Improving maize growth and development simulation by integrating temperature compensatory effect under plastic film mulching into the AquaCrop model

Temperature compensatory effect, which quantifies the increase in cumulative air temperature from soil temperature increase caused by mulching, provides an effective method for incorporating soil temperature into crop models. In this study, compensated temperature was integrated into the AquaCrop model to investigate the capability of the compensatory effect to improve assessment of the promotion of maize growth and development by plastic film mulching(PM). A three-year experiment was conducted from2014 to 2016 with two maize varieties(spring and summer) and two mulching conditions(PM and non-mulching(NM)), and the AquaCrop model was employed to reproduce crop growth and yield responses to changes in NM, PM, and compensated PM. A marked difference in soil temperature between NM and PM was observed before 50 days after sowing(DAS) during three growing seasons. During sowing–emergence and emergence–tasseling, the increase in air temperature was proportional to the compensatory coefficient, with spring maize showing a higher compensatory temperature than summer maize. Simulation results for canopy cover(CC) were generally in good agreement with the measurements, whereas predictions of aboveground biomass and grain yield under PM indicated large underestimates from 60 DAS to the end of maturity. Simulations of spring maize biomass and yield showed general increase based on temperature compensation, accompanied by improvement in modeling accuracy, with RMSEs decreasing from 2.5 to 1.6 t ha^(-1)and from 4.1 t to 3.4 t ha^(-1). Improvement in biomass and yield simulation was less pronounced for summer than for spring maize, implying that crops grown during low-temperature periods would benefit more from the compensatory effect. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of the temperature compensatory effect to improve the performance of the AquaCrop model in simulating maize growth under PM practices.

Evaluating the soil evaporation loss rate in a gravel-sand mulching environment based on stable isotopes data

In order to cope with drought and water shortages,the working people in the arid areas of Northwest China have developed a drought-resistant planting method,namely,gravel-sand mulching,after long-term agricultural practices.To understand the effects of gravel-sand mulching on soil water evaporation,we selected Baifeng peach(Amygdalus persica L.)orchards in Northwest China as the experimental field in 2021.Based on continuously collected soil water stable isotopes data,we evaluated the soil evaporation loss rate in a gravel-sand mulching environment using the line-conditioned excess(lc-excess)coupled Rayleigh fractionation model and Craig-Gordon model.The results show that the average soil water content in the plots with gravel-sand mulching is 1.86%higher than that without gravel-sand mulching.The monthly variation of the soil water content is smaller in the plots with gravel-sand mulching than that without gravel-sand mulching.Moreover,the average lc-excess value in the plots without gravel-sand mulching is smaller.In addition,the soil evaporation loss rate in the plots with gravel-sand mulching is lower than that in the plots without gravel-sand mulching.The lc-excess value was negative for both the plots with and without gravel-sand mulching,and it has good correlation with relative humidity,average temperature,input water content,and soil water content.The effect of gravel-sand mulching on soil evaporation is most prominent in August.Compared with the evaporation data of similar environments in the literature,the lc-excess coupled Rayleigh fractionation model is better.Stable isotopes evidence shows that gravel-sand mulching can effectively reduce soil water evaporation,which provides a theoretical basis for agricultural water management and optimization of water-saving methods in arid areas.

Measuring and modeling two-dimensional irrigation infiltration under film-mulched furrows

Furrow irrigation with film-mulched agricultural beds is being promoted in the arid region of northwest China because it improves water utilization. Two-dimensional infiltration patterns under film-mulched furrows can provide guidelines and criteria for irrigation design and operation. Our objective was to investigate soil water dynamics during ponding irrigation infiltration of mulched furrows in a cross-sectional ridge-furrow configuration, using laboratory experiments and mathematical simulations. Six experimental treatments, with two soil types （silt loam and sandy loam）, were investigated to monitor the wetting patterns and soil water distribution in a cuboid soil chamber. Irrigation of mulched furrows clearly increased water lateral infiltration on ridge shoulders and ridges, due to enhancement of capillary driving force. Increases to both initial soil water content （SWC） and irrigation water level resulted in increased wetted soil volume. Empirical regression equations accurately estimated the wetted lateral distance （Rl） and downward distance （Rd） with elapsed time in a variably wetted soil medium. Optimization of model parameters followed by the Inverse approach resulted in satisfactory agreement between observed and predicted cumulative infiltration and SWC. On the basis of model calibration, HYDRUS-2D model can accurately simulate two-dimensional soil water dynamics under irrigation of mulched furrows. There were significant differences in wetting patterns between unmulched and mulched furrow irrigation using HYDRUS-2D simulation. The Rd under the mulched furrows was 32.14% less than the unmulched furrows. Therefore, film-mulched furrows are recommended in a furrow irrigation system.

Information Technology Research on Productivity Evaluation of Gravel-mulched Field in Ningxia

The evaluation process of traditional land productivity is relatively complex,and the evaluation indices and results cannot display visually.With the development of geographic information system science,there are more and more studies on the GIS-based land productivity evaluation.GIS system can combine the evaluation model with information system software,realizing the visual display of all the evaluation factors.In this paper,with the development process of GIS-based management information system as references,the management information system for GIS-based gravel-mulched field productivity evaluation was designed and developed by combining with the SI model for gravel-mulched field productivity evaluation.The system was developed under VB environment,integrated with MapInfo,and the evaluation results could be shown visually in the system windows.

秸秆覆盖量和施氮量对陇中春小麦的产量效应模拟

为量化分析秸秆覆盖量和施氮量对旱地春小麦的产量效应和协同作用,在APSIM模型中,设置秸秆覆盖量和施氮量2因素5个变化梯度,组合交叉设计25个处理,利用模型模拟25个处理的春小麦产量;于2016—2018年在甘肃省定西市安定区开展小麦大田试验,得到早播(ESW)、正常播(NSW)、晚播(LSW)春小麦产量的实测值,利用APSIM模型模拟2016—2018年春小麦的产量,将模拟值与实测值进行对比,对模型的适用性和模拟精度进行分析;对春小麦产量与秸秆覆盖量、施氮量的耦合关系进行二次多项回归和通径分析,利用Matlab计算春小麦的最大产量及对应的秸秆覆盖量和施氮量。结果表明:不同处理下产量的模拟值与实测值均位于15%置信带内,模型模拟精度较高,归一化均方根误差值为4.64%~12.22%,表明该模型在研究区具有良好的适用性;秸秆覆盖量和施氮量的增长对春小麦的产量效应为正效应,相应关系表现为开口向下的二次抛物线变化关系;ESW、NSW和LSW模拟情景下,春小麦最大产量分别为3548.64、3149.59、2507.58 kg/hm^(2);ESW模式下,最佳秸秆覆盖量和施氮量分别为7062.04、194.91 kg/hm^(2);NSW模式下,最佳秸秆覆盖量和施氮量分别为8211.31、218.81 kg/hm^(2);LSW模式下,最佳秸秆覆盖量和施氮量分别为6215.15、162.01 kg/hm^(2)。

基于熵权-TOPSIS模型的黄土高原半干旱区玉米覆膜类型综合评价

【目的】综合评价地膜覆盖对保墒、促进作物生长及增产的效应,为西北黄土高原半干旱区玉米覆膜增产种植技术及高效利用降水、减少环境污染提供理论和实践指导。【方法】选用白色地膜覆盖(F_(1))、普通黑色地膜覆盖(F_(2))、生物降解地膜覆盖(F_(3))、液态地膜覆盖(F_(4))和地布-地膜覆盖(F_(5))5种覆膜方式,以平地无覆盖(CK)为对照,测定土壤物理、化学及玉米生长、产量及水分利用效率等指标,将熵权法和TOPSIS法相结合,对16个评价指标及6个评价方案进行综合分析。【结果】处理F_(1)、F_(2)、F_(3)、F_(4)和F_(5)分别较CK增产15.8%、17.9%、16.9%、1.4%和15.3%,水分利用效率分别提高18.6%、15.6%、23.4%、12.5%和19.8%,降雨利用效率分别提高21.0%、22.9%、21.8%、9.9%和20.1%。基于熵权TOPSIS法模型分析,处理F2与最优值的相对接近度为0.809,在所有处理中最高。各覆盖处理效果综合评价排序为:普通黑色地膜(F_(2))>普通白色地膜(F_(1))>生物降解地膜(F_(3))>地布(F_(5))>液态地膜(F_(4))>裸地(CK)。【结论】西北干旱半干旱地区,生物降解地膜和地布可一定程度地提高玉米产量及水分利用效率,从环保角度考虑,可作为普通聚乙烯地膜可行的替代材料。

基于APSIM模型的降水和温度变化对秸秆覆盖冬小麦产量的影响

为探究秸秆覆盖处理下降水和温度变化对冬小麦产量的影响,基于秸秆覆盖长期定位试验观测数据和1999-2022年的逐日气候数据,运用APSIM(agricultural production systems simulator)模型模拟分析了未来降水(逐日降水±20%、±10%、0)和温度(逐日温度0℃、+1℃、+2℃、+3℃、+4℃)变化对冬小麦产量的影响,并对小麦产量变异性和可持续性进行了分析。秸秆覆盖田间试验设计高量覆盖(HSM,9000 kg/hm^(2))、低量覆盖(LSM,4500kg/hm^(2))和不覆盖对照(CK)3个处理。模拟结果表明:1)APSIM模型对3种秸秆覆盖处理冬小麦产量和生物量的模拟精度较高,决定系数R~2在0.75~0.92之间,归一化均方根误差在11.07%~14.65%之间,模型一致性指标在0.84~0.91之间;2)降水和温度变化对冬小麦产量均有显著影响。当温度不变时,降水增加会提高小麦产量,处理间的增产效应为HSM>LSM>CK;而当降水不变时,温度升高会导致产量下降,减产效应为LSM>HSM>CK;降水和温度协同作用下同样会导致小麦减产,处理间的减产效应为CK>LSM>HSM。3)与其他气候情景模拟结果相比,降水减少20%和增温2~3℃情景下冬小麦产量具有最大的变异系数和最小的可持续指数,作物生产风险较高。4)与CK和LSM相比,HSM处理在不同的气候变化情景下平均具有最高的产量和可持续性指数以及最低的变异系数。因此,未来气候变化背景下,采用高量覆盖管理措施更有利于黄土高原地区冬小麦生产。

不同覆盖处理对冬小麦干物质积累转运及产量的影响

于2020—2022年开展2 a大田试验,设置秸秆带状覆盖3行(SM3)、秸秆带状覆盖4行(SM4)、秸秆带状覆盖5行(SM5)与地膜覆盖(PM)4个处理,以露地不覆盖(CK)为对照,分析不同覆盖处理对冬小麦返青后干物质积累、花前花后营养器官干物质积累分配与转运以及籽粒产量和经济效益的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,各覆盖处理均可增加冬小麦拔节后地上部干物质积累量,提高平均生长速率和最大相对生长速率;秸秆带状覆盖处理生育期天数、快速生长阶段表现为延长,PM处理则相反。覆盖措施促进了干物质在穗轴+颖壳中的分配,提高了花前营养器官干物质向籽粒的转运量和贡献率,处理间表现为PM>SM5>SM3>SM4。与CK相比,两个生长季秸秆带状覆盖处理增产1.94%~18.43%,SM5处理产量最高;PM处理增产18.47%~27.28%。经济效益分析表明,秸秆带状覆盖处理产投比显著高于PM处理,且SM5处理纯收益最高,较CK增加989.81~1351.69 CNY·hm^(-2)。综上,覆盖处理有利于冬小麦地上干物质积累和花前干物质向籽粒的转运,其中秸秆带状覆盖5行措施增产、增收综合效果最优,是西北旱地小麦可持续发展的适宜栽培模式。

Modeling the effects of plastic film mulching on irrigated maize yield and water use efficiency in sub-humid Northeast China

In sub-humid Northeast China,plastic film mulching(PFM)is increasingly used with drip irrigation system in maize(Zea mays L.)to cope with seasonal droughts and low temperatures during seedling stage.Although there were several studies showing the benefits of PFM on maize production in the region,quantification of the effects of PFM in sub-humid Northeast China are still lacking.Hybrid-Maize model has a special version that can not only simulate the effects of PFM on reduction of soil evaporation and rise of topsoil temperature,but also simulate the effects of PFM on crop development and other physiological processes.This paper reports how to verify the Hybrid-Maize model against observations and then applying the model to quantify effects of PFM on grain yield and water use efficiency(WUE)under irrigated scenarios.The Hybrid-Maize model was added the heating effects of PFM on rising surface-soil temperature and promoting subsequent crop development by establishing equations between surface-soil temperature and air temperature before V6 stage.A 3-year field experiment including maize growth and yield data measured at a drip-irrigated field in Heilongjiang Province was used to serve the model calibration.The simulated results indicated that the Hybrid-Maize model performed well in simulation of seasonal soil water storage and in-season aboveground dry matter in three years,but overestimated the leaf area index(LAI)for both treatments and underestimated the final aboveground dry matter at maturity for mulched treatments.Although the Hybrid-Maize model overestimated the grain yield and WUE,it did still reflect the effects of PFM on increasing grain yield and WUE during the three growing seasons.The average simulated grain yield and WUE for mulched treatments were 8%and 13%greater compared to non-mulched treatments using 30 years weather data,which were in agreement with observations that average grain yield and WUE was 11%and 14%increased by PFM,respectively.For evapotranspiration(ET),the average simulated ET for mulched treatments was 22 mm less than non-mulched treatments mainly due to less soil evaporation.For simulated irrigation requirements,at most 69 mm of irrigation water could be saved by PFM.In conclusion,PFM with drip irrigation could improve irrigated maize production in sub-humid Northeast China.

Field study and regression modeling on soil water distribution with mulching and surface or subsurface drip irrigation systems

The soil water status was investigated under soil surface mulching techniques and two drip line depths from the soil surface(DL).These techniques were black plastic film(BPF),palm tree waste(PTW),and no mulching(NM)as the control treatment.The DL were 15 cm and 25 cm,with surface drip irrigation used as the control.The results indicated that both the BPF and PTW mulching enhanced the soil water retention capacity and there was about 6%water saving in subsurface drip irrigation,compared with NM.Furthermore,the water savings at a DL of 25 cm were lower(15-20 mm)than those at a DL of 15 cm(19-24 mm),whereas surface drip irrigation consumed more water.The distribution of soil water content(θv)for BPF and PTW were more useful than for NM.Hence,mulching the soil with PTW is recommended due to the lower costs and using a DL of 15 cm.Theθv values were derived using multiple linear regression(MLR)and multiple nonlinear regression(MNLR)models.Multiple regression analysis revealed the superiority of the MLR over the MNLR model,which in the training and testing processes had coefficients of correlation of 0.86 and 0.88,root mean square errors of 0.37 and 0.35,and indices of agreement of 0.99 and 0.93,respectively,over the MNLR model.Moreover,DL and spacing from the drip line had a significant effect on the estimation of θv.

基于SHAW模型的北疆地区不同滴灌年限棉田冻融期土壤水热盐动态模拟研究

为探究SHAW(Simultaneous heat and water)模型在北疆地区长期膜下滴灌棉田冻融期土壤水热盐动态模拟的适用性,本研究选用滴灌起始年限为1998年(21 a)的棉田土壤水热盐实测数据对SHAW模型进行率定,以滴灌起始年限为2006年(13 a)、2008年(11 a)、2012年(7 a)和荒地(0 a)的水热盐实测数据进行验证。模型率定结果表明,随土壤深度增加土壤温度的模拟效果越好;土壤水盐的模拟效果先增强后减弱。模拟土壤温度Nash系数(NSE)、均方根误差(RMSE)和R2分别为0.713~0.993、0.209~2.498℃和0.911~0.994;模拟土壤水分NSE和RMSE分别为0.824~0.967和0.009%~0.032%;模拟土壤盐分NSE和RMSE分别为0.609~0.844和0.001~0.012 g/kg。模型验证结果表明,随滴灌年限增加模拟效果越好,模拟除荒地20~60 cm土层土壤温度NSE小于0.600,滴灌7、11和13 a地块各层土壤温度NSE均大于0.600,RMSE介于0.143~3.213℃;滴灌0、7、11和13 a地块模拟的各层土壤水分NSE均大于0.670,RMSE为0.009%~0.057%;滴灌0、7、11和13 a地块模拟的除120~140 cm土层土壤盐分NSE小于0.600,其他各层土壤盐分NSE均大于0.616,RMSE为0.000~0.016 g/kg。总体而言,SHAW模型适用于北疆地区冻融期长期膜下滴灌棉田的一维土壤水热盐模拟。

秸秆覆盖条件下土壤水分蒸发的动力学模型

通过室内模拟试验,建立了不同秸秆覆盖量下的土壤水分蒸发动力学模型,并对不同水分条件下秸秆覆盖量与土壤水分蒸发的关系进行了研究。结果表明,土壤水分累计蒸发量W与时间t的关系为W=a·tb,当初始含水量较高时,秸秆覆盖的保水效果十分明显,而且秸秆覆盖量越多,保水效果越好;当初始含水量较低时,秸秆覆盖的保水效果更加显著,但其保水效果与秸秆覆盖量的多少关系不大。

不同水稻栽培模式和秸秆还田方式下的油菜、小麦秸秆腐解特征

【目的】于2007—2008连续2年在不同水稻栽培模式和秸秆还田方式下,研究油菜、小麦秸秆腐解特征及养分释放规律。【方法】在水稻常规栽培和节水灌溉栽培模式下,采用尼龙网袋研究法。将装满秸杆的网袋放在水稻田表层和埋入土中,模拟秸秆覆盖还田和土埋还田。【结果】秸秆还田后,在0-30 d腐解较快,后期腐解速率逐渐变慢。油菜秸秆在水稻节水栽培模式下,采用土埋还田腐解率最大,90 d时腐解率达61.06%。试验结束时,小麦秸秆累计腐解率为48.88%-59.95%,油菜秸秆为50.88%-61.06%。常规栽培模式下,秸秆覆盖还田腐解率>秸秆土埋;节水栽培模式下,秸秆土埋>秸秆覆盖。秸秆覆盖还田时,两种栽培模式秸秆腐解率差异不大。而在秸秆土埋还田时,节水栽培秸秆腐解率>常规栽培。秸秆中养分释放速率表现为钾>磷>氮≈碳;90 d时,小麦秸秆中48.29%-63.79%的碳、48.35%-52.83%的氮、54.83%-67.49%的磷和91.98%-95.99%的钾被释放;油菜秸秆中50.29%-66.55%的碳、46.48%-57.67%的氮、56.44%-75.64%的磷和92.31%-96.24%的钾被释放。栽培模式和还田方式对秸秆碳、氮和磷释放率的影响与对秸秆腐解率的影响规律基本一致。腐解30 d时,秸秆中已有超过90%的钾被释放出来。【结论】实行秸秆还田,水稻栽培模式宜采用节水灌溉栽培,可以促进秸秆腐解,提高其养分释放率。

可降解地膜的生物降解作用研究

为了解生物因素在地膜降解过程中的作用,通过室内模拟试验,研究了6种不同可降解地膜在南疆2种典型土壤林灌草甸土、亚高山草甸土中的生物降解情况。结果表明,在相同的温度和湿度条件下,6种地膜的生物降解差异很大,其中陕西膜X 1的CO2累积释放量远远高于其他5种地膜。同种地膜在不同土壤中的生物降解也表现出差异性,其中差异最大的为PE膜,在林灌草甸土中的CO2累积释放量高于亚高山草甸土的4倍左右。最后通过研究地膜的生物降解模型,发现地膜在生物降解过程均符合一元多项式方程,即Polynomial Fit,且都达到了极显著水平(P<0.01),模拟方程的一般形态为:y=a+bx+cx2+dx3+…,并且呈现出一定的变化规律。因此,地膜进入诱导期以后,在一定的时间尺度内,生物降解发挥着主要作用,开始由碎片状低聚物在微生物和生物酶作用下水解变成尺寸更小的碎片进行生物降解,最后被吞噬细胞吸收,或进一步水解,生成CO2和H2O,其降解规律均符合Polynomid Fit模型。

运用土壤水盐运移模型优化棉花微咸水膜下滴灌制度

为优化设计棉花微咸水膜下滴灌灌溉制度,利用HYDRUS建立含根系吸水项的土壤水盐运移数值模拟模型,并用田间试验资料进行参数识别和模型验证。用验证认可的数值模型优化设计棉花微咸水膜下滴灌和非生育期洗盐灌溉制度,并预测棉花生育期水盐运移规律和长期效应。结果表明:模型仿真度较高、运行速度较快;T检验说明土壤含水率和电导率模拟值与实测值均无显著差异;模型参数中形状系数α、n对含水率影响较大,纵向弥散度DL对电导率影响较大;当地膜下滴灌适合生育期一膜双管、低额高频灌溉,并结合非生育期1年1次或2年1次大水漫灌洗盐,20a的模拟结果显示此灌溉制度下不会引起土壤次生盐渍化。

滴灌条件下冬小麦田间土壤蒸发的测定和模拟

田间蒸发蒸腾总量（ETa）及其各分量的变化过程是农田水分利用与管理的主要依据。该文采用微型蒸发器（micro-lysimeters，MLS）对不同滴灌制度及覆盖处理下冬小麦田间土壤蒸发（Es）进行测定及评价。研究结果表明，滴灌条件下，采用内径10 cm，高度15 cm的MLS，在无降雨时每5 d换土能满足田间Es测定的精度要求（误差〈5%）；滴灌条件下覆盖处理Es和Es/ETa均显著低于不覆盖处理，各处理的Es均值在0.98～1.30 mm/d之间，Es/ETa在33.0%～44.5%之间。此外，构建了基于灌水后天数（Dai）为自变量的 Es简易估算模型，可在不获取表层土壤含水率的情况下，实现对滴灌条件下土壤蒸发较为精准的估算。该研究所建立的Es估算模型提供了滴灌农田Es的一种量化方法，确定的Es占ETa比例及其受覆盖等农艺措施的影响可为相关农业水管理实践提供科学指导。

北疆膜下滴灌棉花产量及水分生产率对灌水量响应的模拟

膜下滴灌技术是一种节水高产的灌溉技术,在新疆棉花种植中得到了广泛的应用。灌溉是影响新疆棉花产量的重要因素。为研究棉花产量和水分生产率对灌水量的响应,该文首先采用2010年和2011年新疆棉花膜下滴灌田间试验数据验证二维土壤水与作物生长耦合模型模拟棉花产量和耗水量可靠性。结果表明,二维土壤水与作物生长耦合模型能够可靠地模拟土壤含水率、叶面积指数、地上部分干物质量、籽棉产量和耗水量。土壤含水率模拟值与实测值的标准均方根误差（normalized root mean square error,n RMSE）为4.6%~23.4%,一致性指数为0.677~0.974;叶面积指数和地上部分干物质量n RMSE分别为6.3%~15.7%和7.2%~14.1%;籽棉产量和耗水量的模拟值与实测值之间相对误差分别仅为1.1%~6.7%和0.3%~9.2%。利用率定和验证后的模型参数进一步模拟10种灌水量情景下的棉花籽棉产量和水分生产率,结果表明籽棉产量随着灌水量的增加而增加,二者呈抛物线关系,而水分生产率则随着灌水量的增加而减小。综合考虑产量和水分生产率,北疆地区膜下滴灌棉花优化灌水量为280~307 mm。该研究可为北疆地区棉花灌水实践提供科学依据。

旱地地膜小麦高产栽培优化数学模型研究

采用三因子二次饱和D最优设计方案,选取对小麦产量影响较大的播期、播量和施肥量为调控因子,以产量为目标函数,研究了陕西省千阳、淳化、洛川三个不同干旱地区地膜小麦优质高产综合栽培优化数学模型。结果表明,各地的最佳农艺方案分别是:千阳县产量在5250kg/hm2以上的播期为9月29～10月1日,基本苗为272.8万～330.3万/hm2,施氮103.1～167.0kg/hm2,P2O582.5～133.6kg/hm2;淳化县产量在4500kg/hm2以上的播期为9月31～10月5日,基本苗237.5万～320.5万/hm2,施氮221.9～285.8kg/hm2,P2O5177.5～228.6kg/hm2;洛川县产量在3750kg/hm2以上的播期为9月25～9月27日,基本苗286.3万～337.7万/hm2,施氮111.5～170.5kg/hm2,P2O589.2～136.4kg/hm2。

覆盖栽培方式对旱地冬小麦越冬期间土壤温度的影响

为筛选出旱地冬小麦适宜覆盖栽培方式,通过微型温度记录仪连续观测越冬期间冬小麦田10和20cm深度土壤温度的变化,比较旱地秸秆覆盖(SM)、地膜覆盖(FM)、垄沟模式(CM)和无覆盖模式(CK)的麦田土壤温度效应。结果表明,整个越冬期间所有覆盖处理的土壤日均温显著升高,总体增幅表现为CM>FM>SM。越冬后期(2月1日-2月20日)土壤温度变化与总体趋势差异明显,FM的增温幅度大于CM;与CK相比,SM的土壤日均温显著降低,具体表现在温度昼夜变化上,其中10cm土层温度除在8:00-11:00升高外,其他时间降低,20cm土层温度均下降(10∶00-14∶00差异不显著)。越冬前期,覆盖栽培10cm土层的增温值均高于20cm土层,越冬中期以后则相反(越冬后期土层间增温值差异显著)。SM的土壤日最高温度相对于CK没有变化或者显著降低,而日最低温度则提高,因此降低了土壤温度日较差;CM的土壤日最高温度在越冬后期降低,而在越冬中前期升高,而且土壤日最低温度也升高且增幅更大,因此土壤温度变幅显著降低;FM同时提高了土壤日最高温度和最低温度,最终没有显著改变土壤温度变幅。

条带覆盖下土壤水热动态的田间试验与模型建立

本文描述了夏玉米生长期间麦秸条带覆盖（行间覆盖）条件下土壤水热动态的田间试验．在此基础上，采用交替方向有限差分法建立了模拟苗期条带覆盖下土壤二维水热迁移的数值模型．其中覆盖部分土壤表面的边界条件由能量平衡方程确定．模型的输入只需常规气象资料、土壤水热迁移参数及覆盖参数．数值计算结果表明，该模型具有一定的实用价值．