Influence on the Ground and Air and Mathematical Description of the High-Voltage Discharge

According to trends of the development the high-voltage devices’ usage and unpredictable weather causes,we find it very important to research electrical discharge from different sources.In our opinion,the most important is to analyze an influence of the atmospheric electricity on the air and ground, create an exact mathematical model of the physical processes,and describe the ecological influence.

Electrical model and experimental analysis of a double spiral structure surface dielectric barrier discharge

A surface dielectric barrier discharge (SDBD) can discharge at atmospheric pressure and produce a large area of low-temperature plasma.An SDBD plasma reactor based on the double spiral structure is introduced in this paper.To study the discharge mechanism of SDBD,an equivalent circuit model was proposed based on the analysis of the micro-discharge process of SDBD.Matlab/Simulink is used to simulate and compare the voltage-current waves,Lissajous and discharge power with the experimental results.The consistency of the results verifies the validity of the SDBD equivalent circuit model.Maxwell software based on the finite elements method is used to analyze the electrostatic field distribution of the device,which can better explain the relationship between the discharge image and the electrostatic field distribution.The combination of equivalent circuit simulation and electrostatic field simulation can provide better guidance for optimizing a plasma generator.Finally,the device is used to treat PM2.5 and formaldehyde.The test results show that the degradation rate of PM2.5 can reach 78% after 24 min,and formaldehyde is about 31.5% after 10m in of plasma treatment.

Air Plasma Mitigation of Shock Wave

Shock wave is a detriment in the development of supersonic aircrafts;it increases flow drag as well as surface heating from additional friction;it also initiates sonic boom on the ground which precludes supersonic jetliner to fly overland. A shock wave mitigation technique is demonstrated by experiments conducted in a Mach 2.5 wind tunnel. Non-thermal air plasma generated symmetrically in front of a wind tunnel model and upstream of the shock, by on-board 60 Hz periodic electric arc discharge, works as a plasma deflector, it deflects incoming flow to transform the shock from a well-defined attached shock into a highly curved shock structure. In a sequence with increasing discharge intensity, the transformed curve shock increases shock angle and moves upstream to become detached with increasing standoff distance from the model. It becomes diffusive and disappears near the peak of the discharge. The flow deflection increases the equivalent cone angle of the model, which in essence, reduces the equivalent Mach number of the incoming flow, manifesting the reduction of the shock wave drag on the cone. When this equivalent cone angle exceeds a critical angle, the shock becomes detached and fades away. This shock wave mitigation technique helps drag reduction as well as eliminates sonic boom.

Refrigerant Control Strategies for Residential Air-Conditioning and Heat-Pump System

This paper simulated the optimal refrigerant charge inventory of a refrigeration system in air-conditioning operation and heat-pump operation respectively,and studied the refrigerant control strategies in this system.The void fraction in two-phase fluid region was calculated by Harms model.And based on distributed parameter model and Harms model,the refrigerant charge inventory in condenser and evaporator were calculated and analyzed in air-conditioning conditions and heat-pump conditions,respectively.The calculating results of different refrigerant mass between refrigeration and heating conditions indicate that the optimal refrigerant charge inventory in heat-pump conditions is lower than that in air-conditioning conditions.To avoid the decrease of COP due to the surplus refrigerant in heating conditions,we introduced the liquid reservoir control method and associate capillary control method.Both of them could increase the heating capacity of the air-source heat pump.The difference of optimal refrigerant charge inventory in air-conditioning and heat-pump system can be controlled by the liquid reservoir or the associate capillary.

An iterative computation method for interpreting and extending an analytical battery model

Battery models are of great importance to develop portable computing systems,for whether the design of low power hardware architecture or the design of battery-aware scheduling policies.In this paper,we present a physically justified iterative computing method to illustrate the discharge,recovery and charge process of Li/Li-ion batteries.The discharge and recovery processes correspond well to an existing accurate analytical battery model:R-V-W's analytical model,and thus interpret this model algorithmically.Our method can also extend R-V-W's model easily to accommodate the charge process.The work will help the system designers to grasp the characteristics of R-V-W's battery model and also,enable to predict the battery behavior in the charge process in a uniform way as the discharge process and the recovery process.Experiments are performed to show the ac-curacy of the extended model by comparing the predicted charge times with those derived from the DUALFOIL simulations.Various profiles with different combinations of battery modes were tested.The experimental results show that the extended battery model preserves high accuracy in predicting the charge behavior.

Electrical modeling of dielectric barrier discharge considering surface charge on the plasma modified material

We present the variations of electrical parameters of dielectric barrier discharge(DBD)when the DBD generator is used for the material modification,whereas the relevant physical mechanism is also elaborated.An equivalent circuit model is applied for a DBD generator working in a filament discharging mode,considering the addition of epoxy resin(EP)as the plasma modified material.The electrical parameters are calculated through the circuit model.The surface conductivity,surface potential decay,trap distributions and surface charge distributions on the EP surface before and after plasma treatments were measured and calculated.It is found that the coverage area of micro-discharge channels on the EP surface is increased with the discharging time under the same applied AC voltage.The results indicate that the plasma modified material could influence the ignition of new filaments in return during the modification process.Moreover,the surface conductivity and density of shallow traps with low trap energy of the EP samples increase after the plasma treatment.The surface charge distributions indicate that the improved surface properties accelerate the movement and redistribution of charge carriers on the EP surface.The variable electrical parameters of discharge are attributed to the redistribution of deposited surface charge on the plasma modified EP sample surface.

Modeling and Simulations in Symmetrical Supercapacitors Using Time Domain Mathematical Expressions

This study presents the deduction of time domain mathematical equations to simulate the curve of the charging process of a symmetrical electrochemical supercapacitor with activated carbon electrodes fed by a source of constant electric potential in time ε and the curve of the discharge process through two fixed resistors. The first resistor RCo is a control that aims to prevent sudden variations in the intensity of the electric current i1(t) present at the terminals of the electrochemical supercapacitor at the beginning of the charging process. The second resistor is the internal resistance RA of the ammeter used in the calculation of the intensity of the electric current i1(t) over time in the charging and discharging processes. The mathematical equations generated were based on a 2R(C + kUC(t)) electrical circuit model and allowed to simulate the effects of the potential-dependent capacitance (kUC(t)) on the charge and discharge curves and hence on the calculated values of the fixed capacitance C, the equivalent series resistance (ESR), the equivalent parallel resistance (EPR) and the electrical potential dependent capacitance index k.

天然酯绝缘油-纸界面的多分支流注放电仿真

油-纸界面的局部放电是油浸式变压器中油-纸绝缘失效的主要原因之一。文中在多分支流注放电数值模型的基础上进一步考虑油-纸界面的电荷输运特性,构建油-纸绝缘系统中的多分支流注放电模型,并利用有限元法分别对天然酯绝缘油和绝缘纸介电常数配比、针电极与纸板的间距影响下的沿面放电特性进行研究。结果表明,针电极与纸板的间距及绝缘油与绝缘纸的介电常数配比均会显著影响流注分支;针电极与纸板的间距越小,油-纸界面处的流注分支间的抑制越明显,油-纸界面的流注对z-轴流注的影响更显著;当绝缘油介电常数比纸板大时,流注在油中的发展和分支更为显著,反之则流注更易沿纸板表面发展及在油-纸界面聚集电荷。

电动汽车双层优化模型的充放电调度策略

传统的分时电价策略虽然一定程度上可以改善电动汽车无序充电所产生的电网日负荷峰谷差加大、负荷率降低等状况,但易产生新的负荷高峰,并且当前多目标优化等策略削峰填谷效果欠佳或用户参与度不高。针对上述问题,提出一种基于双层优化模型的调度策略以充分考虑电网和用户两侧需求。第1层模型以优化电网日负荷方差最小为目标函数;第2层优化模型建立以车主充电成本最小以及保证用户出行需求的目标函数,然后用改进的粒子群-模拟退火算法对双层优化模型进行循环迭代求解,并将第2层优化后的结果反馈给第1层,以此循环优化,输出最终结果。对比优化前后的负荷曲线,结果表明:与当前优化策略相比,所提出的基于双层优化模型的V2G调度策略能有效降低新的负荷高峰及负荷峰谷差,减少参与V2G的用户成本,实现两侧双赢。

独立充放时序SIDO开关变换器电流型变频控制技术

单电感双输出(single-inductor dual-output,SIDO)开关变换器工作在共享充放时序下存在电感电流纹波大、输出支路间交叉影响严重以及电路参数宽范围变化下控制电路不能正常工作等问题.为此,提出一种独立充放时序电流型变频控制(current-mode variable frequency control,C-VF)技术.首先,具体描述变换器在连续导电模式(continuous conduction mode,CCM)下的工作原理,并推导主电路开环传递函数;进一步构建闭环小信号模型,推导闭环交叉阻抗,详细分析不同输出电压及负载电流下变换器的交叉影响特性;最后,通过仿真和实验进行验证.研究表明:相较于共享充放时序,独立充放时序C-VF CCM SIDO buck变换器减小了交叉影响,改善了负载瞬态响应性能;当两支路负载电压不等时,减轻某一支路负载可以降低该支路的交叉影响;当两支路输出电压相同但负载不同时,重载支路对轻载支路的交叉影响更小.

气隙长度对大气压下环氧树脂阻挡放电的影响研究

为了研究气隙长度对大气压下介质阻挡放电的影响机制,从而进一步明晰介质阻挡放电的放电机理及特性,基于气体放电流体模型,针对长度3 mm以下的环氧树脂阻挡同轴电极气隙,在外施电场恒定的条件下对其放电微观过程进行仿真,从带电粒子微观运动角度研究气隙长度对气隙放电特性的影响。仿真结果表明:在长度小于3 mm的气隙中,环氧树脂的阻挡导致电子崩无法发展成为流注,其放电形式为汤森放电;气隙长度对放电过程的影响主要通过改变带电粒子的分布和电场强度来实现;气隙长度对放电发展速度几乎没有影响;当电子崩靠近较短气隙的阳极时,其崩头密度低于较长气隙;随着气隙长度的增加,放电电流峰值增大,上升速度和降落速度增加,脉冲宽度减小。通过对比理论计算与实验结果,证明了仿真方法的合理性。

基于动爆冲击波演化规律的超压计算模型

为建立动爆冲击波超压的工程计算模型,开展了球形装药动爆试验和数值模拟研究,获取了动爆冲击波场演化历程图像,定量分析了装药速度对冲击波波阵面传播速度的影响。结果表明:在装药速度影响下爆轰产物各向膨胀速度不再相同,爆轰产物膨胀速度的变化使得冲击波强度和空间位置分布发生了相应的变化,正向冲击波强度更高,更早与爆轰产物相分离。在静爆冲击波演化模型的基础上,通过引入含有角度和传播时间的修正因子,建立了静动爆关联的球形装药动爆冲击波超压计算模型。采用该模型计算得到的不同速度、不同药量球形装药冲击波压力与试验结果吻合较好,模型具有一定普适性。

基于矩阵变换器的飞轮储能模型预测控制策略

飞轮储能系统常用的背靠背变换器中间存在直流环节及电解电容,使得变换器体积庞大,而且直流环节电解电容器会带来直流电压控制、寿命和维护成本等问题。针对上述问题,采用矩阵变换器作为飞轮储能系统的控制变换器,有效地融入了矩阵变换器的优势,避免了背靠背变流器中直流环节及电解电容带来的问题。在分析储能系统工作原理的基础上,考虑到矩阵变换器电压传输比的限制,通过理论计算得出基于矩阵变换器的飞轮储能系统的运行范围。通过理论分析得到了飞轮储能系统功率与飞轮转速的关系,然后利用转速外环电流内环的双闭环控制方式实现对飞轮储能系统的控制。电流内环采用模型预测控制策略对矩阵变换器进行控制,从而实现飞轮储能系统的充放电控制。Matlab/Simulink中的仿真结果验证了运行范围分析的准确性和所提控制策略的有效性.

带电器件模型静电放电等效仿真电路与计算分析

带电器件模型(CDM)静电放电描述的是器件自身出现静电感应带电进而形成静电放电冲击的过程,是航天器电子产品地面电装/装联过程中面临的主要静电放电风险之一。针对CDM静电放电开展等效电路模型研究与设计,对其充/放电原理及发生过程进行分析;对该等效电路模型进行理论、实验与仿真研究,考察各参数对静电放电波形特性的影响。比对验证表明,等效电路的放电波形与标准波形具有较高的一致性:CDM静电放电表现为上升沿为百ps量级、最大峰值电流为数A量级、正/负周期多次振荡的冲击信号;器件自身等效电容越大则冲击脉冲越强,通路电阻也会明显改变静电冲击波形样态。地面操作中应充分考虑CDM静电放电风险,采取措施降低静电放电对电路和器件可能造成的损伤。

装药结构对硬质岩隧洞轮廓成型效果的影响研究

硬质岩隧洞的轮廓成型效果对提高围岩稳定性和降低支护成本具有重要意义。以优化隧洞轮廓孔单孔装药量和装药结构为目标,首先,理论分析了隧洞爆破中轮廓孔装药参数的取值范围;其次,分别以1200 g、900 g、750 g、600 g的单孔装药量进行了硬质岩隧洞爆破试验,并借助激光扫描仪对隧洞轮廓成型效果进行了扫描分析;最后,利用断裂力学模型分析了不同单孔装药量的隧洞轮廓成型效果。结果表明:当硬质岩隧洞的轮廓孔装药参数在合理范围内时,单孔装药量越小,爆破产生的孔间裂缝数量越少,岩体损伤范围也越小;当装药量由1200 g降低至600 g时,隧洞轮廓超挖体积由6.53 m^(3)降低至2.02 m^(3),但由孔位误差导致的轮廓欠挖体积由0.15 m^(3)增大0.26 m^(3);断裂力学模型在硬质岩隧洞轮廓爆破的模拟中优于损伤模型,模型计算得隧洞轮廓上的半孔数与观察值吻合较好。研究成果可为类似硬质岩隧洞爆破开挖中轮廓成型效果优化提供技术与方法借鉴。

基于风冷的锂离子电池充放电设备热特性影响研究

针对锂离子电池充放电设备内电池组温升过高、温度一致性不好的问题,以风冷系统充放电设备为研究对象,基于数值传热学理论,建立热力学计算模型并结合测试验证。通过抽象充放电设备散热特征,提取了两个影响电池组热特性的主要因素。针对不同托盘通风结构及不同风机布局分别设计了研究方案,并分析了不同托盘通风孔、不同托盘环形风口、不同风机位置及不同风机数量对电池组热特性及充放电设备流场的影响。结果表明:充放电设备放电温升测试数据与仿真数据接近,说明热力学模型准确;托盘通风孔对电池组热特性有一定积极影响,但作用有限;托盘环形风口通过提升电池表面湍动能强度,增强电池表面对流换热效果,从而对电池组热特性起关键作用;风机位置正对电池时,电池组具备更好的换热效果;风机数量与电池组热特性呈正相关关系,当风机数量为6时,既能满足电池组热特性,又能提高系统能耗。研究结果可为锂离子电池充放电设备的热特性管理提供一定的指导。

基于盐穴的压缩空气储能充放气过程仿真研究

为了定量分析地下盐穴储气库在充放气过程中的热力学行为,构建盐穴充放气热力学模型并进行仿真计算,系统分析盐穴储气系统在整个“充气—储气—放气—储气”连续过程内的动态变化。结果显示,在时间维度上,盐穴内部的气体压力和温度表现出“升—降—降—升”的规律性变化;在空间维度上,由于重力效应,盐穴内部的压力从上至下逐渐增大,而盐穴内部温度分布则因自然对流呈上高下低的分布特点。此外,若首次静置储气后未及时进行放气操作,系统将持续损失能量,进而对能量存储产生负面影响,并且随着长时间的静置储气,盐穴内压缩空气的温度最终降低至未充气前的初始温度。

柱形装药空中运动爆炸冲击波荷载计算模型

为预测战斗部的爆炸威力,对柱形装药运动爆炸的入射和反射冲击波峰值超压和最大冲量开展数值仿真研究。首先,基于AUTODYN有限元分析程序提出了“三阶段”装药运动爆炸有限元分析方法,通过与已有静止和运动爆炸试验结果对比,验证了方法的可靠性。然后,考虑装药运动速度、长径比、比例距离、方位角和刚性反射等影响因素,开展了运动爆炸工况下200组柱形装药的数值模拟。结果表明:相较于静爆,动爆冲击波场整体前移,波阵面强度在装药运动方向增强而在反方向减弱,该影响与装药运动速度正相关。最后,针对柱形装药空中自由场运动爆炸和垂直于目标迎爆面运动爆炸的典型工况,分别提出了装药运动爆炸入射和反射冲击波峰值超压以及最大冲量的计算模型。该模型与2种战斗部柱形TNT装药运动爆炸工况的数值模拟结果符合良好,能较好地计算柱形装药空中运动爆炸冲击波荷载。

高阶显微分析技术在CDM失效问题上的应用

带电器件模型(CDM)是引起静电放电(ESD)失效问题的主要模型,特别是先进制程和高速射频电路,CDM的故障定位与根因分析对优化ESD设计和改善ESD防护至关重要。借助高阶显微分析技术,如等离子体聚焦离子束(PFIB)、导电原子力显微镜(C-AFM)、电子束感应电流(EBIC)、透射电子显微镜(TEM),可以快速准确地定位失效位置并确认失效机理。通过分析先进制程芯片射频电路增益降低问题,确定了CDM泄放路径与失效形貌,并解释了CDM的损伤机理。通过高阶显微分析技术研究CDM失效问题,有助于优化ESD防护电路,提高芯片可靠性。

基于强化学习考虑电池损耗的电动汽车充放电控制算法

随着电动汽车数量的逐步增加,其接入对电网的负荷带来显著影响。在这一背景下,V2G/G2V技术被广泛认为能在电网管理方面发挥重要作用。以电动汽车的充放电控制算法为研究对象,引入了一种基于软演员评论家(SAC)的深度强化学习算法,从而实现对电动汽车连续充放电行为的精细控制。研究着眼于解决电网中负荷时序动态变化的难题,通过调整不同车辆在不同电价条件下的充放电功率,最大程度地提升用户的经济效益。此外,为应对充放电过程中可能导致电池损耗加剧的问题,引入了基于物理混合神经网络(PHNN)的电池损耗预测模型。同时,通过将充放电过程建模为马尔可夫决策问题,并将PHNN模型融入电动汽车的充放电控制中,构建了一个全新的奖励函数,以精确量化电池损耗所带来的成本。基于SAC算法,该奖励函数用于学习最优的充放电策略。实验结果显示,该算法能够有效地调控车辆的充放电行为,发挥电力网络调控作用,同时在充放电过程中降低对电池寿命造成的损耗,进一步保障用户经济利益。