Model tests on XCC-piled embankment under dynamic train load of high-speed railways

Piled embankments,which offer many advantages,are increasingly popular in construction of high-speed railways in China.Although the performance of piled embankment under static loading is well-known,the behavior under the dynamic train load of a high-speed railway is not yet understood.In light of this,a heavily instrumented piled embankment model was set up,and a model test was carried out,in which a servo-hydraulic actuator outputting M-shaped waves was adopted to simulate the process of a running train.Earth pressure,settlement,strain in the geogrid and pile and excess pore water pressure were measured.The results show that the soil arching height under the dynamic train load of a high-speed railway is shorter than under static loading.The growth trend for accumulated settlement slowed down after long-term vibration although there was still a tendency for it to increase.Accumulated geogrid strain has an increasing tendency after long-term vibration.The closer the embankment edge,the greater the geogrid strain over the subsoil.Strains in the pile were smaller under dynamic train loads,and their distribution was different from that under static loading.At the same elevation,excess pore water pressure under the track slab was greater than that under the embankment shoulder.

Behavior of raft on settlement reducing piles:Experimental model study

An experimental program is conducted on model piled rafts in sand soil.The experimental program is aimed to investigate the behavior of raft on settlement reducing piles.The testing program includes tests on models of single pile,unpiled rafts and rafts on 1,4,9,or 16 piles.The model piles beneath the rafts are closed ended displacement piles installed by driving.Three lengths of piles are used in the experiments to represent slenderness ratio,L/D,of 20,30 and 50,respectively.The dimensions of the model rafts are 30 cm×30 cm with different thickness of 0.5 cm,1.0 cm or 1.5 cm.The raft-soil stiffness ratios of the model rafts ranging from 0.39 to 10.56 cover flexible to very stiff rafts.The improvement in the ultimate bearing capacity is represented by the load improvement ratio,LIR,and the reductions in average settlement and differential settlement are represented by the settlement ratio,SR,and the differential settlement ratio,DSR,respectively.The effects of the number of settlement reducing piles,raft relative stiffness,and the slenderness ratio of piles on the load improvement ratio,settlement ratio and differential settlement ratio are presented and discussed.The results of the tests show the effectiveness of using piles as settlement reduction measure with the rafts.As the number of settlement reducing piles increases,the load improvement ratio increases and the differential settlement ratio decreases.

Experimental study on settlement of model piles in frozen soil under dynamic loading

Test results show that the settlement process of model piles is mainly the rheological process of frozen soil under shear loading. The settlement rate of model piles increases with increasing temperature of frozen soil, decreasing roughness of pile surface and increasing rigidity of pile foundation. As the water content of frozen soil reaches its saturation value, the settlement rate is the least. When the level of loading is higher, the settlement rate under dynamic loading is less than that under static loading. With the level of loading lowering, the effect between dynamic and static loading on the settlement rate becomes close gradually. Under the present test conditions, the settlement rate of model piles is independent of the frequency of dynamic loads.

Physical modeling of behaviors of cast-in-place concrete piled raft compared to free-standing pile group in sand

Similar to free-standing pile groups, piled raft foundations are conventionally designed in which the piles carry the total load of structure and the raft bearing capacity is not taken into account. Numerous studies indicated that this method is too conservative. Only when the pile cap is elevated from the ground level,the raft bearing contribution can be neglected. In a piled raft foundation, pileesoileraft interaction is complicated. Although several numerical studies have been carried out to analyze the behaviors of piled raft foundations, very few experimental studies are reported in the literature. The available laboratory studies mainly focused on steel piles. The present study aims to compare the behaviors of piled raft foundations with free-standing pile groups in sand, using laboratory physical models. Cast-in-place concrete piles and concrete raft are used for the tests. The tests are conducted on single pile, single pile in pile group, unpiled raft, free-standing pile group and piled raft foundation. We examine the effects of the number of piles, the pile installation method and the interaction between different components of foundation. The results indicate that the ultimate bearing capacity of the piled raft foundation is considerably higher than that of the free-standing pile group with the same number of piles. With installation of the single pile in the group, the pile bearing capacity and stiffness increase. Installation of the piles beneath the raft decreases the bearing capacity of the raft. When the raft bearing capacity is not included in the design process, the allowable bearing capacity of the piled raft is underestimated by more than 200%. This deviation intensifies with increasing spacing of the piles.

Study of Physical Modelling for Piles

Physical modeling due to its simulation ability of real conditions has been developed as a proper method to study engineering issues. In this paper after the introduction of usual physical modeling systems in geotechnical engineering, we focused on a low known device of physical modeling in geotechnical practice, especially applicable in deep foundations. It is named Frustum Confining Vessel (FCV) that is one of the calibration chamber forms. It can apply high stress level by a relatively linear stress distribution. Thus, it can simulate actual states for piles in laboratory controlled conditions. The FCV test results can be used for real project by multiply scale factors. Scale factors can be explained by dimensional and similar analyses in every model and apparatus. In this study the relatively largest size of FCV among others in the world, which called FCV-AUT, was used to study physical purposes. Several various model piles (deep foundations) were made by 4 mm thick steel plate with height of 750 mm. All model piles tested in Babolsar sand as surrounding soil via FCV, and two full scale piles tested in similar conditions in the field. The experimental results and outcomes indicated the FCV can be used as a suitable device for physical modelling aims. Thus, it can be realized the FCV is more effective than simple and calibration chambers as well as laminar boxes and more economic than centrifuges.

Model Tests of Pile Defect Detection

The pile, as an important foundation style, is being used in engineering practice. Defects of different types and damages of different degrees easily occur during the process of pile construction. So, dietecting defects of the pile is very important. As so far, there are some difficult problems in pile defect detection. Based on stress wave theory, some of these typical difficult problems were studied through model tests. The analyses of the test results are carried out and some significant results of the low-strain method are obtained, when a pile has a gradually-decreasing crosssection part, the amplitude of the reflective signal originating from the defect is dependent on the decreasing value of the rate of crosssection β. No apparent signal reflected from the necking appeares on the velocity response curve when the value of β is less than about 3. 5 %.

Optimization Mathematical Model of Pile Forces for Offshore Piled Breasting Dolphins

An optimization mathematical model of the pile forces for piled breasting dolphins in the open sea under various loading conditions is presented. The optimum layout with the well distributed pile forces and the least number of piles is achieved by the multiplier penalty function method. Several engineering cases have been calculated and compared with the result of the conventional design method. It is shown that the number of piles can be reduced at least by 10%～20% and the piles' bearing state is improved greatly.

Numerical modeling of centrifuge cyclic lateral pile load experiments

To gain insight into the inelastic behavior of piles, the response of a vertical pile embedded in dry sand and subjected to cyclic lateral loading was studied experimentally in centrifuge tests conducted in Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussees. Three types of cyclic loading were applied, two asymmetric and one symmetric with respect to the unloaded pile. An approximately square-root variation of soil stiffness with depth was obtained from indirect in-flight density measurements, laboratory tests on reconstituted samples, and well-established empirical correlations. The tests were simulated using a cyclic nonlinear Winkler spring model, which describes the full range of inelastic phenomena, including separation and re-attachment of the pile from and to the soil. The model consists of three mathematical expressions capable of reproducing a wide variety of monotonic and cyclic experimentalp-y curves. The physical meaning of key model parameters is graphically explained and related to soil behavior. Comparisons with the centrifuge test results demonstrate the general validity of the model and its ability to capture several features of pile-soil interaction, including： soil plastification at an early stage of loading, ＂pinching＂ behavior due to the formation of a relaxation zone around the upper part of the pile, and stiffness and strength changes due to cyclic loading. A comparison of the p-y curves derived from the test results and the proposed model, as well as those from the classical curves of Reese et al. （1974） for sand, is also presented.

海上风机大直径嵌岩单桩非线性动力特性

以海上风机大直径嵌岩单桩为研究对象,在有限元数值模拟中引入土体非线性黏弹性本构模型与岩体损伤模型分析桩周土体、岩体刚度随应变衰减的特性。结果表明:考虑上部动荷载作用下的桩-土-岩非线性动力相互作用时,桩底嵌岩能有效提高单桩抵抗变形能力,桩周土体变形量随岩体风化程度增加而增大、随嵌岩深度增加而减小;动荷载相对幅值(动荷载幅值和静力承载力的比值)对单桩动刚度的影响最大,岩体风化程度、单桩嵌岩深度的影响次之;岩体最大损伤常出现在土岩交界面附近,岩体强风化情况下桩底也可能出现轻微损伤;同静载情况相比,动荷载惯性效应会放大岩体损伤量。

Study on soil-pile-structure-TMD interaction system by shaking table model test

The success of the tuned mass damper (TMD) in reducing wind-induced structural vibrations has been well established. However, from most of the recent numerical studies, it appears that for a structure situated on very soft soil, soil-structure interaction (SSI) could render a damper on the structure totally ineffective. In order to experimentally verify the SSI effect on the seismic performance of TMD, a series of shaking table model tests have been conducted and the results are presented in this paper. It has been shown that the TMD is not as effective in controlling the seismic responses of structures built on soft soil sites due to the SSI effect. Some test results also show that a TMD device might have a negative impact if the SSI effect is neglected and the structure is built on a soft soil site. For structures constructed on a soil foundation, this research verifies that the SSI effect must be carefully understood before a TMD control system is designed to determine if the control is necessary and if the SSI effect must be considered when choosing the optimal parameters of the TMD device.

Influence of pile spacing on seismic response of piled raft in soft clay: centrifuge modeling

In order to study the infl uence of pile spacing on the seismic response of piled raft in soft clay, a series of shaking table tests were conducted by using a geotechnical centrifuge. The dynamic behavior of acceleration, displacement and internal forces was examined. The test results indicate that the seismic acceleration responses of models are generally greater than the surrounding soil surface in the period ranges of 2–10 seconds. Foundation instant settlements for 4×4 and 3×3 piled raft (with pile spacing equal to 4 and 6 times pile diameter) are somewhat close to each other at the end of the earthquake, but reconsolidation settlements are greater for 3×3 piled raft. The seismic acceleration of superstructure, the uneven settlement of the foundation and the maximum bending moment of pile are relatively lower for 3×3 piled raft. Successive earthquakes lead to the softening behavior of soft clay, which causes a reduction of the pile bearing capacity and thus loads are transferred from the pile group to the raft. For the case of a 3×3 piled raft, there is relatively smaller change of the load sharing ratio of the pile group and raft after the earthquake and the distribution of maximum bending moments at the pile head is more uniform.

基于Pasternak地基模型的H(t)-T受荷桩受力变形分析

水平动荷载H(t)与扭矩T联合作用下的桩基受力变形较为复杂.为了更加准确地分析H(t)-T联合受荷桩的内力与位移,基于Pasternak地基模型考虑桩侧土体剪切效应;引入H(t)-T耦合因子,揭示多向荷载对桩身响应的影响机理;继而利用虚功原理推导桩身单元综合刚度矩阵;最后采用改进的有限杆单元法获得H(t)-T联合受荷桩内力与位移数值解;并与已有理论解和有限元模拟结果进行对比验证.参数分析表明:土体剪切效应可约束桩身水平位移,但对扭转变形影响较小;水平动荷载增强了桩身抗扭承载力,水平动荷载幅值从0.2Q_(u)增大到1.0Q_(u)时,桩顶扭转角减小了22.6%;增大动荷载无量纲频率会减小桩顶位移和桩身最大弯矩,外荷载动力效应随桩埋深增加而减弱;杆单元模型减少了单元划分数量和计算时间,可有效提高计算效率.

螺牙高度对螺纹桩竖向承载特性的影响

为探明竖向荷载作用下螺牙高度对螺纹桩承载特性及桩周土体的影响,通过室内半面模型桩试验,结合数字图像相关技术(DIC),研究了不同螺牙高度、不同荷载条件对桩身承载性能、桩周土体破坏特征、桩周土体位移场的影响。采用ABAQUS数值模拟方法对模型试验的结果进行验证,并扩展了螺牙高度的取值范围,分析螺纹桩桩身极限承载力与材料利用率、桩周土体应力场分布随螺牙高度变化的规律。结果表明:增加螺牙高度能提升桩身承载力,增大桩周土体位移影响范围,延缓桩侧土体剪切破坏的发展;随着桩身沉降量增加,桩顶荷载以桩侧阻力承受为主,逐渐演变为以桩端阻力承受为主;螺牙高度的增加虽然能提升桩身极限承载力,但桩身材料利用率存在峰值。

盾构下穿高速公路对既有平行通道桥的影响规律

为探讨盾构下穿高速公路对既有平行通道桥的影响规律,以韩江榕江练江水系连通后续优化工程盾构隧道穿越G78汕昆高速公路路堤为背景,建立三维有限元模型,分析盾构施工对地表沉降、高速公路路基、既有平行通道桥桩基的影响规律。结果表明:1)盾构隧道开挖对地层的影响范围大致为隧道直径的4倍;2)隧道轴线正上方地表沉降值最大,达到5.6 mm,路基最大沉降值发生在隧道轴线正上方,约为5 mm;3)通道桥桩基竖向位移均表现为沉降,靠近盾构侧桩基沉降大于远侧,其中桩基Z1沉降值最大,达到2.4 mm;4)隧道埋深顶面处对应的桩基水平位移较大,受盾构掘进叠加影响,桩基Z1水平位移最大,约为0.37 mm;5)弯矩的最大值出现在隧道埋深位置附近,轴力的最大值出现在桩身中点位置,桩基Z1弯矩和轴力最大。

桩基施工与承载对既有盾构隧道非线性变形影响研究

为研究既有盾构隧道在桩基施工与承载阶段所受的影响,在基于非线性接触理论与盾构隧道微小变形的情况下,采用简化的非连续模型数值模拟方法,以某实际工程为例,建立非连续接触盾构隧道模型,通过改变桩基的净距与桩径确定最不利工况,提取了既有盾构隧道在各阶段的变形值与应力值,对采用均质圆环模型与非连续接触模型的盾构隧道变形值进行了对比。结果表明:桩基承载阶段拱顶有最大沉降处,约为0.42mm,桩基承载阶段对隧道的沉降影响起决定性作用。最大横向变形值出现在施工阶段的近桩侧拱腰,约为0.52mm,横向变形主要受桩基施工阶段的影响,在变形上,非连续接触模型的变形值相较于连续体模型更加接近实际监测值。桩基附近的拱腰接头错台量与张开量最大,拱顶与拱底处的接头错台量与张开量最小,远离桩基拱腰处的接头错台量与张开量处于两者之间。接头的环缝变形,越靠近桩基环缝错台量与张开量越大,桩基施工是环缝张开与错台的主要因素,在桩基承载阶段,张开量与错台量保持不变或略有下降。较大的横向应力发生在拱底与拱顶处,最大值为3.42MPa。竖向最大应力出现在远桩侧的拱腰处,最大值为3.32MPa。

不同灌浆效果下黏土海床导管架桩基础的竖向承载特性离心试验

在40~60 m水深海域,海上风力发电机多使用导管架基础作为主要支撑结构.导管架通过水下高强灌浆与桩基础顶部连接,形成顶端密封段,共同承载竖向荷载.针对桩基顶部灌浆正常、灌浆不足、灌浆不良存在通孔3种不同灌浆效果开展离心模型试验,分析极限状态下基础的竖向承载力及灌浆段与桩身段的承载力分担比,并与现有理论计算方法进行对比.结果表明,灌浆密封顶盖的承载力取决于密封效果.对于灌浆密封顶盖灌浆正常和灌浆不足的基础,灌浆密封顶盖的承载力约占基础总承载力的25%~30%;灌浆不良存在通孔时,基础灌浆段承载力发挥较早且很快达到极限,其分担比远低于其他两者承载力.试验结果可为导管架桩基础设计中的灌浆段承载力计算提供参考依据.

Advanced Sheet Pile Curtain Design: Case Study of Cotonou East Corniche

This paper delves into the critical aspects of sheet pile walls in civil engineering, highlighting their versatility in soil protection, retention, and waterproofing, all while emphasizing sustainability and efficient construction practices. The paper explores two fundamental approaches to sheet pile design: limit equilibrium methods and numerical techniques, with a particular focus on finite element analysis. Utilizing the robust PLAXIS 2016 calculation code based on the finite element method and employing a simplified elastoplastic model (Mohr-Coulomb), this study meticulously models the interaction between sheet pile walls and surrounding soil. The research offers valuable insights into settlement and deformation patterns that adjacent buildings may experience during various construction phases. The central objective of this paper is to present the study’s findings and recommend potential mitigation measures for settlement effects on nearby structures. By unraveling the intricate interplay between sheet pile wall construction and neighboring buildings, the paper equips engineers and practitioners to make informed decisions that ensure the safety and integrity of the built environment. In the context of the Cotonou East Corniche development, the study addresses the limitations of existing software, such as RIDO, in predicting settlements and deformations affecting nearby buildings due to the substantial load supported by sheet pile walls. This information gap necessitates a comprehensive study to assess potential impacts on adjacent structures and propose suitable mitigation measures. The research underscores the intricate dynamics between sheet pile wall construction and its influence on the local environment. It emphasizes the critical importance of proactive engineering and vigilant monitoring in managing and mitigating potential hazards to nearby buildings. To mitigate these risks, the paper recommends measures such as deep foundations, ground improvement techniques, and retrofitting. The findings presented in this study contribute significantly to the field of civil engineering and offer invaluable insights into the multifaceted dynamics of construction-induced settlement. The study underscores the importance of continuous evaluation and coordination between construction teams and building owners to effectively manage the impacts of sheet pile wall construction on adjacent structures.

单调水平加载下砂土地基单桩承载特性模型试验研究

“双碳”目标下,构建新型桩基是需要解决的重大课题。论文开展了不同相对密实度和加载高度下的桩基单调水平加载试验,分析水平承载力和土体刚度的变化规律对桩基承载特性的影响。结果表明,在相同水平荷载作用下,降低水平荷载加载高度会提升桩基水平承载力。场地相对密实度增加,桩周土体刚度增大,桩周土体水平抗剪能力越强。

Torsional dynamic response of tapered pile considering compaction effect and stress diffusion effect

Considering both the compaction effect of pile surrounding soil and the stress diffusion effect of pile end soil,this paper theoretically investigates the torsional vibration characteristics of tapered pile.Utilizing the complex stiffness transfer model to simulate compaction effect and tapered fictitious soil pile model to simulate stress diffusion,the analytical solution for the torsional impedance at tapered pile top is obtained by virtue of Laplace transform technique and impedance transfer method.Based on the present solution,a parametric study is conducted to investigate the rationality of the present solution and the influence of soil and pile properties on the torsional vibration characteristics of tapered pile embedded in layered soil.The results show that,both the compaction effect and stress diffusion effect have significant influence on the torsional vibration characteristics of tapered pile,and these two factors should be considered during the dynamic design of pile foundation.

考虑循环水-能源桩热交换的双螺旋埋管能源桩变热流传热模型

将双螺旋换热器等效为三维有限长螺旋线热源,基于叠加原理建立考虑循环水与能源桩之间换热的双螺旋埋管能源单桩的变热流分段叠加传热模型。将双螺旋换热器划分为多个节段,采用时间与空间的分段叠加法,利用建立的变热流条件下的近似温度场解答与推导出的分段热流密度-水温方程组得到任意时间空间下的热流密度、出水口温度、循环水温和周围土体的温度场等。通过比较COMSOL数值模型,表明所建立模型的正确性。最后,基于该传热模型讨论双螺旋埋管能源桩换热温度场的空间分布和时间效应。