A Review for Model Plant Mismatch Measures in Process Monitoring

Model is usually necessary for the design of a control loop. Due to simplification and unknown dynamics, model plant mismatch is inevitable in the control loop. In process monitoring, detection of mismatch and evaluation of its influences are demanded. In this paper several mismatch measures are presented based on different model descriptions. They are categorized into different groups from different perspectives and their potential in detection and diagnosis is evaluated. Two case studies on mixing process and distillation process demonstrate the efficacy of the framework of mismatch monitoring.

Choice of the Best Production Prediction Model for the Zagtouli Solar Power Plant in Burkina-Faso

In this paper, we present a study on the prediction of the power produced by the 33 MWp photovoltaic power plant at Zagtouli in Burkina-Faso, as a function of climatic factors. We identified models in the literature, namely the Benchmark, input/output, Marion, Cristo-fri, Kroposki, Jones-Underwood and Hatziargyriou prediction models, which depend exclusively on environmental parameters. We then compared our linear model with these seven mathematical models in order to determine the most optimal prediction model. Our results show that the Hatziargyriou model is better in terms of accuracy for power prediction.

Medicinal Model Plants'Breaking the Traditional Medicine Research Methods

Model organisms are the important part of modem life sciences. Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, and other model plants have been widely applied in the field of plant science and agronomy, while the international studies on traditional medicine lack the model organisms. Salvia miltiorrhiza, a perennial herb, is one Of the most commonly used medicines.

Genetic control of flowering time in woody plants： Roses as an emerging model

Genetic control of the timing of flowering in woody plants is complex and has yet to be adequately investigated due to their long life-cycle and difficulties in genetic modification.Studies in Populus,one of the best woody plant models,have revealed a highly conserved genetic network for flowering timing in annuals.However,traits like continuous flowering cannot be addressed with Populus.Roses and strawberries have relatively small,diploid genomes and feature enormous natural variation.With the development of new genetic populations and genomic tools,roses and strawberries have become good models for studying the molecular mechanisms underpinning the regulation of flowering in woody plants.Here,we review findings on the molecular and genetic factors controlling continuous flowering in roses and woodland strawberries.Natural variation at TFL1 orthologous genes in both roses and strawberries seems be the key plausible factor that regulates continuous flowering.However,recent efforts suggest that a two-recessive-loci model may explain the controlling of continuous flowering in roses.We propose that epigenetic factors,including non-coding RNAs or chromatin-related factors,might also play a role.Insights into the genetic control of flowering time variation in roses should benefit the development of new germplasm for woody crops and shed light on the molecular genetic bases for the production and maintenance of plant biodiversity.

Numerical Analysis of Stochastic Vector Borne Plant Disease Model

We are associating the solutions of stochastic and deterministic vector borne plant disease model in this manuscript.The dynamics of plant model depends upon threshold number P^(∗).If P^(∗)<1 then condition helpful to eradicate the disease in plants while P^(∗)>1 explains the persistence of disease.Inappropriately,standard numerical systems do not behave well in certain scenarios.We have been proposed a structure preserving stochastic non-standard finite difference system to analyze the behavior of model.This system is dynamical consistent,positive and bounded as defined by Mickens.

3D Visual Plant Models in Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Ambient Wind Flow around an Isolated Tree

Plants can reduce the velocity of wind and wind erosion and prevent the movement of sand.But it may be extremely difficult to measure directly the aerodynamic characteristics of the airflow near the real vegetation in field experiments on account of restriction by many objective factors.Therefore,numerous investigations have been carried out to study the efficiency of windbreaks by conducting wind tunnel experiments on simulated models or using computational fluid dynamics(CFD) simulation instead of field measurements.Plant models are simplified at some level to be used for numerical simulation in existing literatures.It is a little distortion of leaves in details if the tree canopy is regarded as a whole region which can have a certain influence on the CFD simulation.Hence,one modeling approach that combines Visual Basic for applications(VBA) and computer aided design(CAD) technology is proposed to design 3D virtual plant models.The tree models used for numerical simulation of wind flow around trees are more lifelike.In addition,this method can be applied for creating a 3D virtual vegetation library.It is also more convenient to get the diversified biological indicators by digital plants in computer.

Model of Plant Productivity and a Computer System for Optimization of Agro-Technology Using the Method of Exergic Analysis

A model of a potentially effective type energy-resource-saving of optimization of agro-technologies, based on the principle subordination of synergetics, was established. There was developed computer system energy-resource-saving optimization of agricultural technologies. The main feature of crop production is provided by the plants which themselves are self-organizing organisms. This allows us to adopt the principle of subordination of synergetics as the basis of the model. The value of free energy at the input into plants, estimated by the process of photosynthesis, is equal to the value of “radiation exergy for plant growth”. Assessment of the use of radiation energy is carried out based on the energy-converting characteristics of plants, which were obtained in climate chambers under controlled conditions. We used the model based on the principle of subordination of synergetics to develop common quantitative mutually agreed definitions of the main agroecological variables: Agroclimatic and Meliorative potentials of lands, their fertility, and potential (maximum) productivity of plants under different environment conditions.

Water Consumption Processes of Different Planting Models in Rice Production of Northeast China

Different irrigation schemes have different effects on water consumption in rice production.However,few studies have been conducted on the water consumption processes between dry direct seeding rice and transplanting rice under different irrigation schemes.Water consumption process,water use efficiency and correlation effect of water consumption on yield under different planting models in rice production were investigated in northeast China in 2018.Seven treatments were implemented:drip irrigation dry direct seeding rice(DDSR),wet irrigation dry direct seeding rice(WDSR),flooded irrigation dry direct seeding rice(FDSR),transplanting flooded rice(TFR),controlled irrigation transplanting rice(CTR),intermittent irrigation transplanting rice(ITR)and wet irrigation transplanting rice(WTR).Among them,TFR was the control.The results showed that the peaks of the water consumption amount,intensity and its modulus coefficient of the seven treatments all appeared in the middle tillering and the jointing booting stages.The total water consumption amount(ET)and average water consumption intensity of DDSR,WDSR,FDSR and WTR were lower than those of TFR,CTR and ITR.The maximum water use efficiency of yield(WUEy)occurred in DDSR with a value of 3.8 kg·m^(-3).WUEy of DDSR,WDSR and FDSR were significantly higher than those of TFR,CTR and ITR.In the middle tillering and the heading and flowering stages,the water consumption amount of each treatment had a positive effect on yield formation,and the water consumption amount in the late tillering stage had a negative effect on yield formation.The relationship between ET and yield(Y)of dry direct seeding and transplanting planting models showed a quadratic function curve.ET of transplanting planting model had a significant positive impact on Y,and ET of dry direct seeding planting model had no impact on Y.DDSR had the least total water consumption of 199.8 mm·m^(-2),the lowest water consumption intensity of 2.0 mm·d^(-1) and the greatest water use efficiency of 3.8 kg·m^(-3),which suggested that DDSR had the most significant water saving effect.The combination of dry direct seeding planting model and drip irrigation scheme would be a good option for determining a water-saving rice planting model in northeast China.

Persistence and Extinction of a Non-Autonomous Plant Disease Model with Roguing^*

On the basis of analyzing the shortages of present studies on plant disease model for autonomous phenomenon, and considering the actual situation, this paper applies the joint factors of environmental change and the infectivity for latent plants into the system;therefore we deal with a non-autonomous plant disease model with roguing. Some sufficient conditions are established for extinction of diseases and permanence of the system in this paper.

The Importance of Mathematical Models to Explore the Effects of Marijuana and Other Plant Based Products on Learning and Memory

This article describes the use of the first order system transfer function for learning and memory studies involving consumption of marijuana and other plant based products. We provide detailed instructions on how the model can be used to analyze the performance of individual participants using a memory test developed by the senior authors. The importance of identifying possible learning and memory deficits of marijuana is paramount due to the growing number of states in the U.S. legalizing marijuana use for medicinal and recreational purposes. The model can also be extended to other plant based products purported to improve memory. While this article does not study the effect of marijuana, we provide details on how it can be used by illustrating its application on individuals consuming an amphetamine-like psychostimulant drug using our own memory test.

Global Dynamic Analysis of a Vector-Borne Plant Disease Model with Discontinuous Treatment

This paper proposes a vector-borne plant disease model with discontinuous treatment strategies. Constructing Lyapunov function and applying non-smooth theory to analyze discontinuous differential equations, the basic reproductive number R0 is proved, which determines whether the plant disease will be extinct or not. If R0 R0 > 1 , there exists a unique endemic equilibrium which is globally stable. The numerical simulations are provided to verify our theoretical results, which indicate that after infective individuals reach some level, strengthening treatment measures is proved to be beneficial in controlling disease transmission.

Modeling the Dispersion and Atmospheric Mitigation of Pollutants in the Dibamba-Douala Thermal Power Plant

This work simulates the dispersion and atmospheric attenuation of pollutants from the Dibamba-Douala thermal power plant. The objective of this research is to study the dispersion of air pollutants and mitigate the impact of pollutants on the populations living around the power plant. The methodology used is as follows: the Gaussian model is used for the representation of the dispersion in the form of a plume, the finite difference method for digital resolution. Finally, dispersion charts are constructed which allow the heights of the chimneys to be fixed for which the concentrations of pollutants discharged comply with ambient air quality standards. The results obtained using the simulation made in the MATLAB software version 2016 show that, for a wind regime of 1.5 m/s;we have a predicted distance of 150 m at which the concentration is canceled out. Then, for the wind speed of 2 m/s;we had a predicted distance of 125 m and finally for a wind speed of 2.5 m/s;we observed the 120 m distance at which the concentration is canceled. In addition, for the same wind regimes, the attenuation of pollutants at ground level is obtained for a height of 60 m.

A model solar energy power plant will be built in Shandong Province

A US-China jointly owned model solar energy power plant, with an ultimate installed capacity of 2 000 MW, will be built in Shandong Province.

Distributed Model Predictive Control for Networked Plant-wide Systems With Neighborhood Cooperation

For large-scale networked plant-wide systems composed by physically(or geographically) divided subsystems, only limited information is available for local controllers on account of region and communication restrictions. Concerning the optimal control problem of such subsystems, a neighbor-based distributed model predictive control(NDMPC) strategy is presented to improve the global system performance. In this scheme, the performance index of local subsystems and that of its neighbors are minimized together in the determination of the optimal control input, which makes the local control decision also beneficial to its neighboring subsystems and further contributes to improving the convergence and control performance of overall system.The stability of the closed-loop system is proved. Moreover, the parameter designing method for distributed synthesis is provided.Finally, the simulation results illustrate the main characteristics and effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.

Plant Temperature and Its Simulation Model of Thermo-Sensitive Genic Male Sterile Rice

Plant temperature （Tp） and its relations to the microclimate of rice colony and irrigation water were studied using a thermo-sensitive genic male sterile （TGMS） rice line, Pei＇ai 64S. Significant differences in the daily change of temperature were detected between Tp and air temperature at the height of 150 cm （TA）. From 8：00 to 20：00, Tp was lower than TA, but they were similar during 21：00 to next 7：00. The maximum Tp occurred one hour earlier than the maximum TA, though they both reached the minimum at 6：00. Tp fluctuated less than TA. At the same height, during 6：00-13：00, Tp was higher than air temperature （Ta）, and Tp reached the maximum one hour earlier than Ta. During the rest time on sunny day, Tp was close to or even a little lower than Ta. On overcast day, Tp was higher than Ta in the whole day, and both maximized at the same time. In addition, Tp was regulated by solar radiation, cloudage and wind speed in daytime, and by irrigation water at night. The present study indicated that a TA of 29.6℃ was the critical point, at which Tp was increased or decreased by irrigation water. Tp and the difference between water and air temperatures showed a conic relation. Tp fluctuation was also regulated by the absorption or reflection of solar radiation by leaves during daytime and release of heat energy during nighttime. By analysis on correlation and regression simulation, two models of Tp were established.

Industrial Poverty Alleviation Model in Southwestern High-altitude Mountainous Areas of China——A Case Study of Industrial Poverty Alleviation of Xueshan Township in Luquan County of Yunnan Province through Planting Codonopsis pilosula

Due to the severe restrictions of natural conditions and ecological environment,high-altitude mountainous areas usually become the " hard bones" in the battle against poverty. Xueshan Township,Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County of Yunnan Province,located in the alpine valley of Jinsha River,is a major township with wide and deep poverty,and the incidence of poverty is up to 45. 00%. In recent years,Xueshan Township has insisted on the battle against poverty,made effort to develop the Codonopsis pilosula industry,and successfully developed a road to poverty alleviation through C. pilosula industry,and formed a unique industrial poverty alleviation model by the end of 2018,the incidence of poverty dropped to 0. 74%. Based on field survey and interview,this paper analyzes and summarizes the specific practices,main results,practical experience and promotion and application measures of the poverty alleviation model of C. pilosula planting industry in Xueshan Township,in the hope of providing certain reference for the targeted poverty alleviation in similar areas in Yunnan Province and other provinces of China.

Models of Functional Checks of Plant with Hidden Function Failure

In this paper, the state of plant is considered to be of three kinds: normal, potential failure and function failure. The time interval between brand new to potential failure and that between potential failure and function failure are dealt with as random variables. This paper also establishes models of functional check of plant with hidden function failure, in which the nature and sensitivity of the output from the models are given by way of numerical exatnples.

Dynamics of a Nonautonomous Plant Disease Model with General Nonlinear Incidence Rate and Time-Varying Impulse

In this paper, for controlling the spread of plant diseases, a nonautonomous SEIS (Susceptible → Exposed → Infectious → Susceptible) epidemic model with a general nonlinear incidence rate and time-varying impulsive control strategy is proposed and investigated. This novel model could result in an objective criterion on how to control plant disease transmission by replanting of healthy plants and removal of infected plants. Using the method of small amplitude perturbation, the sufficient conditions under which guarantee the globally attractive of the disease-free periodic solution and the permanence of the disease are obtained, that is, the disease dies out if R12>1.

Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling of the Emissions from the Logbaba Thermal Power Plant, Douala-Cameroon

Air quality in the vicinity of the thermal power plant of Logbaba in the town of Douala was investigated in this study using data collected in a 5-year period (2008-2012). The distribution of pollutants such as SO2, NOx, CO and the particle matter PM2.5 was analyzed using numerical modeling, based on physical and thermal characteristics, as well as the operating periods of the power plant. The American Environmental Regulator Model (AERMOD) that is an atmospheric dispersion model was used for simulation. The wind rose and others National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in-situ data were used for the validation of the model. The pollutants distribution was evaluated at two locations: the exit of the power plant, considered as reference point, and at 330 m away from the exit where the first houses appeared. The results show that the relative concentration for each contaminant at the exit of the power plant is 7.2% for the PM2.5 during 24 hours of emission, 46.0% for CO over 8 hours of emission, and 17.5% for SO2 over one hour. The NOx is the highest pollutant with 259.1% over an hour of emission and 51.0% over one year. Beyond 330 m of the power plant, only NOx keeps a polluting character with a relative rate of 100%. These results show that the pollution level of the power plant is over the threshold for air quality set by the World Health Organization. Moreover, among all pollutants investigated, NOx appears to be the most critical for the population in the vicinity of the Logbaba thermal power plant. This information is therefore important for policy and decision makers in preventing the vulnerability of the population to air pollutants from such industrial settings.

Application of Polynomial Mathematical Models for the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Sources

This article focuses on the mathematical modelling of the extraction process of bioactive compounds from grape marc and berries (Aronia, rosehip, rowan, and hawthorn). The composition of the extraction medium (the concentration of the ethyl alcohol) served as a factor of influence. Furthermore, 8 experimental measured parameters were used as variables. The experimental results were processed using Hermite polynomials. In order to adapt the degree of the polynomial, the following conditions were imposed: high precision of the mathematical model by appealing to models on interval;obtaining a nominal model and two uncertain models (upper and lower);deduction of two predictive models, one superior and one inferior. It was found that the mathematical models based on Hermite polynomials do not provide explicit analytical expressions, although they allow the establishment of parameter values for any concentration of the extraction medium. In some cases, only high-grade polynomial models ensure the modelling error below 2%. Uncertain models (upper and lower 95%) include all experimental data. Predictive mathematical models (upper and lower) were established for a high prediction. The analytical expressions of the mathematical models on intervals are non-gaps, the coefficients having non-zero values. Dependencies between the measured parameters and the composition of the extraction solvent were analyzed, the results being presented through the calculation of a surface, with all the experimental values and their average values. Thus, it was found that polynomial mathematical models provide complete information for modelling the extraction processes of bioactive compounds of plant origin.