Analysis on Mortgage of Farmland Contractual Management Right and Countermeasures

In recent years, a series of pilot projects in mortgage of farmland contractual management right have been carried out in some regions. However, there is considerable dispute over whether the farmland contractual management right can be mortgaged in the practice of China's legislation on land circulation. We firstly introduced current situations of mortgage of farmland contractual management right in China. Then, we analyzed existing problems in mortgage of farmland contractual management right. Finally, we put forward corresponding countermeasures and recommendations, to bring into full play land use efficiency, more rationally distribute land resource, and further promote development of rural economy.

Research on Management Mode of Small-scale Irrigation Works for Farmland Based on Self-governance

The paper analyzes the practical use of management mode of small-scale farmland irrigation works in China,and studies various problems existing in the present management mode.It puts forward a mode named Water-consumer Association which is the most practical one at present.It points out some rules which must be mastered in solving problems appearing in using this mode.

Farmland Merging in Poland--A Success or Failure in Land Management Policy

Farmland merging is a significant tool in comprehensive rural areas development. Although a broad range of research relating to this field already exists, not enough emphasis has yet been placed on this issue in Poland. In all probability it would not be a point for broad discussion if this situation related to a country, where agriculture is negligible. Nonetheless, in Poland agriculture plays a very important role in the economy： it employs 17% of labour force and arable land covers about 60% of the total area. Yet, even where land consolidation work has been carried out for years, the expected effects are still not appreciable, mostly because of the disastrous formal and legal policy. This paper intends to make a contribution to the field of knowledge of farmland merging in Poland. Particular attention was focused on the importance of land management policy in the streamlining of land consolidation activities. The study brings a fresh view on the examination of the effectiveness of farmland merging work, based on two different formal procedures carried out in Poland. During the investigation the main obstacles and weaknesses in legal regulation were revealed while at the same time, producing possible solutions.

Coupling Relationship between Integrated Land Consolidation and Farmland Scale Management in Villages over Coal Resources:A Case Study of Zezhou County in Shanxi Province

Through field sampling survey of 18 villages over coal resources in 3 townships and towns in Zezhou County,Jincheng City,Shanxi Province,this paper analyzed the favorable conditions and obstacles for villages over coal resources to carry out farmland scale management.On this basis,combined with the integrated land consolidation measures in villages over coal resources and their effectiveness,and using the principles of system dynamics,it studied the coupling relationship between integrated land consolidation in villages over coal resources and farmland scale management and built a coupling model.It found that the integrated land consolidation system of villages over coal resources has a coupling relationship with the external and internal conditions of the farmland scale management system at the regional and project scales.The two systems interact with and influence each other through the"bridge"of"agricultural modernization condition".The study indicates that at the same time of integrated land consolidation of villages over coal resources caring about the improvement of internal conditions,it is also necessary to improve the external conditions of farmland scale management through regional scale measures such as laws and policies,to support the implementation of land consolidation projects,and realize farmland scale management.

Returning Farmland to Forest, Forest Management and Permanent Forest : Thinking on High-quality Development of Returning Farmland to Forest

In the first round of returning farmland to forest,many places in Hubei Province have vigorously developed ecological forests dominated by pine,fir and cypress,to improve the fragile ecological situation as soon as possible.At present,this kind of ecological forests are facing the dilemma of more pure forests,higher density and less management,with worse economic benefits.To realize high-quality development of these stands,it is necessary to carry out forest management guided by the close-to-nature concept.These stands will be transformed into permanent forests with multi tree species,multi age classes,multi levels and continuous coverage,to realize organic unity of economic,ecological and social benefits.

Empirical Analysis on Transfer and Limitation of Land Contractual Management Right

Existing laws have three limitations on transfer of land contractual management right. The survey of 506 farmer households in Zhejiang,Jiangxi and Guangxi provinces indicates that most farmers have the consistent knowledge of limitation on " transfer being approved by the party giving out the contract in advance" with legislative requirements,but it is not effectively implemented in actual operation. As to limitation on transferee,no matter in cognition of farmers,or in real transfer process,the transferee is not totally limited to farmers engaged in agricultural production and management. For the constraint that the transferor should have stable non-agricultural occupation or stable income source, most farmers agree,but more than half of the farmers have not confirmed the transfer action in practice.

Effects of Urbanization and Industrialization on Farmland System in Shandong Peninsula

[Objective] The aim was to study the effects of urbanization and industrialization on farmland system in Shandong Peninsula. [Method] In Shandong Peninsula, the effects were studied and analyzed using remote sensing and image interpretation with spatial data analysis and statistic data analysis. [Result] During researching periods in Shandong Peninsula, wasteland area changed from decreasing to increasing; farmland area was declining; orchard and forestry areas were increasing, mainly resulting from political policies and benefits maximization of farmers. Meanwhile, chemical fertilizers and agricultural mechanization are more frequently applied with industrialization and urbanization, leading significant effects on environment, industry and urban. [Conclusion] More policies should be formulated to promote harmonious development of society, economy and environment.

Study on Environmental Risk and Economic Benefits of Rotation Systems in Farmland of Erhai Lake Basin

This study was designed to find out an optimised planting system of reducing non-point （source） pollution by analyzing the reasons and the factors of influence non-point pollution in farmland of Erhai Lake basin. The results showed that incomes, residual nitrogen in soil, and the loss of nitrogen in surface water in rice-garlic system were higher than those in rice-fava bean system. There were positive correlations between the nitrogen loss of farmland, nitrogen inputs, residual nitrogen in soil, and incomes of farmland. Economic benefits and environment benefits are both appropriate, if the area of rice-garlic system would be reduced to 53% and the area of rice-fava bean system increased to 36% of total cropping area in the investigated watershed. Adjustment of planting structure and introduction of reasonable rotation systems is considered an effective measure of controlling agricultural non-point pollution in watersheds of Erhai Lake.

DESIGN OF FARMLAND GIS FOR PRECISION AGRICULTURE

Precision Agriculture, also known as Precision Farming, or Prescription Farming, is a modern agriculture technology system, which brings ' precision' into agriculture system. All concepts of Precision Agriculture are established on the collection and management of variable cropland information. As the tool of collecting, managing and analyzing spatial data, GIS is the key technology of integrated Precision Agriculture system. This article puts forward the concept of Farmland GIS and designs Farmland GIS into five modules, and specifies the functions of the each module, which builds the foundation for practical development of the software. The study and development of Farmland GIS will propel the spreading of Precision Agriculture technology in China.

Impact of slope farmland use change on ecosystem services value in China,2000-2020

Slope farmland is an important component of farmland resources in China.The utilization and change of slope farmland have significant effects on ecosystems,and understanding the impact of slope farmland change on ecosystem services(ESs)is critical for effective land utilization and ecosystem protection.This study aims to analyze slope farmland changes in China between 2000 and 2020 and quantify the impact of these changes on ESs by the use of a land use dynamic attitude study,and an ecosystem services value(ESV)equivalent.Results show that the area of slope farmland in China was mainly concentrated on slopes of 2°-6°,and exhibited a downward trend between 2000 and 2020.There were significant differences in the spatial distribution of the farmland,which was mainly located in the Taihang,Qinling,Wushan,and Xuefeng mountains.ESV increased by$179.235 million due to the conversion between slope farmland and forest,grassland,and construction land from 2000-2010.Conversely,from 2010 to 2020,ESV decreased by$2613.919 million due to the conversion of forest and grassland to slope farmland as well as the conversion of slope farmland to construction land.

Issues concerning Farmland Transfer in the Development of China's Agricultural Modernization——Based on the Survey of Farmers in 21 Townships of Sichuan Province

Based on the actual survey of 724 rural households in 21 townships of Sichuan Province,this article analyzes the basic information,basic characteristics and problems in current China's farmland transfer.The results show that the rural land contractual management right is relatively stable;in farmland transfer market,the degree of development of farmland transfer-out market is higher than that of farmland transfer-in market;at the same time,there are many problems,such as fragmentation of rural land resources allocation,incomplete land property rights system,too powerful land security function,single land transfer pattern and unsound transfer system.Corresponding countermeasures are put forward as follows:unifying urban and rural planning,and adjusting distribution pattern of rural land in concert with the course of urbanization;improving land property rights system,so that the farmers have the land contractual management right with real right tendency;strengthening the legal construction of land transfer,regulating the land transfer process,and guiding regularized and legalized development of land transfer;promoting farmers' cognitive level,and establishing the intermediary platform to provide land transfer information,ensuring information symmetry between both sides of transfer;providing more non-agricultural jobs,establishing and improving social security system for farmers,and diluting the social security function of land.

中国农田土壤重金属污染的人体健康风险评估:研究进展与展望

农田土壤重金属污染对食品安全和人体健康构成巨大的威胁。重金属主要通过经口摄入土壤、吸入土壤颗粒、皮肤接触和食物链摄取等暴露途径进入人体,其中经口摄入重金属污染土壤和农产品是主要的暴露途径。人体健康风险评估在农田土壤质量分类和风险管控中起着重要作用。因此,梳理了中国农田土壤重金属污染的人体健康风险评估的发展状况,介绍了人体健康风险评估的基本流程和评估技术,论述了影响人体健康风险评价准确性的主要因素及优化措施。在农田土壤重金属健康风险评估中,应加强耦合污染源识别技术、重视食物消费暴露途径、精准识别不同敏感受体、本土化敏感受体的暴露参数、纳入重金属的生物可给性,同时提高农田土壤重金属健康风险评估的准确性。未来可从加强应对健康风险评估过程不确定性的技术方法、考虑各种饮食的暴露途径和建立本土化的重金属毒性标准数据等多方面深化农田土壤重金属健康风险评估,以期推动中国农田土壤重金属人体健康风险评估的理论和技术发展。

The Innovation and Plights of Farmland Property Rights System Reform in Chongqing Municipality

Based on the background of national urban and rural comprehensive reform pilot area and the introduction of the profiles of research region and the data obtained by on-the-spot interview survey,the innovative models of farmland property rights system reform in Chongqing are introduced by applying participatory rural appraisal methods and examples. The innovative models cover buying shares of contract management rights,transforming from farmers to townspeople and mortgaging contract management rights. The plights exist in the reform are analyzed,among which the plights of buying shares of contract management rights are introduced from the following five aspects:the conflict with the present land contract laws,the possible new round of massive scale land loses,the confounded functions of government and enterprise caused by risk transference and the difficulties of handling assets when the contract management rights expired. Besides,the plights of the transforming from rural residents to urban residents are analyzed from four aspects,which include the particularity of reform,high financial pressure,emergence of interbedded people and difficulties of payoff of village-based companies. From the facets of limited mortgage area,risks of reimbursing the loan,legal risks of mortgage. The results show that the stock purchasing model of contractual management rights reveals the capital value of land and the model is of theoretical and practical significance in law and economics. However,the social security system is not perfect,so the stock purchasing model of contractual management rights can not be expanded. In addition,the participation of more famers and the expansion of enterprises are limited as well. The land comprehensive reform model of transforming from rural residents to urban residents is of positive significance to the comprehensive exploration of farmland property system reform,but this kind of model should be supported by strong economy. The stock purchasing model of contractual management rights is of significance to perfect the contractual management rights,but it conflicts with the existing laws and financial systems.

关于高标准农田基础设施建设投入问题的思考——基于河北省农田建设多元化投入的实证

本文基于对河北省农田建设项目现状以及财政投入情况进行实地考察,系统总结了中国当前农田建设投入管理的特点、存在问题及其根本原因。借鉴日本在农田基础设施建设方面的经验和做法,提出了一些政策建议,例如最大限度发挥参与农田建设的实体的作用、制定合理的投资标准、优化财政资金补助方式以及增加项目收益渠道。

农地经营权属性如何影响规模经营户耕地质量保护行为?

基于常州市1532个规模经营户样本数据,采用两阶段估计策略,实证分析农地经营权属性对规模经营者耕地质量保护行为的影响。结果表明:农地经营权债权属性占优时,农地产权稳定性与完整性相对较低,规模经营户更倾向于采取耕地质量保护行为;农地经营权物权属性占优时,农地产权稳定性、完整性较强,规模经营户采取耕地质量保护行为的概率反而较低。此外,农技培训、农地经营规模、参与农业经营组织与农业保险等经历对农地经营者耕地质量保护行为具有促进作用。据此,建议采取农地经营权属性分类引导的耕地质量保护激励措施,促进农地经营权流转法律制度与耕地质量保护协同发展。

农地产权的结构变化·权能功效和规模经营

运用文献研究法、对比分析法和制度分析法等研究方法,从产权结构角度阐释其变化历程和权能功效,进而揭示农地产权结构与农地经营模式的互馈。研究发现:农地产权结构的变化经历了所有权与使用权一体,所有权与使用权初步分离,所有权、资格权及使用权再分离等发展阶段,权能划分越来越细、权能内涵界定更趋清晰。农地产权正持续进行合理性变革,农地权能的分解具有中国特色,更加注重农民权能利益保护,并与农地经营模式关联紧密。未来农地产权结构和农地经营模式的创新需要国家从政策措施、经济措施、法律措施等方面进一步完善和予以保障。

农民专业合作社农地金融的法治保障研究

农民专业合作社农地金融实践的顺利展开,激发了农村土地资本运作功能,是助推农村经济发展、实现乡村振兴的题中应有之义。目前农民专业合作社农地金融的成效不如预期,究其本质原因在于既有立法对于实践探索自发形成的法秩序缺乏有效回应。确保农地金融法律关系主体的金融利益,并促进其所承载的社会公共利益之实现,亟待发挥法律对保障农民专业合作社农地金融实践顺利开展所具有的长效作用。实现农民专业合作社农地金融的法治化,必然要基于农地融资权的社会化向度,以完备农地金融的利益平衡机制为核心任务,以构建农民专业合作社的内部治理结构、完善风险防控和激励保障机制为关键进路。

山水林田湖草沙系统治理与水土保持高质量发展

[目的]中国水土流失治理已由“全面治理,重点治理”迈向“系统治理,攻坚克难”的新阶段。分析山水林田湖草沙系统治理的内涵、准则及其与水土保持的关系,旨在丰富新时代水土保持理论体系,引领水土保持高质量发展。[方法]在长期理论探索和实践验证的基础上,梳理山水林田湖草沙系统治理理念的发展过程,阐明其内涵、目标与实践准则。[结果]水土流失长期治理实践总结提升形成的以小流域为单元的综合治理技术路线是山水林田湖草沙生命共同体系统思想最朴素的实践体现。小流域综合治理的系统性主要体现为治理对象的系统协调,总体布局的系统统筹,治理措施的系统考量,治理成效的多效益兼顾,实施和管理的多部门协同和多主体参与的共治共享6个方面。水土保持高质量发展实践需要遵循的基于系统治理理念的具体举措包括:利用系统思维理解水土保持高质量发展的内涵和要求,精准诊断山水林田湖草沙系统短板及其控制性要素,构建山水林田湖草沙多层次全方位立体化防控体系,构筑完备的水土保持管理与技术保障体系。[结论]在新的历史时期,应该完整准确理解并全面贯彻落实山水林田湖草沙系统治理的理念,探索整体提升水土保持学术研究水平和治理效能的新路径、新模式、新机制。同时应结合区域或流域实际,对农田、水利、牧业、林业及生产建设活动进行全面综合系统的规划和治理,推动水土保持高质量发展。

福建省漳州市水稻物候特征对稻田土壤有机碳制图的影响

高精度土壤有机碳制图是研究耕地土壤有机碳时空格局及其影响机制的基础,相关研究结果可为农田“固碳减排”措施的制定提供决策支持。农业管理活动是农田土壤有机碳发生变化的重要影响因子,但基于农业管理活动的土壤有机碳制图却较为少见。基于遥感影像提取的物候参数是农业管理活动的直接反映,在研究农业管理活动对农田土壤有机碳的影响方面有较大应用潜力。基于此,本研究以福建省漳州市水稻田为研究对象,利用随机森林算法,基于5组不同的变量组合(A组:仅自然环境变量;B组:自然环境变量+早稻物候参数:C组:自然环境变量+晚稻物候参数;D组:自然环境变量+早稻物候参数+晚稻物候参数;E组:仅早稻物候参数+晚稻物候参数),分别构建土壤有机碳含量预测模型。通过对比5组模型的预测精度、预测值的空间分布特征和相关影响因子的重要性,分析物候参数对于土壤有机碳制图精度的影响作用,挖掘漳州市水田土壤有机碳制图的主要影响因子,解析对漳州市水田土壤有机碳有重要影响作用的农业管理活动。研究结果表明:物候参数的加入能够降低预测模型的误差和提升模型解释方差的能力;对漳州市水田土壤有机碳影响作用最大的物候参数依次为早稻季的NDVI增长速率(h1)、早稻生长季节开始的时间(a1)与早稻季NDVI下降速率(i1);三个最重要的物候参数与土壤有机碳含量分别呈正相关、负相关和负相关,因此,采取能够促使早稻苗早生快发、加快早稻分蘖速率和减缓早稻衰老速率的水肥管理措施可增加耕地土壤有机碳含量。基于物候参数构建预测模型能有效提高农田土壤有机碳制图精度,基于物候参数的农田土壤有机碳制图研究可为农田管理提供决策支持,此次研究结果可为相关研究提供理论依据。

2000—2020年中国耕地旱改水空间格局演变及其适应性管理

灌溉农业对粮食高产稳定至关重要。近20年中国大力推行旱改水型农田整治,但旱改水的空间格局不清、旱改水转换适宜性不明,限制了旱改水适应性管理及耕地科学保护和永续利用。为此,利用2000—2020年5期30 m×30 m遥感数据,揭示中国耕地旱改水空间格局及其转换特征,并构建地形、气候、土壤与耕作4个维度的适宜性评价体系,评估旱改水工程实施的空间匹配效果,探索适应性管理分区与策略。结果表明:1)2000—2020年全国旱改水耕地面积达1297.04万hm^(2),占耕地总面积的7.31%,主要分布于黑龙江东部、河南中部、四川东部和江苏中部;2)2000—2020年全国旱改水耕地中17.70%为勉强匹配,11.54%为不匹配,旱改水工程实施的总体效果不佳;3)未来应划分不同的旱改水适应性管理分区,按适宜性优先级制定针对规划、利用和服务的差异化旱改水整治策略,研究可为耕地保护、国土空间生态保护和修复规划及两区划定等提供科学依据。