Retrospective and prospective review of the generalized nonlinear strength theory for geomaterials

Strength theory is the basic theory for calculating and designing the strength of engineering materials in civil,hydraulic,mechanical,aerospace,military,and other engineering disciplines.Therefore,the comprehensive study of the generalized nonlinear strength theory(GNST)of geomaterials has significance for the construction of engineering rock strength.This paper reviews the GNST of geomaterials to demonstrate the research status of nonlinear strength characteristics of geomaterials under complex stress paths.First,it systematically summarizes the research progress of GNST(classical and empirical criteria).Then,the latest research the authors conducted over the past five years on the GNST is introduced,and a generalized three-dimensional(3D)nonlinear Hoek‒Brown(HB)criterion(NGHB criterion)is proposed for practical applications.This criterion can be degenerated into the existing three modified HB criteria and has a better prediction performance.The strength prediction errors for six rocks and two in-situ rock masses are 2.0724%-3.5091%and 1.0144%-3.2321%,respectively.Finally,the development and outlook of the GNST are expounded,and a new topic about the building strength index of rock mass and determining the strength of in-situ engineering rock mass is proposed.The summarization of the GNST provides theoretical traceability and optimization for constructing in-situ engineering rock mass strength.

Triaxial strength behaviour of rockmass satisfying Modified Mohr-Coulomb and Generalized Hoek-Brown criteria

The triaxial strength of twenty rockmass types was predicted using two non-linear triaxial strength criteria for rockmass i.e. Modified Mohr-Coulomb(MMC) criterion and Generalized Hoek-Brown(GHB)criterion. Four different rockmass classification systems were used for the calculation of MMC criterion parameters while only GSI classification system has been used for calculation of GHB parameters. The representative value of the uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of rockmass have been estimated using probabilistic approach. A hypothetical case of an unsupported tunnel has been analyzed considering both MMC and GHB criteria. The analysis was done using the convergence-confinement method with two different approaches. The first approach predicts the tunnel response using GHB criterion directly. The second approach predicts the tunnel response using equivalent Mohr-Coulomb parameters obtained by linearization of triaxial data points obtained from MMC and GHB criteria. The tunnel response has been estimated in terms of radius of plastic zone, tunnel convergence and tunnel convergence strain. For very poor rockmasses the tunnel response predicted by MMC criterion is less than that predicted by GHB criterion. For poor and fair rockmass, the tunnel response estimated considering both the criteria are comparable except for few cases. Squeezing condition in rockmass has been also evaluated.

An approximate nonlinear modified Mohr-Coulomb shear strength criterion with critical state for intact rocks

In this paper, the Mohr-Coulomb shear strength criterion is modified by mobilising the cohesion and internal friction angle with normal stress, in order to capture the nonlinearity and critical state concept for intact rocks reported in the literature. The mathematical expression for the strength is the same as the classical form, but the terms of cohesion and internal friction angle depend on the normal stress now,leading to a nonlinear relationship between the strength and normal stress. It covers both the tension and compression regions with different expressions for cohesion and internal friction angle. The strengths from the two regions join continuously at the transition of zero normal stress. The part in the compression region approximately satisfies the conditions of critical state, where the maximum shear strength is reached. Due to the nonlinearity, the classical simple relationship between the parameters of cohesion, internal friction angle and uniaxial compressive strength from the linear Mohr-Coulomb criterion does not hold anymore. The equation for determining one of the three parameters in terms of the other two is supplied. This equation is nonlinear and thus a nonlinear equation solver is needed. For simplicity, the classical linear relationship is used as a local approximation. The approximate modified Mohr-Coulomb criterion has been implemented in a fracture mechanics based numerical code FRACOD,and an example case of deep tunnel failure is presented to demonstrate the difference between the original and modified Mohr-Coulomb criteria. It is shown that the nonlinear modified Mohr-Coulomb criterion predicts somewhat deeper and more intensive fracturing regions in the surrounding rock mass than the original linear Mohr-Coulomb criterion. A more comprehensive piecewise nonlinear shear strength criterion is also included in Appendix B for those readers who are interested. It covers the tensile, compressive, brittle-ductile behaviour transition and the critical state, and gives smooth transitions.

Stability analysis of shallow tunnels subjected to seepage with strength reduction theory

Based on strength reduction theory,the stability numbers of shallow tunnels were investigated within the framework of upper and lower bound theorems of limit analysis. Stability solutions taking into account of water seepage were presented and compared with those without considering seepage. The comparisons indicate that the maximum difference does not exceed 3.7%,which proves the present method credible. The results show that stability numbers of shallow tunnels considering seepage are much less than those without considering seepage,and that the difference of stability numbers between considering seepage and without considering seepage increase with increasing the depth ratio. The stability numbers decrease with increasing permeability coefficient and groundwater depth. Seepage has significant effects on the stability numbers of shallow tunnels.

Rock strength interval analysis using theory of testing blind data and interval estimation

The concepts of rock strength intervals are presented in this work,furthermore,central values of intervals and their corresponding credibility are provided using two-case study based on blind data theory and fuzzy interval estimation.60 granite specimens are first tested,the compressive strength interval and tensile strength interval are[103.68,219.61]and[7.53,11.86]MPa,while the tested mean values of compressive strength and tensile strength are 152.86 and 10.14 MPa,the credibilities are less than58.4%and around 70.4%,respectively,the credibility of shear strength is between 40%and 60%.Then 70 other rock specimens are designed and tested,the similar conclusions can be reached.The results show that the conventional definite values are the particular values within the intervals,and the credibility of them often fails to reach the high-precision engineering requirement.The results demonstrate the feasibility and application potential of this proposed algorithm for the engineering practice.The references for engineering value selection of rock strength under different credibility or according to frequency distribution of central values are provided to increase the reliability and precision of calculation.

New Asphalt Pavement Failure Criterion Based on Unified Strength Theory

This study aims to introduce an appropriate analytical method for asphalt pavement based upon unified strength theory （UST）. The traditional maximum shear stress strength theory （MSST） cannot describe the marked difference between tension strength and compressive strength or variable intermediate principal stress, which significantly affects the geotechnical materials. Our studies try to find a new asphalt pavement failure criterion that considers the influence of both tension-compression strength ratio and intermediate principal stress of asphalt mixture. In order to select a suitable theory on pavement material, the UST is introduced and compared with the traditional theory. Results show that the tension-compression strength ratio of asphalt mixture, which is used as a material parameter, dramatically affects the stress and stress distribution law in pavement; the pavement stress level increases dramatically after considering the intermediate principal stresses. Therefore, the UST which considers both tension-compression strength ratio and intermediate principal stress is more in line with the material characteristics of asvhalt pavement.

A novel limiting strain energy strength theory

With applied dislocation theory,the effects of shear and normal stresses on the slide and climb motions at the same section of a crystal were analyzed.And,based on the synergetic effect of both normal and shear strain specific energies,the concept of the total equivalent strain specific energy(TESSE)at an oblique section and a new strength theory named as limiting strain energy strength theory(LSEST)were proposed.As for isotropic materials,the plastic yielding or brittle fracture of under uniaxial stress state would occur when the maximum TESSE reached the strain specific energy,also the expressions on the equivalent stresses and a function of failure of the LSEST under different principal stress states were obtained.Relationship formulas among the tensile, compressive and shear yield strengths for plastic metals were derived.These theoretical predictions,according to the LSEST,were consistent very well with experiment results of tensile,compressive and torsion tests of three plastic metals and other experiment results from open literatures.This novel LSEST might also help for strength calculation of other materials.

Fundamental Issues Towards Unified Design Theory of Recycled and Natural Aggregate Concrete Components

In the past 20 years,recycled aggregate concrete(RAC),as a type of low-carbon concrete,has become a worldwide focus of research.However,the design methodology for RAC structural components remains a challenge.Consequently,demands for a unified design of natural aggregate concrete(NAC)and RAC components have been presented.Accordingly,this study analyses the necessity of a unified design theory and provides an in-depth demonstration of the strength determination,compressive constitutive relationship,and design method of concrete components.The coefficient of variation of RAC strength is found to be generally higher than that of NAC strength.The compressive and tensile strengths of RAC can be defined and determined using the same method as that used for NAC.The uniaxial compressive constitutive relationship between NAC and RAC has a unified mathematical expression.However,the elastic modulus of RAC decreases,and its brittleness exhibits an increasing trend compared with that of NAC.Finally,to unify the design formulae of RAC and NAC components for bearing capacity,modification factors for RAC components are proposed considering safety and reliability.Additionally,the feasibility of the proposed unified time-dependent design theory is demonstrated in terms of conceptual design and structural measures considering the effects of strength degradation and reinforcement corrosion.It is believed that this study enriches and develops the basic theory of concrete structures.

Incompleted Field Strength Calculation of the Potential Term Adopted from Landau-Ginzberg Theory Applied in Particle Physics

Completion of field strength calculation of the potential term originated in theories of condensed matter applied in particle physics is discussed.

Analysis of Young Girls’Eagerness to Spend for Disney Virtual Characters Based on Marketing Mix Theory

A virtual character is a design of a fictitious creature with distinctive characteristics created by people,and Disney virtual characters are those Intellectual Property(IP)images that appeared in Disneyland and Disney movies.This investigation aimed to explore why many younger females are keen to spend money on Disney virtual characters.This paper adopted the Marketing Mix Theory strategy(product,price,placement,and promotion(4P)),and the SWOT analysis method has been utilized.This paper investigated the relationship between the 4Ps and consumers’purchasing intentions,and it turned out that unique design and effective promotion in this Disney case would promote consumers’purchase intention,while the higher price and less accessible placements affected their purchase intentions.Thus,the high price and limited places somewhat inhibit customers’desire to buy;due to the attractiveness of the product itself and the promotion on the internet,the target consumers are still willing to consume.

非对称破坏模式下临坡地基的Meyerhof承载力新解

利用统一强度理论的平面应变强度方程,综合考虑中间主应力、基础至坡肩的水平距离、边坡高度和基底粗糙情况等因素,提出临坡地基坡面非对称破坏模式和坡底非对称破坏模式,继而建立条形基础下临坡地基新的Meyerhof承载力解答,给出具体应用步骤并开展理论退化分析与对比验证。研究表明:考虑坡后土体强度贡献所提出的非对称破坏模式更符合临坡地基的实际破坏形态;所得临坡地基Meyerhof承载力解答与文献模型试验和数值模拟均吻合良好;中间主应力可明显提高临坡地基的承载力;临坡地基承载力随边坡高度增加先减小后恒定。研究结果合理反映了土体强度的中间主应力效应、破坏模式的非对称性以及基础旁侧土体强度等工程实际情况,对临坡地基优化设计具有一定的理论指导意义。

考虑温度和时间双重影响的混凝土蠕变模型构建

为了研究温度对混凝土结构蠕变特性的影响,开展不同温度作用下混凝土三轴蠕变试验,分析了不同温度作用下混凝土结构的轴向蠕变特性。在温度作用下,混凝土的内部损伤与非均匀程度参数有关,建立非均匀程度参数与温度之间的关系;假定混凝土蠕变模型是关于温度和时间的函数,结合上述损伤变量和微元体强度分布概率模型,建立了考虑温度和时间双重影响的混凝土蠕变模型。基于最小二乘法和试验数据对模型的准确性进行验证,并采用西原模型对其优越性作进一步验证。结果表明:不同温度作用下蠕变损伤模型与试验数据的吻合度都较好,且相关性系数在0.95以上,说明了所建立模型的正确性;同时,该模型与试验数据的吻合度要优于西原模型,并且在描述加速蠕变方面具有一定的优越性。该理论模型为地下工程中混凝土支护结构的长期变形预测研究提供理论依据。

基于均匀化理论与上限分析的膨胀土滑坡稳定性分析

在膨胀土和滑坡共同作用下,隧道洞口段施工更容易引发地表开裂甚至滑坡等工程灾害,在隧道内采用微型桩群防治滑坡比抗滑桩具有优势。本文基于均匀化理论与上限分析对某高速公路隧道洞口段膨胀土滑坡的稳定性进行计算,并评价微型桩群和削方卸载不同组合方式的处置效果,计算时将微型桩群及桩周土通过均匀化理论等效为符合摩尔库仑强度准则的等效加固体来,以此提高计算效率,最后通过对现场削方+微型桩群加固处置后的滑坡变形监测来验证计算的合理性,得出如下结论:相较于土的强度参数,等效加固体内摩擦角保持不变,黏聚力从26kPa提高到85.36kPa。处置前后的滑坡稳定性评价结果表明,不做处理时,滑坡滑动面从滑坡上方岩土交界面延续到隧道洞口前;仅采用微型桩群加固时,滑坡安全系数在1.17左右,滑动面从岩土交界面延续到隧道洞口后;同时采用微型桩群加固和削方卸载时,滑坡安全系数提高到1.26~1.28,滑动面上缘由土石交界面前移。现场变形监测表明地表变形与深层土体变形均不超过3mm,该措施能保障滑坡的稳定性,同时也验证了计算方法的合理性,可为同类工程提供参考。

基于统一强度理论的扰损围岩巷道脆塑性解答

钻爆法施工常造成岩质巷道扰损区围岩性能劣化。针对扰损围岩、扰损外围岩的弹塑性状态下不同的扰损围岩巷道力学模型,采用统一强度理论、弹-脆-塑性模型和非关联流动法则,建立扰损围岩巷道有关应力、位移和塑性区半径的脆塑性解答,探讨巷道力学模型的转换路径及判定方法,并将结果进行对比、验证,获得各因素的影响规律。研究表明:提出的巷道脆塑性解答合理反映了中间主应力、围岩扰损范围和峰后强度、剪胀特性的综合影响,通过参数组合变换可退化为多种解答并得到正确性验证,具有重要的理论意义和应用前景;巷道力学模型判定与中间主应力、围岩扰损范围密切相关,显著影响巷道应力-位移分布和围岩特征曲线;支护压力和巷道稳定变形随着围岩峰后强度下降、剪胀特性参数增加而明显增大。

早期目标导向活动对机械通气患者短期预后的应用研究

目的探讨早期目标导向活动在重症加强护理病房(ICU)机械通气患者中应用的短期预后效果。方法采用便利抽样法,选取76例机械通气患者作为研究对象,以病区为单位,入住ICU A区的38例患者为对照组,实施常规康复护理方案;入住ICU B区的38例患者为实验组,采用Richmond躁动-镇静评分、标准化5问题问卷、ICU活动量表评估研究对象镇静程度、配合程度及ICU活动能力,实施早期目标导向活动。观察2组患者肌力及握力水平、ICU活动能力、机械通气时间及ICU住院时间。结果干预第4 d及出科前实验组肌力、握力及出科前的活动能力得分高于对照组(P<0.05);实验组机械通气时间及ICU住院时间短于对照组(P<0.05)。结论早期目标导向活动有助于提高机械通气患者的肌力、活动能力,缩短ICU停留时间,改善患者短期预后。未来可进一步随访,探究早期目标导向活动的远期效果,为早期目标导向活动的推广及应用提供临床指导。

论中国本土的执行理论与实践

在中国,执行是政治意图及其实现的全过程,涉及公共权力系统的全部运作,极富中国本土特色。中国的执行可以提炼为一个由“政治意图”“具体化”“部门化和本土化”“可操作化”“操作”“影响环境”以及“反馈和调整”七个环节构成的闭环结构,这一结构可以视为一个全新的本土化分析框架和理论模型。新的框架清晰表达了中国执行背后的独特运作特征,充分揭示了中国政治体制守正变通的显著优势所在。中国的执行既是整体协调、一体运作的政治杰作,又是单独成篇、羽化成蝶的精彩过程。然而,在中国执行体制中,从政治意图的传递到最后实现实际还有多个“断点”“堵点”和“痛点”,执行的技术操作和经验积累还相对不足,仍需在改革实践和制度建设中补齐弱项短板,加以不断发展完善。

基于磁各向异性的管壁应力集中区域检测方法

针对应力集中导致管壁发生屈服失效的问题,提出了利用磁各向异性检测管壁应力集中区域的方法。从能量角度出发,研究了应力导致管壁产生磁各向异性的机理,建立了管壁当量应力与磁各向异性探头输出电压信号的数学模型,通过计算管壁的当量应力判断其是否发生屈服失效,搭建了应力检测实验平台。实验结果表明,应力会导致管壁产生磁各向异性,磁各向异性检测方法能够检测出管壁当量应力的变化趋势和主应力方向所在延长线的角度,进而判断管壁是否产生应力集中区域。

经学思维与古代文论范畴--以“教化”“文质”“风骨”“古雅”范畴为中心

经学思维在中国古代官方意识形态中占有重要地位,在对古代文论范畴的研究中,离不开对经学思维的分析讨论。经学思维中明道致用、宗经征圣、权威崇拜、信而好古等特点直接关系到了“教化”“文质”“风骨”“古雅”等文论范畴的生成和演变。经学思维为文学创作提供了一种道德文化品格,文学与经学广泛交融,共同满足了封建专制统治的政治需求。

20世纪岩石强度理论的发展——纪念Mohr-Coulomb强度理论100周年

190 0年莫尔 (O. Mohr)教授建立了著名的莫尔 -库仑 (Mohr- Coulomb)强度理论。 10 0年来 ,岩石强度理论广泛吸引了工程师和物理学家 (包括工程地质专家、力学家、地球物理学家、材料科学家和土木、机械工程师等 )的注意 ,对岩石在复杂应力状态下的强度理论 (破坏准则 )以及它们的实验验证进行了大量研究 ,提出了众多岩石破坏准则 ,并进行了大量轴对称围压三轴试验和真三轴试验。对 10 0年来的岩石强度理论研究的发展和主要结果进行小结 ,特别是从理论上总结了从强度理论的下限 (莫尔 -库仑单剪强度理论 ,190 0 )到上限 (双剪强度理论 ,俞茂宏 ,1985 )到统一强度理论 (俞茂宏 ,1991)的发展。对 10 0年来岩石强度理论发展的回顾 。