Modeling of Bridging Law for PVA Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composite Considering Fiber Orientation

The authors have proposed the calculation method of bridging law,that is expressed by tensile stress–crack width relationship,considering the influence of fiber orientation in FRCC(fiber-reinforced cementitious composite).The objective of this study is to propose a new tri-linear model that expresses the bridging law considering fiber orientation.The parameters that give the characteristic points of the tri-linear model are proposed as functions of orientation intensity.The bending test,in which the specimens are fabricated by three different casting methods,is conducted to verify the adaptability of the proposed model.The results of section analysis using the proposed model can present the difference of bending strength due to the fiber orientation.

Study on orientation fracture blasting with shaped charge in rock

On the basis of the theories of mechanics of explosive and rock fracture mechanics, the mechanism of crack initiation and its expansion of directional fracture controlled blasting with shaped charges in rock were studied, then the blasting parameters were designed and tested by a model test in laboratory and field experiment. The experimental and test results showed that the energy from blasting is directionally concentrated for the cumulative action. The directional expansion of cracks is satisfactory, the results of the model test and field test suggested that the orientation fracture blasting with shaped charge is a good means of excavating tunnels or cutting rock.

Lifetime prediction for tantalum capacitors with multiple degradation measures and particle swarm optimization based grey model

A lifetime prediction method for high-reliability tantalum （Ta） capacitors was proposed, based on multiple degradation measures and grey model （GM）. For analyzing performance degradation data, a two-parameter model based on GM was developed. In order to improve the prediction accuracy of the two-parameter model, parameter selection based on particle swarm optimization （PSO） was used. Then, the new PSO-GM（1, 2, co） optimization model was constructed, which was validated experimentally by conducting an accelerated testing on the Ta capacitors. The experiments were conducted at three different stress levels of 85, 120, and 145℃. The results of two experiments were used in estimating the parameters. And the reliability of the Ta capacitors was estimated at the same stress conditions of the third experiment. The results indicate that the proposed method is valid and accurate.

Laboratory Model Tests and DEM Simulations of Unloading-Induced Tunnel Failure Mechanism

Tunnel excavation is a complicated loading-unloading-reloading process characterized by decreased radial stresses and increased axial stresses.An approach that considers only loading,is generally used in tunnel model testing.However,this approach is incapable of characterizing the unloading effects induced by excavation on surrounding rocks and hence presents radial and tangential stress paths during the failure process that are different from the actual stress state of tunnels.This paper carried out a comparative analysis using laboratory model testing and particle flow code(PFC2D)-based numerical simulation,and shed light upon the crack propagation process and,microscopic stress and force chain variations during the loading-unloading process.The failure mode observed in the unloading model test is shear failure.The force chains are strongly correlated with the concrete fracture propagation.In addition,the change patterns of the radial and tangential stresses of surrounding rocks in the broken region,as well as the influence of the initial stress on failure loads are revealed.The surrounding soil of tunnel failure evolution as well as extent and shape of the damage zone during the excavation-induced unloading were also studied.

Quantifying Reusability of Object Oriented Design: A Testability Perspective

The quality factor of class diagram is critical because it has a significant influence on overall quality of the product, delivered finally. Testability analysis, when done early in the software creation process, is a criterion of critical importance to software quality. Reusability is an important quality factor to testability. Its early measurement in object oriented software especially at design phase, allows a design to be reapplied to a new problem without much extra effort. This research paper proposes a research framework for quantification process and does an extensive review on reusability of object oriented software. A metrics based model “Reusability Quantification of Object Oriented Design” has been proposed by establishing the relationship among design properties and reusability and justifying the correlation with the help of statistical measures. Also, “Reusability Quantification Model” is empirically validated and contextual significance of the study shows the high correlation for model acceptance. This research paper facilitates to software developers and designer, the inclusion of reusability quantification model to access and quantify software reusability for quality product.

Anti-model测试框架的研究与实现

对于继承的系统或基于组件的系统,常常得不到系统详细的信息,测试这样的系统很困难,采用Anti-model测试思想和方法可以解决此类问题。基于Anti-model测试思想,设计出基于Anti-model的测试框架,详细分析和说明了Anti-model的测试过程中的几个关键性的技术,包括动态数据的获得、动态数据的存储格式、综合行为模型、修正和精炼系统行为模型、再测试的测试用例的获得等。编程实验表明,本方法具有实用性和可行性。

An elasto-plastic constitutive model incorporating strain softening and dilatancy for interface thin-layer element and its verification

The mechanical behaviors of the interface between coarse-grained soil and concrete were investigated by simple shear tests under condition of mixed soil slurry (bentonite mixed with cement grout).For comparison,the interfaces both without slurry and with bentonite slurry were analyzed.The experimental results show that different slurries exert much influence on the strength and deformation of soil/structure interface.Under mixed soil slurry,strain softening and shear dilatation are observed,while shear dilatation appears under the small normal stress of the interface without slurry,and shear contraction is significant under the condition of the bentonite slurry.The thickness of the interface was determined by analyzing the disturbed height of the sample with both simple shear test and particle flow code (PFC).An elasto-plastic constitutive model incorporating strain softening and dilatancy for thin layer element of interface was formulated in the framework of generalized potential theory.The relation curves of shear stress and shear strain,as well as the relation curves of normal strain and shear strain,were fitted by a piecewise function composed by hyperbolic functions and resembling normal functions.The entire model parameters can be identified by tests.The new model is verified by comparing the measured data of indoor cut-off wall model tests with the predictions from finite element method (FEM).The FEM results indicate that the stress of wall calculated by using Goodman element is too large,and the maximum deviation between the test data and prediction is about 45%.While the prediction from the proposed model is close to the measured data,and the error is generally less than 10%.

Image-Aided Analysis of Ballast Particle Movement Along a High-Speed Railway

As a core infrastructure of high-speed railways,ballast layers constituted by graded crushed stones feature noteworthy particle movement compared with normal railways,which may cause excessive settlement and have detrimental effects on train operation.However,the movement behavior remains ambiguous due to a lack of effective measurement approaches and analytical methods.In this study,an image-aided technique was developed in a full-scale model test using digital cameras and a colorbased identification approach.A total of 1274 surface ballast particles were manually dyed by discernible colors to serve as tracers in the test.The movements of the surface ballast particles were tracked using the varied pixels displaying tracers in the photos that were intermittently taken during the test in the perpendicular direction.The movement behavior of ballast particles under different combinations of train speeds and axle loads was quantitatively evaluated.The obtained results indicated that the surface ballast particle movements were slight,mainly concentrated near sleepers under low-speed train loads and greatly amplified and extended to the whole surface when the train speed reached 360 km.h-1.Additionally,the development of ballast particle displacement statistically resembled its rotation.Track vibration contributed to the movements of ballast particles,which specifically were driven by vertical acceleration near the track center and horizontal acceleration at the track edge.Furthermore,the development trends of ballast particle movements and track settlement under long-term train loading were similar,and both stabilized at nearly the same time.The track performance,including the vibration characteristics,accumulated settlement,and sleeper support stiffness,was determined to be closely related to the direction and distribution of ballast particle flow,which partly deteriorated under high-speed train loads.

Calibration of an elastoplastic model of sand liquefaction using the swarm intelligence with a multi-objective function

According to post-seismic observations,spectacular examples of engineering failures can be ascribed to the occurrence of sand liquefaction,where a sandy soil stratum could undergo a transient loss of shear strength and even behave as a“liquid”.Therefore,correct simulation of liquefaction response has become a challenging issue in geotechnical engineering field.In advanced elastoplastic models of sand liquefaction,certain fitting parameters have a remarkable effect on the computed results.However,the identification of these parameters,based on the experimental data,is usually intractable and sometimes follows a subjective trial-and-error procedure.For this,this paper presented a novel calibration methodology based on an optimization algorithm(particle swarm optimization(PSO))for an advanced elastoplastic constitutive model.A multi-objective function was designed to adjust the global quality for both monotonic and cyclic triaxial simulations.To overcome computational problem probably appearing in simulation of the cyclic triaxial test,two interrupt mechanisms were designed to prevent the particles from wasting time in searching the unreasonable space of candidate solutions.The Dafalias model has been used as an example to demonstrate the main programme.With the calibrated parameters for the HN31 sand,the computed results were highly consistent with the laboratory experiments(including monotonic triaxial tests under different confining pressures and cyclic triaxial tests in two loading modes).Finally,an extension example is given for Ottawa sand F65,suggesting that the proposed platform is versatile and can be easily customized to meet different practical needs.

COMPRESSIVE COMMINUTION MECHANISM OF PARTICLE BEDS

Granular material mechanics,finite element analysis and crushing theory are applied to study the compressive comminution mechanism of particle beds in this paper.This is a new method by which we have established an equivalent model of granular material,determined the values and distributions of contact forces and discovered a crushing law.The model has been tested on the newly designed equipment and proved to be correct.Some new characteristics and laws of compressive comminution of particle beds have been found.

Implementation of Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm in Matlab Code for Hyperelastic Characterization

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the applicability of Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm to determine material parameters in incompressible isotropic elastic strain-energy functions using combined tension and torsion loading. Simulation of rubber behavior was conducted from the governing equations of the deformation of a cylinder composed of isotropic hyperelastic incompressible materials. Four different forms of strain-energy function were considered based respectively on polynomial, exponential and logarithmic terms to reproduce load force (N) and torque (M) trends using natural rubber experimental data. After highlighting the minimization of the objective function generated in the fitting process, the study revealed that a particle swarm optimization algorithm could be successfully used to identify the best material parameters and characterize the behavior of rubber-like hyperelastic materials.

未胶结钙质砂中表面基础承载力研究

本文针对南海未胶结钙质砂开展室内表面基础模型试验、大变形有限元模拟和三轴排水试验,获得钙质砂承载特性与力学性质。通过进行室内模型试验,获得松砂和中密砂中反力-位移曲线,且发现基础周围颗粒破碎不明显。然后采用商业软件Abaqus中的大变形有限元模块耦合欧拉-拉格朗日(CEL)开展表面基础有限元计算,本构模型采用摩尔-库伦模型,本构参数通过三轴排水试验确定。有限元模型经室内模型试验结果验证可靠后,开展变参计算,探究基础尺寸和土体相对密实度对表面基础承载力的影响。结果表明,表面基础承载力随基础直径增加而增大,满足幂函数变化规律,进而给出了容许承载力和极限承载力随基础直径变化的预测公式。

基于粒子图像测速技术的节状地下连续墙变形特性与破坏模式研究

节状地下连续墙(简称节状墙)是一种新型的地基基础形式,具备良好的工程特性,相对于传统地下连续墙而言,由于节部的存在,其抗拔承载力得到了有效地提升。目前,节状墙的应用及研究尚处于起步阶段,其变形特性与破坏模式亟待摸清。通过室内模型试验辅以粒子图像测速(particle image velocimetry,简称PIV)技术对节状墙基础竖向受拉下的位移和破坏形态开展了分析,研究结果表明:端部与中部节的设置扩大了深部与浅部土体的影响范围,多部节的设置相对于单部节有利于调动更广范围的土体。节状墙的破坏模式包括垂直滑移面、倒金字塔状或正切曲线和花瓶状曲线(即曲线滑移面)相连接的滑移面。总体而言,与抗拔桩相比,节状墙的抗拔破坏面受到节部数量和位置的影响而表现为复合型,且部分滑移面的走向与土体内摩擦角有关。

不同养护制度下掺废弃塑料对混凝土的影响研究

为研究掺入废弃塑料对蒸汽养护混凝土的作用机制,开展了不同塑料颗粒掺量混凝土力学试验,建立了考虑界面过渡区效应的随机骨料模型,模拟塑料颗粒掺入对蒸养混凝土热损伤的影响,并通过压汞试验,揭示了塑料颗粒掺入对蒸养试件孔结构演化规律。结果表明,随塑料颗粒掺量的增加,蒸养试件强度高于标养混凝土强度;蒸养引起的内部应力因塑料颗粒的掺入得到显著缓解,微裂纹数量明显减少,有效抑制蒸养引起的热损伤;塑料颗粒细化了蒸养混凝土孔结构,多害孔占比降低,无害孔占比增加。

基于粒子群算法的农用轮胎柔性环模型参数辨识方法

轮胎柔性环模型能准确表达轮胎变形,但模型的刚度参数无法直接测定,因此模型刚度参数的辨识成为建模过程中的关键。本文基于轮胎柔性环模型运动学方程,分析农用轮胎固有频率与刚度参数之间的关系,提出基于粒子群算法的柔性环模型刚度参数辨识方法。通过轮胎模态试验获取轮胎固有频率,采用粒子群算法对柔性环模型刚度参数进行辨识。将固有频率的试验值与预测值的平均误差作为评价指标,对比粒子群算法与传统算法及遗传算法辨识结果,结果表明粒子群算法的参数辨识结果精度较高,平均绝对误差为1.67 Hz,平均相对误差为1.66%,相较于遗传算法,平均相对误差降低16.16%,运算时间减少93.19%。通过接地印痕试验获取农用轮胎接地角度,结合辨识所得刚度参数,估算轮胎所受到的垂向力,对比垂向力的试验值与预测值,结果表明粒子群算法的参数辨识结果精度较高,垂向载荷估算平均相对误差为1.97%,相对于遗传算法,平均相对误差降低12.05%。

基于模拟退火粒子群算法与小冲杆试验确定材料塑性性能的方法

为了能够准确合理地从小冲杆试验曲线中获取材料的塑性参数,提出了一种基于模拟退火粒子群算法和有限元模拟获得材料断后伸长率及断面收缩率的方法。首先通过小冲杆试验获取X65、X70管线钢的载荷-位移曲线;其次利用模拟退火粒子群算法和有限元模拟相结合的方法,使得小冲杆模拟曲线逼近试验曲线,进而识别Johnson-Cook(J-C)本构模型参数;最后将识别的参数用于模拟单轴拉伸试验,从而获取材料断后伸长率和断面收缩率。该方法所获得的两种管线钢的断后伸长率、断面收缩率与单轴拉伸试验结果的最大相对误差分别为23.58%、3.70%。

融合面向对象与卷积神经网络的GF-2古城墙提取技术分析

针对目前由于地形与气候等限制条件导致对一些古建筑遗址很难进行动态监测和保护的问题,提出基于高分影像,采用面向对象结合卷积神经网络分类算法实现对大型土筑古城武威满城城墙的精细化提取,并与最大熵耦合离散粒子群算法(MEDPSO)及最大似然法(MLC)对比,验证该方法的适用性和精度。提取结果表明:面向对象结合卷积神经网络分类方法表现出很强的抗干扰和泛化能力,能够实现对城墙边界的有效提取。本文方法的Kappa系数(0.95)高于MEDPSO(0.92)和MLC(0.86);其总体精度(97.46%)高于MEDPSO(95.68%)和MLC(92.67%),从而验证了提出方法对古建筑城墙提取的有效性,为古城墙信息提取提供技术参考和借鉴价值。

基于粒子-人工蜂群算法的3RPUP_(c)-UPS并联机构运动学正解研究

针对3RPUP_(c)-UPS并联机构运动学正解求解困难的问题,对新型3RPUPc-UPS并联机构的运动学特性进行了研究,并构建出位置正解求解模型,进而提出了一种基于粒子-人工蜂群算法(P-ABC)的并联机构运动学求解方法。首先,根据机构的拓扑特性,计算得到了方位特征集、自由度和耦合度;然后,根据机构的几何特征,基于姿态变换矩阵和动平台投影方程,建立了机构的运动学逆解方程,并对比了MATLAB和SOLIDWORKDS的仿真结果,验证了逆解分析的正确性;最后,将运动学逆解方程转化为最小化求解问题,构建出了适合优化算法的运动学正解模型,并利用MATLAB的软件交互界面(GUI)功能,开发出用于计算并联机构运动学正解的软件,分别基于粒子群算法(PSO)、人工蜂群算法(ABC)和P-ABC算法,对该并联机构的运动学正解进行了计算。研究结果表明:P-ABC算法单次求解时间在0.5 s内,求解误差级别为10-20,相对于ABC算法,运行时间缩短了50.02%;而相对于POS算法,其求解精度提高了10个数量级。P-ABC算法能够用于求解该并联机构运动学正解,具有计算速度快、精度高的特点,可以为研究并联机构运动学正解提供新方法。

铁路基床翻浆冒泥路段道砟颗粒运动及力学特性研究

为研究有砟轨道基床翻浆冒泥路段的道床动力学响应规律,自制了一套模型试验装置来模拟铁路基床翻浆冒泥过程,路基模型采用粉质黏土与道砟碎石填筑,在道床层不同位置处埋入三颗智能颗粒传感器实时监测道砟的振动加速度及运动姿态变化,分析洁净状态与不同翻浆冒泥程度对道砟颗粒加速度与运动姿态的影响。试验结果表明:泥浆侵入道床后,道床内道砟颗粒的振动变得更加剧烈,并且泥浆侵入道床程度的加深会提高道砟颗粒的振动水平;在洁净的道床中,道砟颗粒之间会产生较强的约束作用,道砟颗粒不易发生转动;无论在何种道床状态下,道砟颗粒绕横向、纵向转动的程度均大于绕竖向转动;当泥浆侵入道床之后,道砟颗粒会产生绕横向、纵向的较大转动,绕竖向旋转角度没有明显变化。

Crack mechanism of ground fissures in loess layer of Fenwei Basin, China

The Fenwei Basin, covered by loess, experiences severe ground fissure disasters. These disasters disrupt the continuity of the loess and pose significant threats to engineering construction safety along transportation routes. Nevertheless, the crack characteristics and the influence zone of ground fissures in the loess layer remain inadequately investigated. To effectively prevent and control ground fissure disasters, physical model tests and the PFC(particle flow code) numerical simulation method are used to investigate the crack mechanism of buried ground fissures in the loess layer. The results show that there are two main cracks in the layer profile, which have a Y-shape morphology. As the dip angle of the preset cracks increased from 60° to 90°, the main deformation zone at the surface gradually shifted towards the footwall. The process of crack propagation from depth to surface is divided into five stages. Additionally, the results confirm the accuracy of the width of the rupture zone d2in the footwall calculated by the cantilever beam theory. These findings can offer theoretical guidance for determining the avoidance distance of ground fissures in loess regions, as well as for implementing disaster prevention and corresponding control measures for various stages of buried ground fissure propagation.