there are interactions between the cobalt and copper coordination units. The cobalt is coordinated to four central nitrogens of the porphyrin and the copper has pentacoordinate geometry with the four tertiary amine nitrogens and a chloride.

Characterization and Modelling of High Temperature Flow Behaviour of V Modified 2.25Cr-1Mo Heat Resistant Steel Plate

In order to study the high temperature flow behaviour of the V modified 2.25Cr-1Mo steel plate to guide the industrial rolling practice, the hot compression tests were carried out at the temperatures from 900 ℃ to 1150 ℃ and the strain rates from 0.01s^-1 to 1 s^-1 on Thermecmastor-Z equipment. Based on the experimental data of the hot compression tests, a kind of Arrhenius-type constitutive equation was developed.The equation can accurately show the relationship between the flow stress and the deformation temperature, the strain and the strain rate. The measured true stress-true strain curves exhibit two kinds of flow stress curves. Moreover, the forming mechanisms of these two types curves were explained by softening, wok hardening theory as well as metallographic and hardness experimental results. The accuracy of the developed Arrheniustype constitutive equation was identified by three kinds of statistic parameters and also by comparison of the measured and predicted data. The reasonable value of the three types of statistic parameters and the good agreement between the experimental and predicted data can confirm the validity of the developed Arrheniustype constitutive equation for V modified 2.25 Cr-1 Mo heat resistant steel plate.

Molecular Characterization, 3D Modeling of Grass Carp Interleukin-10 Receptor 1 (IL10R1)

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an important cytokine that plays a pivotal role in natural and adaptive immune systems. However, in lower vertebrates, especially in teleost the receptor of this cytokine is still largely unknown. This paper described the cloning and characterization of grass carp interleukin-10 receptor 1 (gcIL10R1) and the 3D structure of its extracellular domain was predicted. The gcIL10R1 cDNA included 180 bp5’ untranslated region (UTR), 870 bp3’ UTR and an open reading frame (ORF) of 1632 bp. The ORF was found to encode a 543 amino acid protein with a putative JAK1 binding site, one STAT3 binding site. The phylogenetic analysis clusters gcIL10R1 with other teleost IL10R1s but independently of the amphibian, avian and mammalian IL10R1s. The 3D structure of its extracellular domain was the first homology model of a fish IL10R1 that revealed a high similarity with its mammalian and avian counterparts.

Evaluation of Unknown Groundwater Contaminant Sources Characterization Efficiency under Hydrogeologic Uncertainty in an Experimental Aquifer Site by Utilizing Surrogate Models

Characterization of unknown groundwater contaminant sources is an important but difficult step in effective groundwater management. The difficulties arise mainly due to the time of contaminant detection which usually happens a long time after the start of contaminant source(s) activities. Usually, limited information is available which also can be erroneous. This study utilizes Self-Organizing Map (SOM) and Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) algorithms to develop surrogate models that can approximate the complex flow and transport processes in a contaminated aquifer. The important feature of these developed surrogate models is that unlike the previous methods, they can be applied independently of any linked optimization model solution for characterizing of unknown groundwater contaminant sources. The performance of the developed surrogate models is evaluated for source characterization in an experimental contaminated aquifer site within the heterogeneous sand aquifer, located at the Botany Basin, New South Wales, Australia. In this study, the measured contaminant concentrations and hydraulic conductivity values are assumed to contain random errors. Simulated responses of the aquifer to randomly specified contamination stresses as simulated by using a three-dimensional numerical simulation model are utilized for initial training of the surrogate models. The performance evaluation results obtained by using different surrogate models are also compared. The evaluation results demonstrate the different capabilities of the developed surrogate models. These capabilities lead to development of an efficient methodology for source characterization based on utilizing the trained and tested surrogate models in an inverse mode. The obtained results are satisfactory and show the potential applicability of the SOM and GPR-based surrogate models for unknown groundwater contaminant source characterization in an inverse mode.

A Comprehensive Model for Evaluating Coalbed Methane Reservoirs in China

Coalbed methane reservoir （CBMR） evaluation is important for choosing the prospective target area for coalbed methane exploration and production. This study aims at identifying the characteristic parameters and methods to evaluate CBMR. Based on the geological surveys, laboratory measurements and field works, a four-level analytic hierarchy process （AHP） model for CBMR evaluation is proposed. In this model, different weights are prioritized and assigned on the basis of three main criteria （including reservoir physical property, storage capacity and geological characteristics）, 15 sub-criteria, and 18 technical alternatives; the later of which are discussed in detail. The model was applied to evaluate the CBMR of the Permo-Carboniferous coals in the Qinshui Basin, North China. This GIS-based fuzzy AHP comprehensive model can be used for the evaluation of CBMR of medium-high rank （mean maximum vitrinite reflectance 〉0.5 %） coal districts in China.

Characterization of three-dimensional channel reservoirs using ensemble Kalman filter assisted by principal component analysis

Ensemble-based analyses are useful to compare equiprobable scenarios of the reservoir models.However,they require a large suite of reservoir models to cover high uncertainty in heterogeneous and complex reservoir models.For stable convergence in ensemble Kalman filter(EnKF),increasing ensemble size can be one of the solutions,but it causes high computational cost in large-scale reservoir systems.In this paper,we propose a preprocessing of good initial model selection to reduce the ensemble size,and then,EnKF is utilized to predict production performances stochastically.In the model selection scheme,representative models are chosen by using principal component analysis(PCA)and clustering analysis.The dimension of initial models is reduced using PCA,and the reduced models are grouped by clustering.Then,we choose and simulate representative models from the cluster groups to compare errors of production predictions with historical observation data.One representative model with the minimum error is considered as the best model,and we use the ensemble members near the best model in the cluster plane for applying EnKF.We demonstrate the proposed scheme for two 3D models that EnKF provides reliable assimilation results with much reduced computation time.

A general evaluation system for optimal selection performance of radar clutter model

The optimal selection of radar clutter model is the premise of target detection,tracking,recognition,and cognitive waveform design in clutter background.Clutter characterization models are usually derived by mathematical simplification or empirical data fitting.However,the lack of standard model labels is a challenge in the optimal selection process.To solve this problem,a general three-level evaluation system for the model selection performance is proposed,including model selection accuracy index based on simulation data,fit goodness indexs based on the optimally selected model,and evaluation index based on the supporting performance to its third-party.The three-level evaluation system can more comprehensively and accurately describe the selection performance of the radar clutter model in different ways,and can be popularized and applied to the evaluation of other similar characterization model selection.

Performance-based fractal fracture model for complex fracture network simulation

The paper presents a novel hydraulic fracturing model for the characterization and simulation of the complex fracture network in shale gas reservoirs. We go beyond the existing method that uses planar or orthogonal conjugate fractures for representing the ＇＇complexity＇＇ of the network. Bifurcation of fractures is performed utilizing the Lindenmayer system based on fractal geometry to describe the fracture propagation pattern, density and network connectivity. Four controlling parameters are proposed to describe the details of complex fractures and stimulated reservoir volume（SRV）. The results show that due to the multilevel feature of fractal fractures, the model could provide a simple method for contributing reservoir volume calibration. The primary-and second-stage fracture networks across the overall SRV are the main contributions to the production, while the induced fracture network just contributes another 20% in the late producing period. We also conduct simulation with respect to different refracturing cases and find that increasing the complexity of the fracture network provides better performance than only enhancing the fracture conductivity.

Multi-parameter quantitative assessment of 3D geological models for complex fault-block oil reservoirs

In the field of 3 D geologic modeling, researchers often pay more attention to modeling methods and workflows, but neglect the quantitative evaluation of models. If the evaluation is narrowed to the same reservoir type, the comparability and practicality of quantitative assessment will be emerging. The evaluation system should include three parts: data verification, geological understanding and process check. Data verification mainly involves testing the accuracy of local prediction with actual data, and geological understanding is to examine whether the global estimation honors geological principles and prior insights. Process check is also indispensable to avoid occasionality. To this end, we produced a set of assessment criteria, taking complex fault-block sandstone oil reservoir as an example. To be specific, thirteen characteristic parameters were totally selected, setting weights according to their rated importance, formulating three-level evaluation standards in a centesimal system for each characteristic parameter, and obtaining the final assessment based on the cumulative score. The results indicate that such evaluation can not only access the quality of the model objectively and comprehensively, but also identify the aspects in need of improvement through the deduction items.

Modelling of Photovoltaic Modules Optical Losses Due to Saharan Dust Deposition in Dakar, Senegal, West Africa

This study aims to evaluate the optical losses of photovoltaic modules due to Saharan dust deposition in Dakar, Senegal, West Africa. For this purpose, an air-dust-glass system is modeled to simulate optical losses in transmittance and reflectance. To do this, we have collected dust samples from Photo-Voltaic (PV) surface in Dakar area (14°42'N latitude, 17°28'W longitude), Senegal. X-ray fluorescence reveals that silicon (Si), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) mainly composed these dust samples. Then, dust refractive indices obtained from an ellipsometer were used as an input to be used in the model. Simulations show that for radiation (at normal incidence) arriving on a dust layer of 30 μm-thick (corresponding to a dust deposit of 1.63 g/m2), 79% of the visible spectrum is transmitted; 19% is reflected and 2% is absorbed. Overall, the transmittance decreases by more than 50% as of dust layer of 70 μm-thick corresponding to a dust deposit of 3.3 g/m2.

Model of In Situ Composite of Cobalt(Ⅱ)-Phthalocyanine and Carbonyl Iron for Organic/Inorganic Nanocomposites

Cobalt-phthalocyanine/iron nanocomposite particles have been obtained using method of composite in situ, with the mixture of carbonyl iron and solution of cobalt ( Ⅱ ) - phthalocyanine (Co-Pc) ultrasonic dispersing in N,N-dimethyl-formamide (DMF). Structure characterization of their inner and surface have relation with method of carbonyl iron joined in the mixture, contents of carbonyl iron and Co-Pc in the mixture of Co-Pc ultrasonic dispersing in DMF. With a method of composite in situ controlling reasonable experiment condition, it can be obtained that cobalt-phthalocyanine/iron nanocomposite particles has completely been covered with Co-Pc, they had structure of Chinese gooseberry in inner and mere made up of almost regular spherical shape and the average diameter is 1. 4 μm.

Three-Dimensional Modelling of a Multi-Layer Sandstone Reservoir： the Sebei Gas Field, China

Multi-layer sandstone reservoirs occur globally and are currently in international production. The 3D characteristics of these reservoirs are too complicated to be accurately delineated by general structural-facies-reservoir modelling. In view of the special geological features, such as the vertical architecture of sandstone and mudstone interbeds, the lateral stable sedimentation and the strong heterogeneity of reservoir poroperm and fluid distribution, we developed a new three-stage and six-phase procedure for 3D characterization of multi-layer sandstone reservoirs. The procedure comprises two-phase structural modelling, two-phase facies modelling and modelling of two types of reservoir properties. Using this procedure, we established models of the formation structure, sand body structure and microfacies, reservoir facies and properties including porosity, permeability and gas saturation and provided a 3D fine-scale, systematic characterization of the Sebei multi-layer sandstone gas field, China. This new procedure, validated by the Sebei gas field, can be applied to characterize similar multi-layer sandstone reservoirs.

Quantitative Geomorphometrics for Terrain Characterization

The relationship between geology and landforms has long been established with quantitative analysis dating back more than 100 years. The surface expression of various subsurface lithologies motivates our effort to develop an automated terrain classification algorithm based solely on topographic information. The nexus of several factors has recently provided the opportunity to advance our understanding of the relationship between topography and geology within a rigorous quantitative framework, including recent advances in the field of geomorphometrics (the science of quantitative land surface analysis), the availability of very high resolution (sub meter) digital elevation models, and increasing sophisticated geomorphology and image analysis techniques. In the present study, the geological and geomorphological units in an exemplar study area located in Western U.S. (southern Nevada) have been delineated through an evaluation of a high resolution (1-meter and 0.25-meter) digital elevation model. The morphological aspects of these features obtained from DEMs generated from different sources are compared. Our analysis demonstrates that a 1-meter DEM can provide a terrain characterization that can differentiate underlying lithological types and a very high resolution DEM (0.25 meter) can be used to evaluate fracture patterns.

多组分多层级3D打印材料研究进展

多组分多层级3D打印材料(McMl3DPMs)是一种新兴的先进材料,源于多孔材料、复合材料和增材制造的融合。由于增材制造赋予了Mc Ml3DPMs三维架构跨越广泛组分构成和结构类型的能力,Mc Ml3DPMs拥有杰出的机械性能,甚至是通常被认为相互排斥的性能(例如高强度和高韧性)。本文重点介绍为了实现高性能结构用Mc Ml3DPMs所必须解决的科学挑战以及最近研究工作对此做出的努力,将从结构设计、制造过程建模、缺陷表征和性能评价3个方面对相关案例进行回顾。最后,本文指出了当前研究的不足之处,并展望了Mc Ml3DPMs的未来发展,包括讨论了进一步推进这一新兴领域发展的几个可能的研究方向。