One and Half Centuries of Church Architecture in Ibadan,Nigeria

By the end of the 19th century,the missionaries had successfully planted Christianity in Ibadan,Nigeria with its distinguishable architecture.The history of church architecture in Ibadan is synonymous with the beginning of Christianity in Yoruba Country.Based on historical data obtained from the archives and field investigations,the paper traces the development of the church buildings of the missionary churches in Ibadan from the late 19th century to early 21st century.With shifts in the thinking about ideological and liturgical issues in church architecture globally,three distinct phases of development of church buildings in Ibadan are suggested beginning with the mission stations and ending with the modernist church buildings.The paper concludes that attempts to introduce modern architectural expressions in church buildings in Ibadan were increasingly common and strong but traditionalist and historicist approaches to architectural planning of church buildings remained predominant into the 21st century.

On the Modernistic Themes in Katherine Mansfield’s At the Bay

Katherine Mansfield is regarded as a prominent modernist writer of short stories in New Zealand and English literature.Her works manifest the perfect union of modernistic techniques and modernistic themes in reflecting the spiritual life of modern people.The modernistic themes,including the theme of alienation,the theme of loneliness and disillusionment,and the theme of the paradox of life and death in her representative short storyAt the Bay,demonstrate her great concern about the spiritual world of modern people and her reflection on the modern society.

Modernist Mode in The Man Without a Temperament

The Man Without a Temperament,one of Katherine Mansfield's classic short stories,is written in the modernist mode,without a set structure,and with many shifts in the narrative.

On a Quantum Gravity Fractal Spacetime Equation: QRG ≃HD + FG and Its Application to Dark Energy—Accelerated Cosmic Expansion

The paper suggests that quantum relativistic gravity (QRG) is basically a higher dimensionality (HD) simulating relativity and non-classical effects plus a fractal Cantorian spacetime geometry (FG) simulating quantum mechanics. This more than just a conceptual equation is illustrated by integer approximation and an exact solution of the dark energy density behind cosmic expansion.

Musical Urbanism between Radicalism and Tradition： A Reflection on the Architectural Discourse of the 1920s

In the aftermath of the First World War, various compositions emerged that explored the phenomenon of the modem city by translating the clamorous sounds of urban environments and reflecting them artistically in the medium of music. With the rendering of poetic and esoteric moods unrelated to practical life considered outdated, musical preoccupation with modem architecture mostly concemed social aspects, such as people＇s circumstances, their emotional rootedness to bygone conditions and the search for orientation in an environment characterized by technology. There is a parallel here with contemporary architectural debates in which tension between modernism and traditionalism also played a key role.

Dissolving Temporal Sequence： Spatial Form in James Joyce＇s Ulysses （＂Nausicaa＂ Episode）

In his 1945 study of Djuna Barne＇s Nightwood, Joseph Frank analyzes a crucial technique of modernist literature, the substitution of spatial relationships for temporal progression as a formal metaphor of thematic development. Starting with Gustave Flaubert and recognizing his efforts to duplicate the simultaneity of action possible in drama and later in film, Frank comments that since language proceeds in time, it is possible to approach this simultaneity of perception only by breaking up temporal sequence. While Flaubert introduces this method, it does not become a dominant form until James Joyce＇s Ulysses. According to Frank, spatialization of form in this novel provides an alternative to the chronological development normal to verbal structures, which can be read only in a linear fashion through time, unlike painting and the plastic arts, which can be visually apprehended instantaneously. Applied to Ulysses as a whole by Joseph Frank, the conception of spatial form might as well serve as a convenient point of departure for the analysis on much smaller, let＇s say, ＂episodic＂ scale. In ＂Nausicaa＂ episode, Joyce dissolves temporal sequence by cutting back and forth between the various levels of action in a slowly-rising crescendo to achieve the unified impact, the sense of simultaneous activity occurring in different places. For the duration of the episode the time-flow of the narrative is halted： various levels of action are juxtaposed independently of the progress of the narrative. Joyce, in this fragmentation of narrative structure, proceeded on the assumption that a unified spatial apprehension of not only separate episodes but his entire work would ultimately be possible.

Covers and Contents:Why iot is a Marvelous Work of Art

iot(1924)was a remarkable artistic achievement.Following collages in the works of Picasso,Braque,and Gris,publisher Bill Bird created a collage of newspaper headlines on the cover of that slim volume that linked to the collage of vignettes within that Hemingway wrote.Both depicted a world losing traditional values,torn by war and despair and increasing commercialism.Subsequent Hemingway book covers by Scribners,at least until The Old Man and the Sea,emphasized sales over art and had little to do with content.

Theory Viewing Yeats＇s Poetic Modernization From Mask

As ＂the greatest poet in the 20th century＂, Yeats is always a hot topic among academic community. The question whether Yeats is the ＂last romantic＂ or the first Modernist remains controversial for a long time in academic field. Whether critics term Yeats a modernist or not, they generally agree that the poems produced in his late creative period are definitively modernist works. This paper targets Yeats＇s realization of poetic modernization through his mask theory applied in ＂Crazy Jane＂ poems. It discusses the poetic movement in the beginning of the 20th century, the poetic theory Yeats proposed and instances Yeats＇s mask theory as the manifestation of his poetic modernization. The author argues that with his innovation in verse writing particularly demonstrated by application of mask theory in ＂Crazy Jane＂ poems, Yeats unquestionably played a very important role in Anglo-American modernist poetry.

A Modernistic Study of“A Clean,Well-lighted Place”

The term modernism is generally applied retrospectively to the wide range of experimental and avant-garde trends in the literature and other arts of the early 20 th century. As a typical modernistic piece, Hemingway's short story "A Clean,Well-lighted Place" demonstrates some main.modernistic features,i. e. people's despair;distorted relationship;arbitrary beginning,detached narrative and open ending.

Interior Monologue in Katherine Mansfield's Two Short Stories

Katherine Mansfield is a central figure in the development of the modern short story.Among modernist techniques of novels in the 20^(th) century, interior monologue plays a significant role.Katherine Mansfield was the first writer to use it consciously as a literary device.Her frequent and skillful use of interior monologue not only makes her works more unique and more attractive but also leaves a deep influence upon many writers.This paper mainly introduces interior monologue in her two famous short stories——The Daughters of the Late Colonel and Life of Ma Parker,in order to make readers have a better appreciation of Mansfield’s flexible use of interior monologue and comprehend her love and hatred towards society and her contemporaries.

The Characterization of Women as Aggressive Beings in D. H. Lawrence's Fiction

David Herbert Lawrence is one of the few male modernists who remain controversial in literary criticism even now.The major point of debate about him is his outlook on women and the relation between the two sexes.Despite his misogynic pronouncements in his essays and feminist critics’constant attack on him,this paper,through a careful survey of his major novels and short stories,explores the rich variety of aggressive female characters that he created and his deep insight into women’s existence,and identifies him as a male writer struggling to speak for women from a non-feminist standpoint.

The“Flaneur”in Modernist Poetry

Traditionally,there is a complete rejection of the city within poetry.Nevertheless,as urbanization sped up,cities eventually became the center of culture.In modernistcity poems,the speaker takes up the role of“flaneur”and conveys the poet’s reflections on urban life and urban people.By analyzing the characteristics and development of this image in modernist poetry,we can gain a deeper understanding of modernist poetry and urban life.

The Characterization of Women as Oppressive Beings in D.H. Lawrence's Fiction

David Herbert Lawrence is one of the few male modernists who remain controversial in literary criticism even now.The major point of debate about him is his outlook on women and the relation between the two sexes. This article,through a careful survey of his major novels and short stories, explores a wide range of oppressive female characters that he created and his deep insight into women's existence. Rather than simply demonize women in his fiction, D.H. Lawrence intends to reveal to the reader that women's will to serve, to sacrifice, and to be adored may well evolve into a strong desire to manipulate and monopolize their men. In response the author repeatedly advocates and eulogizes a relationship of spiritual separateness in balance with physical union between the sexes.

Modern Memoir and Esoteric Aesthetics: The Inauthentic Context of Zora Neale Hurston's"Ring of Thieves"

Cecily Swanson argues that“modernism's Gurdjieff craze in fact played a surprising role in the development of an overlooked canon of popular autobiographies:Muriel Draper's memoir,Music at Midnight;Margaret Anderson's memoir,My Thirty Years'War;and Kathryn Hulme's autobiographical novel,We Lived As Children.”Swanson reads Draper,Anderson,and Hulme because they wrote as esotericists,while she divorces the memoirs from any overt esoteric influences,contents,or aesthetics.There is no need to search further for the source of the mode of the popular autobiographies by Anderson and Draper than what of Loos's novel comes through the Peggy Hopkins Joyce/Zora Neale Hurston memoir.Marriage,Men,and Me appears near the commencement of a line of esoteric memoirs that becomes visible in the best-selling works by Draper and Anderson but then continues expansively.

The“Dragging Foot”of Jose Garcia Villa’s Performative“Comma Poems”

Jose Garcia Villa’s "comma poem,"in which he introduces“a new,special and poetic use”for the comma,is arguably the poet's most contentious innovation.Starting from an appropriation of Leonard Caspar’s description of the comma poems as "demonstrably malfunctional as a dragging foot,"this essay argues that the comma poem was a visual performance whereby Villa dis-oriented and de-naturalized poetic“flows”through a quccr/crip aesthetic of hesitation and brokenness.Read as footsteps and/or footnotes,the comma’s minor mark interrupts and dis-ablcs normative flow,forcing the reader to adopt a nonnormative“gait.”Utilizing Sara Ahmed’s phenomenological theory of "queer orientation,"I examine how the comma poems’specific incongruity extends beyond modem grammars:anticipating readings of his“foreignness”and"insensitivity"to the English language.Villa performs the essentiality of the“minor mark”through linguistic experimentation.In doing so,he queers not only the“direction”of modem poetry and its canonicity,but also a contemporary politics of recuperation.

Global Muslim Voices on Islam - Democracy Compatibility and Co-existence: A Study of the Views of Sadek Sulaiman, Louay Safi, Radwan Masmoudi, and Muqtedar Khan

Islam-democracy compatibility or Islamic democratic discourse-the relation between Islamic socio-political concepts and institutions and positive features and notions of modern democracy-has gained an impetus from the final decades of 20th century.Democracy in Islam is strongly debated,defined and discussed by the diversity of voices ranging from those who deny a connection between Islam and democracy to those who argue that the Islamic system of government contains a number of‘concepts and values’which are present in modern democracy.In this direction,this paper attempts to make an analysis of the views,arguments and observations of four most prominent modernist Muslim intellectuals-‘Muslim Democrats’-regarding Islam-democracy compatibility and co-existence.The views of scholars presented here include:Sadek Jawad Sulaiman,Louay M.Safi,Radwan A.Masmoudi,and M.A.Muqtedar Khan.It argues(among others)that more reflection,research,and(re)interpretation is required to reconcile the tenets of Islam with the modern notions of democracy,liberty,justice,equality,and human rights as the Islamic primary sources throw ample light and guidance on these concepts and values.