Long-Term Impacts of Tree Architectures and Branch Configurations on Tree Growth, Yield, Fruit Quality Attributes, and Leaf Minerals in “Aztec Fuji” Apple

Canopy and branch architectures in high-density orchards can be crucial in production and fruit quality. The influence of two canopy orientations (Upright and Tilted) in combination with two arm (branch) architectures (Shortened or Overlapped) on tree growth, yield components, fruit quality, and leaf mineral nutrients in an “Aztec Fuji” apple (Malus domestica Bork.) high-density orchard was studied over five years. Tilted trees with shortened arm configuration (TilShArm) always had significantly larger trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) than Upright trees with an Overlapped arm configuration (UpOverArm) every year from 2012 to 2016. Trees with a TilShArm system had more cumulative fruit per tree than those with an Upright orientation. Trees with a tilted canopy (TilShArm and TilOverArm) tended to have higher yield per tree and yield per hectare than those with an upright system. Trees with a TilShArm system were more precocious and had more yield per tree than those with an upright canopy orientation in 2012. When values were polled over five years, trees with an upright canopy-shortened arm system (UpShArm) treatment had a lower biennial bearing index (BBI) than those with an upright canopy-overlapped system (UpOverArm). Trees receiving an arm shortening (UpShArm or TilShArm) configuration often had larger fruits than those with overlapped arms (UpOverArm and TilOverArm). Fruit from trees receiving an UpOverArm had higher fruit firmness than those from trees with other canopy-branch arrangements at harvest due to their smaller size. Fruit from trees with a TilShArm and TilOverArm had significantly higher water core and bitter pit but lower sunburn than trees with an upright canopy (UpShArm and UpOverArm). Leaves from trees with an UpOverArm canopy-branch configuration had the lowest leaf Ca but the highest leaf K and Fe concentrations among all treatments.

大改形对富士苹果密植树生长结果和效益的影响

对9 a生M.26矮化中间砧苹果密植园多主枝分层树形进行稀枝控冠改为细长纺锤形后3a内的效应进行了调查。结果表明,改形后,总枝量降低到1052 280条/hm^2,枝类组成明显优化,短枝率提高了25.4％,长枝降低至12.1％。树冠下光合生理有效辐射提高126％以上,结果部位明显向短枝和树冠内膛转移,形成新的立体结果能力。果实品质明显提高,产量产值增幅显著,第三年树体生长结果趋于平衡。

荔枝密闭园和间伐园主要病害发生情况比较

回缩间伐是荔枝密闭园改造的一个有效措施,但改造后的病害发生情况尚未见有报道。为给荔枝密闭园改造提供病害防控方面的理论依据,本研究分别于荔枝花穗期、小果期、果实成熟期和冬梢期,在国家荔枝龙眼产业技术体系荔枝密闭园改造示范园,对4个荔枝品种于密闭园和间伐园发生的主要病害种类、病害危害程度进行了两年的调查。调查数据统计分析结果显示,间伐园与密闭园所发生的主要病害在种类上无差异,但各物候期间伐园的平均总病叶率、果实成熟期的平均总病果率均低于密闭园,其中3个品种的差异达到显著水平;从花穗期至果实成熟期,密闭园和间伐园的病害危害程度均逐渐升高,在果实成熟期达到最高峰,进入冬梢期时又有所下降;调查还表明对密闭园进行回缩间伐改造有利于荔枝病害管理,改造后果园的病害防治重点时期为花穗期至果实成熟期。

间伐对上海地区‘宫川’柑橘密植园改造的效果

为改善上海地区高龄‘宫川’橘园栽培密度过高、树势衰退、坐果不良等现状,探索合理间伐对柑橘园改造的效果。2009—2012年间,笔者对上海崇明绿华镇一个树龄20年、株行距为3 m×3 m的‘宫川’果园进行间伐,并持续监测了树体冠层结构变化、叶片叶绿素含量、树脂病发生情况、坐果率、产量和果实品质等。结果表明:合理间伐不仅能有效改善树体冠层内部通风透光条件,更能提高对树脂病的抗性,明显提升成熟果实可溶性固形物含量,同时能明显提高单株产量。进一步检测发现,间伐后果实中蔗糖和葡萄糖含量提升显著,其中2011年10月测得果实中蔗糖和葡萄糖含量分别比同期对照高出50.9%和24.8%,但果实中几种主要有机酸含量与同期对照相比无明显差异,故认为合理间伐能在促进增产的同时有效提升果实糖酸比,改善果实风味,是一项有效的密植园改造措施。

烟台老龄低效苹果园结构优化改造效果

为改善老龄低效果园的通风透光条件,提升果品质量,采用疏枝、缩冠、清干和铺反光膜等技术,对烟台18~20 a生的乔砧老龄低效苹果园进行了果园结构优化改造。结果表明:改造后的果园群体结构明显改善,单株枝量减少了11.1%~14.1%,果园覆盖率和叶面积系数分别降低了28.7%~29.7%和33.2%~34.2%,果园透光率和树冠透光率分别提高了78.5%~84.8%和32.1%~35.0%;冠层结构明显改善,树冠体积降低了40.1%~42.8%;不同区位冠层的光照强度及叶片光合功能明显增加;果实品质显著提升,果实着色指数、果肉硬度、可溶性固形物含量、优质果率分别显著提高了21.2%~25.2%、15.4%~18.4%、8.8%~8.9%和11.2%~12.5%。针对烟台乔砧老龄低效苹果园,采用疏枝、缩冠、清干和铺反光膜等技术可以明显改善果园的群体结构和冠层结构,提高树冠的光照强度和叶片的光合功能,显著提升果实品质。

Decorating Covalent Organic Frameworks with High-density Chelate Groups for Uranium Extraction

The extraction of uranium from aqueous solution is highly desirable for sustaining the increasing demand for environmental safety and nuclear fuel.Herein,we report a strategy using a two-step covalent modification for the synthesis of covalent organic frameworks(COFs)with high-density amidoxime chelate groups at periphery.The introduction of dense amidoxime groups plays a pivotal role in uranium adsorption.The resulting COF exhibits strong affinity with the distribution coefficient of 5.2×104 mL/g and a high adsorption capacity of 319.9 mg/g.The strategy could be expanded to identify and remove different contaminants by introducing special functional groups.

红肉蜜柚低产果园改造关键技术

本文根据福清市多年红肉蜜种植经验,分析了本市红肉蜜柚生产现状和果园建设存在的问题,总结了本市红肉蜜柚低产果园改造的栽培技术,提出完善水土保持工程设施、果园生草覆盖、果园扩穴改土、高接换种、水肥省力化技术、加强树体管理、果实套袋、病虫害综合防控的关键技术。

本溪县王家沟果园低效改造情况及启示

本文介绍了苹果园改造过程中存在的一些现实问题，并针对这些问题提出相关建议，以完善改造后续工作。

不同修剪方式对‘红富士’苹果密植园树冠光分布特征与产量品质的影响

研究了不同修剪方式对红富士密植园树冠内枝(梢)叶片空间分布和光分布特征及果实产量品质的影响.结果表明:与对照相比,重剪、轻剪均明显改善了树冠内部光照条件,轻剪处理树冠内小于30%的相对光照强度占树冠体积的14.6%,大于80%的高光区占11.2%;重剪处理树冠内小于30%的相对光照强度占树冠体积的12.8%,大于80%的高光区占28.8%.轻剪处理第1年的果实产量相对较高,而重剪处理第1年的果实产量较低,但二者都明显提高了果实的品质.各处理单果质量、果实硬度和可溶性固形物的含量表现为:轻剪株(重剪株(对照株,而可滴定酸的含量则相反;重剪株果实花青苷的含量最高,其次是轻剪株,对照株最低.从产量品质两方面分析,轻剪是目前苹果密植园改造比较理想的方式.