On-Line Fault Diagnosis and Fault-Tolerant Operation of Modular Multilevel Converters –A Comprehensive Review

Modular multilevel converters(MMCs)have been one of the most broadly used multilevel converter topologies in industrial applications,particularly in medium-voltage motor drives and high-voltage dc power conversion systems.However,due to the utilization of large amount of semiconductor devices,the reliability of MMCs becomes one of the severe challenges constraining their further development and applications.In this paper,common electrical faults of the MMC have been summarized and analyzed,including open-circuit switching faults,short-circuit switching faults,dc-bus short-circuit faults,and single line-to-ground faults on the ac side.A thorough and comprehensive review of the existing online fault diagnostic methods has been conducted.In addition,fault-tolerant operation strategies for such various fault scenarios in MMCs have been presented.All the fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant operation strategies are comparatively evaluated,which aims to provide a state-of-the-art reference on the MMC reliability for future research and industrial applications.

Hybrid Predictive Control with Simple Linear Control Based Circulating Current Suppression for Modular Multilevel Converters

The modular multilevel converter(MMC)has become a promising topology for widespread power converter applications.However,an evident circulating current flowing between the phases will increase system losses and complicate the heatsink design.This paper proposes a novel hybrid model predictive control method for MMCs.This method utilizes an indirect structure MPC and a sorting algorithm to implement current tracking and capacitor voltages balancing,considerably resulting in reduced calculation burden.In addition,different from the conventional MPC solutions,we add a simple proportional-integral(PI)controller to suppress circulating current through modifying the submodule(SM)inserted number,which is parallel to the MPC loop.This hybrid control solution combines both advantages of MPC and linear control,evidently resulting in improved performance of circulating current.Finally,the MATLAB/Simulink results of an 11-level MMC system verify the effectiveness of the proposed solution.

Arm Voltage Balancing Control of Modular Multilevel Resonant Converter

Modular multilevel resonant converter is an promising candidate for high voltage applications since it has advantageous features,such as high efficiency,high voltage capability and easy fault-tolerant operation.However,the inequality of arm inductance in practice will lead to imbalance between the upper and lower arm voltages,which will induce large ripples in the circulating current and a dc bias on the voltage generated by modular circuits.To compensate for the voltage imbalance,effects of arm duty cycle changes on arm voltages are discussed.An arm voltage balancing control method is proposed:adjust arm duty cycle according to arm voltage deviation in every switching cycle.Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the theoretical analysis and the proposed control method.

A Review of Modular Multilevel Converters

模块组合多电平变换器（modular multilevel converter，MMC）具有高度模块化、易于扩展、输出电压波形好等特点，尤其适用于中高压大功率系统应用。首先介绍MMC的电路拓扑和工作原理，总结MMC的主要技术特点；然后分别回顾MMC在脉冲调制、直流电压控制、预充电、环流、谐波、数学模型、主电路参数设计、故障保护等关键问题的最新研究进展，以及其在电力传动、电能质量问题治理领域的工程应用现状，在此基础上指出MMC今后亟待研究的关键问题。相关研究结果表明，MMC在电力系统中有广泛的应用前景，是未来中高压大功率系统，尤其是高压输电技术的重要发展方向。

Nested-loop Mechanism Based Modular Multilevel Converter Topology and Optimal Design

普通模块化多电平换流器（modular multilevelconverter,MMC）拓扑中,因子模块数量较多,系统需采集和处理的信息量大,导致控制系统硬件构成复杂。提出一种基于循环嵌套机理的MMC拓扑,其电平输出能力得到显著提升。通过上下两组子模块的协调投切,相对于普通MMC拓扑,新型拓扑输出相同电平数所需的子模块及控制设备数量大幅减少。阐述该新型拓扑的构成方式及基本参数选取原则;针对循环嵌套结构,设计相应的模块协调控制策略;分别以模块用量最小化和换流器运行损耗最小化为目标,优化设计拓扑构成方案。在RTDS中搭建换流器模型,仿真结果表明,新型拓扑具备更强的电平输出能力,并达到大幅减少子模块数量、简化控制系统硬件构成的目标。

A Novel Square-wave Pulse Rotation Modulation Strategy for Modular Multilevel Converters

悬浮直流电容电压的均衡问题是模块组合多电平变换器（modular multilevel converter,MMC）的关键问题之一。提出一种可实现MMC直流电容电压平衡的方波脉冲循环调制（square-wave pulse rotation modulation,SWPRM）策略,在保证合成的阶梯波输出波形不变的前提下,根据MMC的拓扑结构和工作原理,对传统方波脉冲列进行脉冲优化,并按照一定的次序和切换周期进行循环和判断反相调整,获得的循环方波脉冲列作为最终驱动脉冲用于实现对MMC的控制。实验结果表明,采用提出的方波脉冲循环调制策略无需任何电容电压控制措施,在较低开关频率下,实现了MMC各功率单元间有功能量的平均分配和直流电容电压的均衡。

Research on the Topology and Control Scheme of an Innovative Modular Multilevel Converter

This paper presents a new modular multilevel converter (MMC) topology. Compared to conventional multilevel converters, MMC has much lower switching frequency (50 Hz) resulting in lower switching losses, and consequently, lower total losses of the transmission system. The fundamental concept and the applied control scheme are introduced in detail. A modified multilevel fundamental switching modulation scheme adopting the multicarrier pulse width modulation concept is presented. A capacitor voltage balancing technique is proposed. With the established simulation model of the 11-level MMC, the modulation and balancing strategy presented are confirmed by MATLAB/SIMULINK simulations. The multicarrier pulse width modulation converter strategy enhances the fundamental output voltage and reduces total harmonic distortion. This new type of converter is suitable for high-voltage drive systems and power system applications such as high voltage dc (HVDC) transmission, reactive power compensation equipment and so on.

Modeling and Control of the Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) based Solid State Transformer (SST) with Magnetic Integration

Solid state transformer(SST)can provide more advanced functionalities compared with conventional transformer,and has great potential in smart grid application.Recently,the SST with medium frequency(MF)isolation link and magnetic integration feature has been proposed,which can reduce the system volume and thus increase the power density.However,the magnetic integration also introduces strong coupling between the line frequency(LF)and MF variables,which poses a great challenge on modeling and control issues.This paper proposes a modeling and control method for an SST with magnetic integration and mixed-frequency modulation.A mathematical model based on dual d-q references is deduced,and then a cascaded control system is designed according to the model.Parameters of the controller for the variables at one frequency are properly designed to avoid disturbance from the variables at the other frequency.The simulation and experimental results show good decoupling effect and satisfactory dynamics performance of the proposed control system.

Reduced Switching-Frequency State of Charge Balancing Strategy for Battery Integrated Modular Multilevel Converter

A modular multilevel converter(MMC)integrated with split battery cells(BIMMCs)is proposed for the battery management system(BMS)and motor drive system.In order to reduce the switching losses,the state of charge(SOC)balancing strategy with a reduced switching-frequency(RSF)is proposed in this paper.The proposed RSF algorithm not only reduces the switching losses,but also features good balancing performance both in the unbalanced and balanced initial states.The results are verified by extensive simulations in MATLAB/Simulink surroundings.

A Novel Voltage Balancing Method of Modular Multilevel Converters

In this paper, a novel voltage balancing method of modular multilevel converters (MMCs) is proposed. This method divides the voltages of sub-module capacitors in each arm into several groups and the voltage balancing is based on these groups. The proposed method can save sorting time greatly compared with the conventional method. Simulation results on a MMC based three-phase inverter show validity of the proposed method.

Multilevel Modular DCIDC Converter for Regenerative Braking Using Supercapacitors

Regenerative braking is presented in many electric traction applications such as electric and hybrid vehicles, lifts and railway. The regenerated energy can be stored for future use, increasing the efficiency of the system. This paper outlines the benefits of the MMC （modular multilevel converter） in front of the cascaded or series connection of converters to achieve high voltage from low voltage storage elements such as supercapacitors. The paper compares three different solutions and shows that the MMC can benefit from weight and volume reduction of the output inductance when shifted switching modulation strategy is used. Using this modulation strategy, not only the output frequency is increased, but also the magnitude of the inductor applied voltage is reduced, reducing inductor size and volume.

Stop Control Strategy of Modular Multilevel Converter Based HVDC System

The stop control strategy of modular multilevel converter based HVDC transmission system is proposed. This stop process is divided into stages of energy feedback and energy consumption. The DC voltage controller is coordinated to the used modules per phase when active power is transmitted prior to reactive power, so that the energy is fed back to the AC power grid connected to the converter station which uses the fixed dc voltage controller. In addition, in view of the different forms connected to the grid, specifically when the converter station supplies power for passive network, the passive converter station can take a certain auxiliary trigger strategy to make its maximum energy feedback to the grid. Finally, a simulation system of the MMC-HVDC system is constructed in Matlab/Simulink environment, and simulation results show that the proposed stop strategies are effective.

Application of Power Electronics Converters in Renewable Energy

Against the backdrop of global energy shortages and increasingly severe environmental pollution,renewable energy is gradually becoming a significant direction for future energy development.Power electronics converters,as the core technology for energy conversion and control,play a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency and stability of renewable energy systems.This paper explores the basic principles and functions of power electronics converters and their specific applications in photovoltaic power generation,wind power generation,and energy storage systems.Additionally,it analyzes the current innovations in high-efficiency energy conversion,multilevel conversion technology,and the application of new materials and devices.By studying these technologies,the aim is to promote the widespread application of power electronics converters in renewable energy systems and provide theoretical and technical support for achieving sustainable energy development.

FPGA-Based Real-Time Simulation of Modular Multilevel Converter HVDC Systems

AC-HVDC-AC energy conversion systems using MMC （modular multilevel converters） are becoming popular to integrate distributed energy systems to the main grid. Such multilevel converters pose a serious problems for HIL （hardware in the loop） simulators required for control, protection design and testing due to the large number of cells that must be simulated individually using very small time steps. This paper demonstrates the advantages of using a very small time step to simulate a MMC topology. The MMC is implemented on FPGA （fiel-programmable gate array） to simulate fast transient with a time step of 250 ns. The AC network and HVDC bus is simulated on the PC, with a slower time step of 10 μs to 20 μs. The simulator architecture and the components simulated on the FPGA and on the PC will be discussed, as well as the method allowing the interconnection of this slow and fast system.

DC Traction Power Supply System Based on Modular Multilevel Converter Suitable for Energy Feeding and De-icing

A novel DC traction power supply system suitable for energy feeding and de-icing is proposed in this paper for an urban rail transit catenary on the basis of the full bridge submodule (FBSM) modular multilevel converter (MMC). The FBSM-MMC is a novel type of voltage source converter (VSC) and can directly control the output DC voltage and conduct bipolar currents, thus flexibly controlling the power flow of the urban rail transit catenary. The proposed topology can overcome the inherent disadvantages of the output voltage drop in the diode rectifier units, increase the power supply distance and reduce the number of traction substations. The flexible DC technology can coordinate multiple FBSM-MMCs in a wide area and jointly complete the bidirectional control of catenary power flow during the operation of the electric locomotive, so as to realize the local consumption and optimal utilization of the recovered braking energy of the train. In addition, the FBSM-MMCs can also adjust the output current when the locomotive is out of service to prevent the catenary from icing in winter. The working modes of the proposed topology are illustrated in detail and the control strategy is specially designed for normal locomotive operations and catenary de-icing. Simulation cases conducted by PSCAD/EMTDC validate the proposed topology and its control strategy.

Currentless Multiple Switch Open-Circuit Faults Diagnosis for Modular Multilevel Converters with Nearest Level Modulation in HVDC Systems

Due to the large number of submodules(SMs),and modular multilevel converters(MMCs)in high-voltage applications,they are usually regulated by the nearest level modulation(NLM).Moreover,the large number of SMs causes a challenge for the fault diagnosis strategy(FDS).This paper proposes a currentless FDS for MMC with NLM.In FDS,the voltage sensor is relocated to measure the output voltage of the SM.To acquire the capacitor voltage and avoid increasing extra sensors,a capacitor voltage calculation method is proposed.Based on the measurement of output voltages,the faults can be detected and the number of different-type switch open-circuit faults can be confirmed from the numerous SMs in an arm,which narrows the scope of fault localization.Then,the faulty SMs and faulty switches in these SMs are further located without arm current according to the sorting of capacitor voltages in the voltage balancing algorithm.The FDS is independent of the arm current,which can reduce the communication cost in the hierarchical control system of MMC.Furthermore,the proposed FDS not only simplifies the identification of switch open-circuit faults by confirming the scope of faults,but also detects and locates multiple different-type faults in an arm.The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified by the simulation results.

Mixed Dead-time Effect Suppression Strategy for Modular Multilevel Converters

Dead time is necessary for the coupled power switches to prevent shoot-through,especially in the modular multilevel converters(MMCs)with a large number of power switches.This paper proposes a dead-time effect suppression strategy for MMCs with nearest level modulation.The operational principles of MMCs are first analyzed.According to the operational features of MMCs,the method that removes a switching signal from the coupled switches and the reduced switching frequency voltage balancing algorithms(RSFVBAs)are mixed in the proposed method.In the intervals that are furthest away from the zerocrossing points(ZCP)of arm currents,the single switching signal method can completely eliminate the dead-time effect(DTE).Alternatively,the DTE is suppressed by the RSFVBA in intervals that are close to the ZCP.By the combination of the two methods,the dependence of the DTE suppression method on currents is reduced and the influences of ZCP are also released without degrading the normal operation performance of MMCs.Moreover,the output performance of MMCs is improved and the voltage stress on the arm inductor dramatically decreases.Finally,the validation of the method is verified by the simulation results with the professional tool Matlab/Simulink.

Fully Decoupled Branch Energy Balancing Control Method for Modular Multilevel Matrix Converter Based on Sequence Circulating Components

The modular multilevel matrix converter(M3C)is a potential frequency converter for low-frequency AC transmission.However,capacitor voltage control of high-voltage and largecapacity M3C is more difficult,especially for voltage balancing between branches.To solve this problem,this paper defines sequence circulating components and theoretically analyzes the influence mechanism of different sequence circulating components on branch capacitor voltage.A fully decoupled branch energy balancing control method based on four groups of sequence circulating components is proposed.This method can control capacitor voltages of nine branches in horizontal,vertical and diagonal directions.Considering influences of both circulating current and voltage,a cross decoupled control is designed to improve control precision.Simulation results are taken from a low-frequency transmission system based on PSCAD/EMTDC,and effectiveness and precision of the proposed branch energy balancing control method are verified in the case of nonuniform parameters and an unbalanced power system.

An Operational Test Method for VSC-HVDC Valves Based on Modular Multi-level Converters

为给基于模块化多电平换流器（modular multi-levelconverter,MMC）的电压源换流器高压直流输电（voltagesourced converter HVDC,VSC-HVDC）换流阀提供有效的检验手段,以验证其设计的正确性及其运行可靠性,对换流阀的运行特性和关键应力进行分析,提出基于原理等效的MMC阀运行试验方法,设计试验电路并阐明其运行机理。搭建的PSCAD电磁暂态仿真模型和实际的试验验证证明了试验方法的正确性和有效性。

Total Harmonic Distortion Minimization of Multilevel Converters Using Genetic Algorithms

This paper presents a genetic algorithm (GA) optimization technique to find the optimum switching angles of 11-level inverter with minimum number of dc sources and switches in comparison with the cascade multilevel inverter in order to minimize the total harmonic distortion (THD) of their output voltage waveform. Theoretical and simulation results for an 11-level converter show the efficiency of the proposed algorithm to determine the optimum angles in order to decrease the undesired harmonics and produce very high quality output voltage waveform.