A Historical Review of the Development of Women’s Higher Education in China (1908-2020): Stages, Explanations, and Trends

The development of women’s higher education in China can be divided into four stages:emergence(1908-1948);foundation(1949-1976);accelerating development(1977-2008);and the qualitative leap(2009-2020).This work considers the principal institutional mechanisms that contributed to this development.First,flexibly planned parenthood gradually promoted gender equality and openness in society facilitated by systematic“awards,grants,and loans”initiatives to support women’s higher education economically.Second,compulsory education ensured that left-out and migrant children had access to higher education.Third,effective connectivity across different education types bridged education gaps between those with different levels of education.Fourth,China made great efforts to invite and integrate international experiences that promoted the development of women’s higher education.Looking beyond these achievements,we also discuss the future trends of women’s higher education in China.

Analyzing the Influences on Women’s Upbringing and Their Educational Significance Using the Case of Estella,the Heroine of Great Expectations

This paper explores the influences on women’s upbringing and their educational significance by using the character Estella from Great Expectations as a case study.Through analyzing the impact of social environment,family education,and self-awakening,this article aims to promote gender equality and the construction of a feminist cognitive community.It delves into the class divisions of 19th-century England,the manipulative family education imposed on Estella by Miss Havisham,and Estella’s journey towards self-consciousness after her foster mother’s death.The study highlights the challenges faced by women in societal constraints,family expectations,and the importance of self-discovery in overcoming these limitations.

The Rise of Women’s Education and the Modernity of East Asia:Focusing on the Education of“Virtuous Wives and Worthy Mothers”in China and Japan

This year marks the 50th anniversary of the normalization of diplomatic relations between China and Japan.Looking back on the past and forward to the future,we realize modernity has become a critical issue that not only China and Japan,but the whole East Asian region should pay attention to.China and Japan are both within the“Circle of Confucius Culture”and are both modern latecomer countries.As they were coerced by western countries to enter the modern age,they shared multiple common features.An exploration of the two countries’respective rising of modern women’s education is an important path to discuss the reconstruction of gender and an important method of the course of the embodiment of east-Asian women into modernization drives.With regards to conclusion,entering the modern age,Chinese and Japanese intellectuals reshaped the female gender in terms of interpersonal relationship,value system,and knowledge structure by advocating the idea of“virtuous wives and worthy mothers”education.In the concept of virtuous wives and worthy mothers in East Asia,the Confucian ethics of“docility and virtue”is the soul,and modern scientific knowledge serves this core value.On the other hand,in the course of localization in China and Japan,this imported concept from the West has encountered a completely different historical fate.

Failure of a “Modern” Education: Mansfield Park as a Case Study

This paper explores the moral anarchy caused by the failed education in Mansfield Park, and demonstrates the insufficiency of mere intellectual education and the absolute necessity of moral education in the formation of a mature and responsible character.

Report on the Educational Process for the Promotion of Health of Women Attended in a Reference Center of Social Assistance

This article discusses one experienced by students and preceptors of Programs Pro-Pet-Health and Health of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte/Faculty of Health Sciences of Trairí in the Reference Center for Social Assistance (CRAS) in the municipality of experience Santa Cruz/RN, with a view to the relationship between preventive health activities and social assistance. The proposed work of Pro-Pet in the assistance unit sought to unravel the lifestyle of the target audience in order to know the risk factors and suggest the adoption of health measures for disease prevention. Work to guide the educational process for health promotion with socioeconomic and cultural contextualization built on scientific papers surveyed in Lilacs and Scielo data was used. On average, 12 women aged between 35 and 60 years participated in the group. Eight group sessions occurred in the period from March to May 2014. Regarding work methodologies, we used dynamic integration and self-knowledge;dialogued lectures;lectures;reports of experiences;thematic workshops;educational videos;wheels conversation complemented by the use of texts and poems;as well as application of the checklist in conducting health and anthropometry. The experience helped identify the characteristics of the group and plan understandable and meaningful guidance for women, facilitating the understanding of the importance of self-care in preventing disease.

Returning Women's Rights to Human Rights——Reflection of feminism in modern China

The women＇s liberation movement in China started after the first opium war and it took shape with the aim of protecting the race and salvaging the country. Doubtlessly, the emergence of modern feminism opened the precedent in the theory of women＇s liberation in China and exerted a profound and far-reaching influence on women＇s liberation afterwards. But we must face up to the fact that there was some traps or misunderstanding of modern feminism, which were unfavorable for realizing women＇s rights and such influence was long, so much so that till today we are still seeing its existence. It is, therefore, necessary to have a full reflection of modem feminism, unveil the original meaning of women＇s rights and make women＇s rights return to human rights in order to make the development of women＇s fights continue.

Facilitators and Constraints:Perceptions of Gender Differences on Women’s Career Advancement

The underrepresentation in top management positions has made women’s status in the hospitality industry a great concern.The study examined hospitality students’,educators’,and industry recruiters’perceptions of facilitators and constraints on women’s career advancement and identified if there were any significant differences among them.Data were collected through an online survey.Perceptions of gender differences of facilitators and constraints in women’s career advancement and gender issues were analyzed within the three groups(students,educators,and recruiters).Results revealed significant gender differences between male and female educators and recruiters.The findings suggested that hospitality education should make a contribution and reveal barriers and gender issues in the industry.

近代“女性自立”视域下的刺绣教育研究

围绕近代女性社会身份及地位的转换,通过文献资料搜集、个案分析等方法,探讨了近代刺绣教育在课程设置、教学内容、课程特色、培养模式方面的做法,以及为促进“女性自立”所做出的探索和革新。研究发现,刺绣教育是近代新的社会生产关系重构中为了迎合女性社会身份及地位转变中的适应性发展,其不仅为广大女性提供了实现经济自立的职业手段,塑造了贤妻良母的近代女性形象,展现出女性通过刺绣出口创汇救国于危难中的公民担当,而且无形中促进了传统刺绣技艺的创新发展,发挥了工艺美术在社会发展中的作用及价值。该研究为认识中国近代工艺美术教育提供了一个新视角,有助于进一步推进近代中国工艺美术传承发展研究。

基于DVB-S的汉维哈Linux远程教育支撑平台设计

基于新疆维吾尔自治区农村党员干部现代远程教育工程的前期研究成果,针对工程实施中硬件更新、系统效率、平台易用性等需求,提出通过研究最新内核的Linux操作系统完善远程教育各项功能的解决思路。首先研究适用于最新软硬件架构的远程教育支撑平台构建过程及功能设计,然后进行汉维哈DVB-S数据动态智能解析技术、汉维哈双语本地化技术研究,最后进行硬件兼容性测试。研究结果表明,支撑平台性能得以提升,兼容性良好,同时解决了汉维哈卫星资源自动识别与解析的问题,实现了汉维、汉哈2种语言同时显示的Linux操作系统。该研究对推动我国信息技术自主创新能力的提高和新疆地区信息产业的多元化发展具有重要意义。

现代远程教育系统中ILIAS3平台的研究及改进

讨论发展我国西部现代远程教育的紧迫性,并根据中国的教育国情对ILIAS3平台的一些特性进行了改进;在此基础上分析了我国西部现代远程教育系统平台———ILIAS3平台的软、硬件运行环境及系统的B S结构模式;最后阐述了西部现代远程教育系统的功能架构。

书写母亲的历史——二战后日本国民历史学运动与妇女史的实践

第二次世界大战之后,日本左翼思潮兴起,马克思主义的影响尤为重要。由马克思主义史家石母田正领导的国民历史学运动便是一例。这一运动倡导知识分子协助民众,书写工人、农民等民众的历史,进而重构日本历史的主体。在国民历史学运动中,妇女史书写是重要的组成部分,而“母亲的历史”的书写又是最为核心的内容。通过书写母亲的历史这一史学实践,国民历史学运动从立场、方法、资料等多个维度拓展了日本近现代史学发展的空间。

基于B/S平台的高校现代远程教育系统的实现

现代远程教育系统是高校网络教育的一个发展趋势,也是目前高校异地教育的重要组成部分。设计一套适合于高校远程教育的网络教学平台,能有效的实现学校远程教育的程序化、规范化和科学化。介绍了基于B/S模式下的现代远程教育系统的设计与实现。

基于B/S结构的高校学生作业管理平台的构建——以独立学院为例

高校作业是教师检验学生学习效果、师生课后交流沟通和学生成绩考量的重要方式。随着互联网时代的到来,高校的教育方式和学习模式已发生改变。为了适应高校用户群体使用习惯和方法的改变,构建了基于B/S结构的高校学生作业管理系统。该项目划分为三大功能模块:作业在线提交,作业在线批改和学生成绩管理。本文对该项目数据库设计、程序设计思想和系统安全性进行建议性阐述。

外求与内铄:严修与近代中国女子教育的发轫

严修是启动清末新式女子教育的重要人物。他在“新政”改革期间结合日本近代女子教育经验,以私学形式创办严氏系列女学,培养了近代华北地区首批知识女性和幼教人才。并在担任直隶和学部官员期间,持续督办女学,扶持女性教育家,推进出台《女学章程》,一定程度上改变了直隶乃至全国女子教育的形势。从教育史的宏观进程来看,作为旧式科举出身的文人,严修在时代变革来临时,能主动吸收国外教育近代化经验并身体力行,由微观而至全局,于民国到来前完成中国女子教育的“起手式”,代表了大变局之下中国教育传统自我转型的努力。

以妇女儿童为主体 发挥妇联网络优势开展HIV/AIDS预防教育与关怀活动

以妇女儿童为主体,发挥妇联网络优势,与联合国儿基会合作通过层层培训及大众传媒,深入开展了艾滋病预防知识宣传培训的社会动员工作,包括培养骨干,将宣传材料翻译成11种少数民族文字,利用各种途径传播相关知识,开展针对辍学女童等不同人群为目标人群的HIV/AIDS预防教育培训。通过以上措施,提高了广大妇女儿童有关预防和控制HIV/AIDS知识。

How did women’s education and differential family planning policies shape transition to second and third births in historical China? New evidence from micro data

The influence of China’s family planning policies on fertility transition is widely acknowledged in research studies.However,little is known about how improve-ments in women’s education have shaped reproductive decisions of Chinese women across different family planning regimes,particularly at micro level.This study uses retrospective pooled birth history data from five consecutive population and fam-ily planning surveys collected over the period 1982-2006 to systematically examine the interrelationship between family planning policies and women’s education,and their interactive effect on the second and third birth transitions.We hypothesize that family planning policies had a differential influence on educational groups in reduc-ing the transition to second and third births.The results from discrete time com-plementary log-log survival models provide strong evidence of differential repro-ductive behavior of education groups across time in China,and the simultaneous influence of women’s education and family planning policies in lowering risks to higher parities.The rates of progression to second and third births tend to be lower after the introduction of rigid family planning policies,and more importantly,the policy impact persisted even after adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic factors.The increase in women’s education overall had a depressing effect on transi-tion to higher parities,and family planning policies implemented overtime have had differential effects on women from different educational groups.The findings show that both family planning policies and women’s education have been instrumental in shaping fertility behavior in China.

Women's Higher Education in China

AT the Huairou NGO Forum on Women, participants in the Workshop on Women’s Higher Education in China were inspired by Chinese speakers to give voice to their own ideas. The line for speaking grew so long as to require Qi Wenying, Workshop Chairwoman and Professor from Beijing University, to announce a new time limit of

The Development of Women's Education in China

Ⅰ THE long-standing Chinese traditionalculture embodies numerous excellencieswhich have survived the test of time andbeen carried on generation by generation.However, there is no need for reticence inobserving that some obsolete elements have alsosurvived which fetter people’s mind and hindersocial progress. For a long time, distorted gendervalues such as "Man is superior to woman","Three-obedience and four virtues" and"Husband sets the guide for wife", hadcontributed to the weakness and inferioritycomplex in local women’s mentality. Not untilthe democratic movement of contemporaryChina was the progress of women’s liberationwitnessed. The values fettering women’s mindswere shaken and the spiritual shackles shattered.Women’s roles in China’s social developmenthave become prominent.

传统塔裙在现代女装设计中的创新运用

为使传统塔裙在现代时尚设计趋势下更好地应对多元化着装需求,文章从传统塔裙的结构特征和造型美感出发,结合时代背景和不同时期的设计特点,将塔裙的连续分层结构和夸张的造型特点与现代审美相结合,从裙面结构、褶饰工艺、面料运用及着装配搭4个方面进行实践,探讨传统塔裙在现代女装设计中的创新运用。研究表明,从时尚历史中汲取设计灵感,在塑造自身风格的同时将时尚和技艺进行传承与创新,可使传统塔裙更加适应现代设计方式,传统塔裙的创新应根植于结构本身以及结合生活方式,以创造符合现代审美需求的着装样式。

赛珍珠《分家》中的西式教育反思研究

赛珍珠在《分家》中通过分析爱兰和梅琳两位女性所走的不同教育路线,回应了传教士提出的用西式教育改变中国女性受压迫的问题。以爱兰为代表的“中间女性”将教育看作提升身价的“筹码”,却沦落为男性装点门面的“花瓶”;以梅琳为代表的“新女性”,汲取中西方教育中的营养,展现出“巾帼不让须眉”的气概。赛珍珠反对在中国移植西方的教育模式,认为只有像梅琳这样取精华、弃糟粕,才有助于中国女性的解放。