Equality Testing for Soil Grid Unit Resolutions to Polygon Unit Scales with DNDC Modeling of Regional SOC Pools

Matching soil grid unit resolutions with polygon unit map scales is important to minimize the uncertainty of regional soil organic carbon(SOC) pool simulation due to their strong influences on the modeling.A series of soil grid units at varying cell sizes was derived from soil polygon units at six map scales,namely,1:50 000(C5),1:200 000(D2),1:500 000(P5),1:1 000 000(N1),1:4 000 000(N4) and 1:14 000 000(N14),in the Taihu Region of China.Both soil unit formats were used for regional SOC pool simulation with a De Nitrification-DeC omposition(DNDC) process-based model,which spans the time period from 1982 to 2000 at the six map scales.Four indices,namely,soil type number(STN),area(AREA),average SOC density(ASOCD) and total SOC stocks(SOCS) of surface paddy soils that were simulated by the DNDC,were distinguished from all these soil polygon and grid units.Subjecting to the four index values(IV) from the parent polygon units,the variations in an index value(VIV,%) from the grid units were used to assess its dataset accuracy and redundancy,which reflects the uncertainty in the simulation of SOC pools.Optimal soil grid unit resolutions were generated and suggested for the DNDC simulation of regional SOC pools,matching their respective soil polygon unit map scales.With these optimal raster resolutions,the soil grid units datasets can have the same accuracy as their parent polygon units datasets without any redundancy,when VIV < 1% was assumed to be a criterion for all four indices.A quadratic curve regression model,namely,y = – 0.80 × 10^(–6)x^2 + 0.0228 x + 0.0211(R^2 = 0.9994,P < 0.05),and a power function model R? = 10.394?^(0.2153)(R^2 = 0.9759,P < 0.05) were revealed,which describe the relationship between the optimal soil grid unit resolution(y,km) and soil polygon unit map scale(1:10 000x),the ratio(R?,%) of the optimal soil grid size to average polygon patch size(?,km^2) and the ?,with the highest R^2 among different mathematical regressions,respectively.This knowledge may facilitate the grid partitioning of regions during the investigation and simulation of SOC pool dynamics at a certain map scale,and be referenced to other landscape polygon patches' mesh partition.

ON INFORMATION THEORY METHOD FOR RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT OF SYSTEMS CONSISTING OF DIFFERENT SUCCESS FAILURE MODEL UNITS

Using the characteristic of addition of information quantity and the principle of equivalence of information quantity, this paper derives the general conversion formulae of the formation theory method conversion (synthesis) on the systems consisting of different success failure model units. According to the fundamental method of the unit reliability assessment, the general models of system reliability approximate lower limits are given. Finally, this paper analyses the application of the assessment method by examples, the assessment results are neither conservative nor radical and very satisfactory. The assessment method can be popularized to the systems which have fixed reliability structural models.

Controller design based on viscoelasticity dynamics model and experiment for flexible drive unit

In order to ensure that the system has the advantage of light weight and vibration absorption, the steel rope is used as a flexible transmission part. A flexible drive unit(FDU) is developed, whose features are guided by steel rope, increasing force by the movable pulley group, modular, convenient and flexible. Dynamics model for controller is deduced based on the constitutive equation of viscoelasticity. Controller is designed for position control and is based on the viscoelasticity dynamics model compensation control strategy proposed. The control system is based on the TURBO PMAC multi-axis motion control card.Prototype loading experiments and velocity experiments results show that the FDU can reach 2 Hz with no load and the max speed of 30(°)/s. The FDU has the capability of the load torque 11.2 N·m and the speed of 24(°)/s simultaneously, and the frequency response is 1.3 Hz. The FDU can be used to be the pitch joint of hip for biped robot whose walking speed is 0.144 km/h theoretically.

Prediction of the Biaxial Failure Strength of Composite Laminates with Unit Cell Analytic Model

A new method to predict the ultimate strength of fiber reinforced composites under arbitrary load condition is introduced. The micromechanics strength theory is used to perform the final failure prediction of composite laminates. The theory is based on unit cell analytic model which can provide the ply composite material properties by only using the constituent fiber and matrix properties and the laminate geometric parameters without knowing any experimental information of the laminates. To show that this method is suitable for predicting the strength of composite laminates, the micromechanics strength theory is ranked by comparing it with all the micro-level and the best two macro-level theories chosen from the World Wide Failure Exercise. The results show that this method can be used for predicting strength of any composite laminates and provide a direct reference for composite optimum design.

STATISTIC MODELING OF THE CREEP BEHAVIOR OF METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES BASED ON FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

The aim of the paper is to discover the general creep mechanisms for the short fiber reinforcement matrix composites (MMCs) under uniaxial stress states and to build a relationship between the macroscopic steady creep behavior and the material micro geometric parameters. The unit cell models were used to calculate the macroscopic creep behavior with different micro geometric parameters of fibers on different loading directions. The influence of the geometric parameters of the fibers and loading directions on the macroscopic creep behavior had been obtained, and described quantitatively. The matrix/fiber interface had been considered by a third layer, matrix/fiber interlayer, in the unit cells with different creep properties and thickness. Based on the numerical results of the unit cell models, a statistic model had been presented for the plane randomly-distributed-fiber MMCs. The fiber breakage had been taken into account in the statistic model for it starts experimentally early in the creep life. With the distribution of the geometric parameters of the fibers, the results of the statistic model agree well with the experiments. With the statistic model, the influence of the geometric parameters and the breakage of the fibers as well as the properties and thickness of, the interlayer on the macroscopic steady creep rate have been discussed.

Creep experiment and rheological model of deep saturated rock

By the methods of uniaxial single-stage loading and graded incremental cyclic loading, the creep experiments were performed on the deep saturated rock from Dongguashan Mine, and the creep curves of saturated rock under different loading stresses were obtained. By comparing with the creep rule of dry rock in the same location, the creep rule of deep saturated rock was analyzed. Based on the united rheological mechanical model, the rheological model of deep saturated rock was recognized, and the parameters of the model were determined. The results show that the creep curves are very smooth under low stress, but the phenomena of wave and catastrophe turn up under high stress, and the bearing capacity of rock is weakening over time. The rheological properties of saturated and dry rocks are very different under tlie condition of deep high stress, especially when unloading, degradation and damage of rock quality is more serious, and the effect of water cannot be neglected. The H--HIN--NJS model （Schofield-Scott-Blair model） was selected to represent the rheology rule of deep saturated rock, and the fitting curves of model agree well with the experiment data, so the selected model is reasonable.

Cross-Language Transfer Learning-based Lhasa-Tibetan Speech Recognition

As one of Chinese minority languages,Tibetan speech recognition technology was not researched upon as extensively as Chinese and English were until recently.This,along with the relatively small Tibetan corpus,has resulted in an unsatisfying performance of Tibetan speech recognition based on an end-to-end model.This paper aims to achieve an accurate Tibetan speech recognition using a small amount of Tibetan training data.We demonstrate effective methods of Tibetan end-to-end speech recognition via cross-language transfer learning from three aspects:modeling unit selection,transfer learning method,and source language selection.Experimental results show that the Chinese-Tibetan multi-language learning method using multilanguage character set as the modeling unit yields the best performance on Tibetan Character Error Rate(CER)at 27.3%,which is reduced by 26.1%compared to the language-specific model.And our method also achieves the 2.2%higher accuracy using less amount of data compared with the method using Tibetan multi-dialect transfer learning under the same model structure and data set.

Model Selection of Gas Turbine for Large Scale Gas-Fired Combined Cycle Power Plant

This paper briefs the configuration and performance of large size gas turbines and their composed combined cycle power plants designed and produced by four large renown gas turbine manufacturing firms in the world, providing reference for the relevant sectors and enterprises in importing advanced gas turbines and technologies.

3D FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF THE DAMAGE EFFECTS ON THE DENTAL COMPOSITE SUBJECT TO WATER SORPTION

The damage effects of water sorption on the mechanical properties of the hydroxyapatite particle reinforced Bis-GMA/TEGDMA copolymer （HA/Bis-GMA/TEGDMA） h-ave been predicted using 3D finite cell models. The plasticizer effect on the polymer matrix was considered as a variation of its Young＇s modulus. Three different cell models were used to determine the influence of varying particle contents, interphase strength and moisture concentration on the debonding damage. The stress distribution pattern has been examined and the stress transfer mode clarified. The Young＇s modulus and fracture strength of the Bis-GMA/TEGDMA composite were also predicted using the model with and without consideration of the damage. ine Iormer results with consideration of the debonding damage are in good agreement with existing literature experimental data. The shielding effect of our proposed model and an alternative approach were discussed. The FCC cell model has also been extended to predict the critical load for the damaged and the undamaged composite subject to the 3-point flexural test.

Equation of Energy Injection to a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor

The electric energy injection from a pulsed power supply to a planar type of dielectric barrier discharge（DBD） reactor at atmospheric pressure was studied. Relations of the energy injection with barrier materials, barrier thickness, peak voltage, gap distance, electrode area,and operation temperature were experimentally investigated. The energy injection is a function of relative permittivity, barrier thickness, peak voltage, gap distance, and electrode area. The influence of operation temperature on energy injection is slight in the range of 27-300℃ but becomes obvious in the range of 300-500℃. A model was established using which the energy injection can be easily predicted.

Growth Habit of the Basic Oxysulfate Magnesium Whisker

The growth habit of the basic magnesium oxysulfate whisker was investigated based on the theoreticalmodelof anion coordination polyhedron growth units.It is found that typicalbasic magnesium oxysulfate whisker growth is consistent with anion tetrahedralcoordination incorporation rules.The growth units of basic magnesium oxysulfate whiskers are [Mg-（OH）_4]^（2-） and HSO_4^-.[Mg-（OH）_4]^（2-） is the favorable growth unit and whisker growth is in the direction of the [Mg-（OH）_4]^（2-） combination.A plurality of [Mg-（OH）_4]^（2-） s combine and become a larger dimensionalgrowth unit in a one-dimensionaldirection.Then HSO_4^- and larger dimensionalgrowth units connect as basic magnesium sulfate whiskers,according to the structuralcharacteristics of the basic magnesium sulfate whisker,which can guide the synthesis of magnesium hydroxide whisker.

Mg_2(OH)_2CO_3·3H_2O Whiskers Growth Mechanism

From the perspective of growth units, the growth mechanism of Mg2（OH）2CO3.3H2O whisker is investigated in this paper. Results show that the growth morphology of Mg2（OH）2CO33H2O whisker is consistent with the model of anion coordination polyhedron growth units. The growth solution Raman shift of Mg2（OH）2CO;3H2O was monitored using Raman spectroscopy. The growth units are [Mg-（OH）4]2- and H2COv The growth process of Mg2（OH）2COf3H2O whisker is as follows： growth unit [Mg-（OH）4]2- first incorporates into the larger dimension [Mg-（OH）4]2-, then the [Mg-（OH）4]2-n combines with H2CO3 into a linear skeleton Mg2（OH）2CO3 in the same line. Mg2（OH）2CO3 combines with H2O by hydrogen bonds and ultimately transforms into Mg2（OH）2COf3H2O whisker. Magnesium carbonate whiskers have a layered structure, each of which is made of magnesium, carbon, oxygen, with H2O in between each layer. When skeletons are superimposed within the same plane as a parallelepiped one, they grow into solid cuboid-shaped whiskers. When the parallelepiped skeletons planes combine with each other through the cascading links, they grow into hollow cylindrical whiskers.

Marked Advance in Widths and Heights of Harmonic Plateau

We propose a scheme to simultaneously widen and heighten the high-order harmonic plateau on a large scale. More specifically, by adopting a united two-atom system with a suitable inter-nuclear separation instead of a single-atom, the harmonic plateau is widened from Ip ＋ 3.2Up to Ip ＋8.5Up; further, by adopting the combined pulse, the extended plateau （harmonics near Ip＋ 5.6Up） is selectively heightened in excess of 4 orders of magnitude compared with the case of the low-frequency pulse alone. By means of the wavelet transform for the induced dipole of these harmonics, a single x-ray pulse as short as 210 asec is achieved.

STUDY ON MAXIMUM HYDROGEN CAPACITY FOR Zr-Ni AMORPHOUS ALLOY

To design the amorphous hydrogen storage alloy efficiently, the maximum hydrogen capacities for Zr - Ni amorphous alloy were calculated. Based on the Rhomb Unit Structure Model(RUSM) for amorphous alloy and the experimental result that hydrogen atoms exist in 3Zr1Ni and 4Zr tetrahedron interstices in Zr-Ni amolphous alloy, the numbers of 3Zr-1Ni and 4Zr tetrahedron interstices in a RUSM were calculated which correspond to the hydrogen capacity. The two extremum Zr distribution states were calculated, such as highly heterogeneous Zr distribution and homogeneous Zr distribution. The calculated curves of hydrogen capacity with different Zr contents at two states indicate that the hydrogen capacity increases with increasing Zr content and reaches its maximum when Zr is 75%. The theoretical maximum hydrogen capacity for Zr - Ni amorphous alloy is 2.0 (H/M). Meanwhile, the hydrogen capacity of heterogenous Zr distribution alloy is higher than that of homogenous one at the same Zr content. The experimental results prove the calculated results reasonable, and accordingly, the experimental results that the distribution of Zr atom in amorphous alloy occur heterogeneous after a few hydrogen absorption desorption cycles can be explained.

A steered molecular dynamics study on the elastic behaviour of knotted polymer chains

In this paper the influence of a knot on the structure of a polymethylene （PM） strand in the tensile process is investigated by using the steered molecular dynamics （SMD） method. The gradual increasing of end-to-end distance, R, results in a tighter knot and a more stretched contour. That the break in a knotted rope almost invariably occurs at a point just outside the ＇entrance＇ to the knot, which has been shown in a good many experiments, is further theoretically verified in this paper through the calculation of some structural and thermodynamic parameters. Moreover, it is found that the analyses on bond length, torsion angle and strain energy can facilitate to the study of the localization and the size of a knot in the tensile process. The symmetries of torsion angles, bond lengths and bond angles in the knot result in the whole symmetry of the knot in microstructure, thereby adapting itself to the strain applied. Additionally, the statistical property of the force-dependent average knot size illuminates in detail the change in size of a knot with force f, and therefore the minimum size of the knot in the restriction of the potentials considered in this work for a PM chain is deduced. At the same time, the difference in response to uniaxial strain, between a knotted PM strand and an unknotted one is also investigated. The force-extension profile is easily obtained from the simulation. As expected, for a given f, the knotted chain has an R significantly smaller than that of an unknotted polymer. However, the scaled difference becomes less pronounced for larger values of N, and the results for longer chains approach those of the unknotted chains.

Effective Yield Strength for Material Powder Consolidated at Stage II Compaction

This work is concerned with the estimation from the outside of effective yield strength for the stage II consolidated material package of axisymmetric solid particles. Once an appropriate simple representative axisymmetric unit cell is chosen, the kinematical approach of the yield design homogenization method is used in order to obtain external estimates which has been found depending on the loading history (isostatic and closed die compactions) as well as on the relative density of the material powder. For comparison purpose, finite element simulations that describe the behavior of spherical elastic plastic particles uniformly distributed inside the material powder are carried out.

Hydrothermal preparation and formation mechanism of titanium dioxide microcrystallites

Hydrothermal preparation experiments of TiO2 microcrystallites were carried out. The formation of TiO2 microcrystallites of polymorphic forms was related to the precursor types and the basicity or acidity of reaction mediums under hydrothermal conditions. Based on the “growth unit” model, the space lattice graphs of growth units responding to different polymorphs were established. The stable energy of growth unit was calculated for different basicity or acidity of reaction mediums. The formation of polymorphic TiO2 microcrystallites under hydrothermal conditions was discussed based on the experimental results.

Estimation of Transverse Thermal Conductivity of Doubly-periodic Fiber Reinforced Composites

For steady-state heat conduction,a new variational functional for a unit cell of composites with periodic microstructures is constructed by considering the quasi-periodicity of the temperature field and in the periodicity of the heat flux fields. Then by combining with the eigenfunction expansion of complex potential which satisfies the fiber-matrix interface conditions, an eigenfunction expansion-variational method （EEVM）based on a unit cell is developed. The effective transverse thermal conductivities of doubly-periodic fiber reinforced composites are calculated, and the first-order approximation formula for the square and hexagonal arrays is presented, which is convenient for engineering application. The numerical results show a good convergency of the presented method,even though the fiber volume fraction is relatively high. Comparisons with the existing analytical and experimental results are made to demonstrate the accuracy and validity of the first-order approximation formula for the hexagonal array.

The growth mechanism of hydrotalcite crystal

From the point of growth units, the growth mechanism of hydrotalcite (HT) crystal is investigated in this paper. Results show that the growth morphology of HT is consistent with the model of anion coordination polyhedron growth units. The Raman shift of growth solutions of HT, Cu-HTlc, and Cu-Zn-HTlc are monitored using Raman spectroscopy. In the experiment, the growth units of Mg-Al-hydrotalcite are [Mg-(OH)6]4- and [Al-(OH)6]3-, and the growth units of Cu-Htlc and Cu-Zn-HTlc are [Mg-(OH)6]4- and [Al-(OH)6]3-, respectively. The growth process of hydrotalcite is as follows: growth units first incorpo- rate into metal layers, then metal layers adsorb An- and H2O, and the growth units incorporate into layer compounds according to this rule. Growth units will have different incorporations and growth morphologies caused by different growth surroundings. Furthermore, the reason why Cu-HTlc is difficult to synthesize is also interpreted in this paper.

A GPU accelerated finite volume coastal ocean model

With the unstructured grid, the Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model（FVCOM） is converted from its original FORTRAN code to a Compute Unified Device Architecture（CUDA） C code, and optimized on the Graphic Processor Unit（GPU）. The proposed GPU-FVCOM is tested against analytical solutions for two standard cases in a rectangular basin, a tide induced flow and a wind induced circulation. It is then applied to the Ningbo＇s coastal water area to simulate the tidal motion and analyze the flow field and the vertical tide velocity structure. The simulation results agree with the measured data quite well. The accelerated performance of the proposed 3-D model reaches 30 times of that of a single thread program, and the GPU-FVCOM implemented on a Tesla k20 device is faster than on a workstation with 20 CPU cores, which shows that the GPU-FVCOM is efficient for solving large scale sea area and high resolution engineering problems.