The primary aim of this paper is to critically evaluate the deductive model of ethical applications,which is based on normative ethical theories like deontology and consequentialism,and to show why a number of models ...The primary aim of this paper is to critically evaluate the deductive model of ethical applications,which is based on normative ethical theories like deontology and consequentialism,and to show why a number of models have failed to furnish appropriate resolutions to practical moral problems.Here,for the deductive model,I want to call it a“Linear Mechanical Model”because the basic assumption of this model is that if a normative theory is sacrosanct,then the case is as it is.The conclusion derived from the case will also be correct,true and acceptable.However,traditional ethicists used to apply their ethical theories,but they did not know which moral theory was effective on the ground level of reality.The study will show readers how ethical theories are in conflict with each other in the case of euthanasia.In more precise words,“which ethical theories are said to be applied,meta-ethical or normative,or both for the resolution of ethical problems?If normative theories are said to be applied,how the application can take place when it is contrary to our experience,that(then)in a situation of moral crises,no one really applies a theory?”For that,my argument is the linear model has failed because it is rigid,often ignores the agents’intrinsic values,and has no space to amend it,no matter how bizarre the consequence is.Its alternative is the Inductive model.For that,the paper will take three moral principles(autonomy,beneficence including maleficence,and justice)of Beauchamp&Childress.This suggests us for resolving value-laden moral problems,we should consider some steps such as a)recognising moral issues to start with;b)developing the moral imagination;c)sharpening analytical/critical skills;d)testing out disagreements;e)effecting decisions and behavior;and f)implementation,closure,and process are of vital importance,in other words,it starts with the free and informed consensus of all interested parties,but this model also has been failed because the model could not give a systematic organization to their way of resolution.Here,my argument is that the inductive model provides resolution of the practical problem but ignores what is ethically obligatory,permissible,or wrong in that situation,and there are no appropriate suggestions in the case of a moral crisis.展开更多
We are constrained by widespread cancerous diseases to improve treatment methods which save patients and provide better living conditions during and after the treatment period.Because of the complexity of the treatmen...We are constrained by widespread cancerous diseases to improve treatment methods which save patients and provide better living conditions during and after the treatment period.Because of the complexity of the treatment process,mathematical models need to be used in order to have a better understanding of the process.However,deriving an adequate complex model that can capture the disease pattern which could be confirmed by simulations and experiments has its own barriers.In this paper,a new mathematical model is developed concerning immune system effect on cancer.The model is introduced using nonlinear ordinary differential equations.Also,the qualitative behavior of the proposed system is studied in order to examine the extent of the model with respect to the nature of tumor evolution.Thus,number and status of equilibria points in line with the existence of limit cycles are obtained for sub-systems and the whole system.Meanwhile,possible bifurcations are mentioned,and the consequent evolutions are described.It is shown that the model conforms well to natural possibilities,cancer growth or remission.Thus,the model would be fit for further studies for prediction and contemplating treatment method,especially for immune stimulating drugs and immunotherapy.展开更多
As more and more companies have captured and analyzed huge volumes of data to improve the performance of supply chain, this paper develops a big data harvest model that uses big data as inputs to make more informed pr...As more and more companies have captured and analyzed huge volumes of data to improve the performance of supply chain, this paper develops a big data harvest model that uses big data as inputs to make more informed production decisions in the food supply chain. By introducing a method of Bayesian network, this paper integrates sample data and finds a cause-and-effect between data to predict market demand. Then the deduction graph model that translates products demand into processes and divides processes into tasks and assets is presented, and an example of how big data in the food supply chain can be combined with Bayesian network and deduction graph model to guide production decision. Our conclusions indicate that the analytical framework has vast potential for supporting support decision making by extracting value t^om big data.展开更多
文摘The primary aim of this paper is to critically evaluate the deductive model of ethical applications,which is based on normative ethical theories like deontology and consequentialism,and to show why a number of models have failed to furnish appropriate resolutions to practical moral problems.Here,for the deductive model,I want to call it a“Linear Mechanical Model”because the basic assumption of this model is that if a normative theory is sacrosanct,then the case is as it is.The conclusion derived from the case will also be correct,true and acceptable.However,traditional ethicists used to apply their ethical theories,but they did not know which moral theory was effective on the ground level of reality.The study will show readers how ethical theories are in conflict with each other in the case of euthanasia.In more precise words,“which ethical theories are said to be applied,meta-ethical or normative,or both for the resolution of ethical problems?If normative theories are said to be applied,how the application can take place when it is contrary to our experience,that(then)in a situation of moral crises,no one really applies a theory?”For that,my argument is the linear model has failed because it is rigid,often ignores the agents’intrinsic values,and has no space to amend it,no matter how bizarre the consequence is.Its alternative is the Inductive model.For that,the paper will take three moral principles(autonomy,beneficence including maleficence,and justice)of Beauchamp&Childress.This suggests us for resolving value-laden moral problems,we should consider some steps such as a)recognising moral issues to start with;b)developing the moral imagination;c)sharpening analytical/critical skills;d)testing out disagreements;e)effecting decisions and behavior;and f)implementation,closure,and process are of vital importance,in other words,it starts with the free and informed consensus of all interested parties,but this model also has been failed because the model could not give a systematic organization to their way of resolution.Here,my argument is that the inductive model provides resolution of the practical problem but ignores what is ethically obligatory,permissible,or wrong in that situation,and there are no appropriate suggestions in the case of a moral crisis.
文摘We are constrained by widespread cancerous diseases to improve treatment methods which save patients and provide better living conditions during and after the treatment period.Because of the complexity of the treatment process,mathematical models need to be used in order to have a better understanding of the process.However,deriving an adequate complex model that can capture the disease pattern which could be confirmed by simulations and experiments has its own barriers.In this paper,a new mathematical model is developed concerning immune system effect on cancer.The model is introduced using nonlinear ordinary differential equations.Also,the qualitative behavior of the proposed system is studied in order to examine the extent of the model with respect to the nature of tumor evolution.Thus,number and status of equilibria points in line with the existence of limit cycles are obtained for sub-systems and the whole system.Meanwhile,possible bifurcations are mentioned,and the consequent evolutions are described.It is shown that the model conforms well to natural possibilities,cancer growth or remission.Thus,the model would be fit for further studies for prediction and contemplating treatment method,especially for immune stimulating drugs and immunotherapy.
文摘As more and more companies have captured and analyzed huge volumes of data to improve the performance of supply chain, this paper develops a big data harvest model that uses big data as inputs to make more informed production decisions in the food supply chain. By introducing a method of Bayesian network, this paper integrates sample data and finds a cause-and-effect between data to predict market demand. Then the deduction graph model that translates products demand into processes and divides processes into tasks and assets is presented, and an example of how big data in the food supply chain can be combined with Bayesian network and deduction graph model to guide production decision. Our conclusions indicate that the analytical framework has vast potential for supporting support decision making by extracting value t^om big data.
