Impact of the central Pacific zonal wind divergence and convergence on the central Pacific El Nio event

The central Pacific（CP） zonal wind divergence and convergence indices are defined, and the forming mechanism of CP El Nio（La Nia） events is discussed preliminarily. The results show that the divergence and convergence of the zonal wind anomaly（ZWA） are the key process in the forming of CP El Nio（La Nia） events. A correlation analysis between the central Pacific zonal wind divergence and convergence indices and central Pacific El Nio indices indicates that there is a remarkable lag correlation between them. The central Pacific zonal wind divergence and convergence indices can be used to predict the CP events. Based on these results, a linear regression equation is obtained to predict the CP El Nio（La Nia） events 5 months ahead.

Technology Convergence and Divergence in China’s Electronic Industries:Evidence from Patents

By thoroughly reviewing international studies on technology convergence and divergence, four kinds of hypothesis are proposed based on patent data Herfindhal index （HI） measurement. The main fmding is that technology convergence does exist, based on patent technology records in China, primarily driven by overseas companies＇ strategic behavior, such as field intensiveness, competition during technology maturity session, and patent technology growth.

THE DIVERGENCE-CONVERGENCE EFFECT OF SURFACE CURRENT AND ITS ACTION ON THE BOHAI SEA

The action of the wind field and the influence of topography can cause divergence or convergence of surface current. The existence of the divergence-convergence effect is proved and the dynamical significance of the divergent or convergent state and its link with many marine phenomena are pointed out. Divergence fields of surface current in the Bohai Sea in winter and summer are obtained by numerical modelling describing the divergence-convergence character of seasonally wind-driven current. The relation between the effect and seasonal marine phenomena is discussed. Study on the divergence-convergence effect of surface current (DCESC)can be an indirect method for testing the calculated results.

Using Converging Strategies to Reduce Divergence in Intercultural User Interface Design

This chapter starts with an introduction illuminating the theoretical back-ground necessary for taking culture into account in HCI design. Definitions of concepts used are provided followed by a historical overview on taking culture into account in HCI design. Subsequently, a glimpse of the current state of research in culture-centered HCI design is derived from secondary literature providing the gist of the structures, processes, methods, models and theoretic approaches concerning the relationship between culture and HCI design (“converging” strategies). After presenting controversies and challenges, a short discussion of results from empirical studies and design recommendations for culture-centered HCI design lead to implications and trends in future intercultural user interface design research to close the knowledge gap (the “divergence”) regarding the relationship between culture and Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), i.e. converging the divergence to reach the convergent divergence.

GENERALIZED MATRIX MULTISPLITTING RELAXATION METHODS AND THEIR CONVERGENCE

In this paper, we set up a general framework of parallel matrix mullisplitting relaxation methods for solving large scale system of linear equations. We investigate the convergence properties of this framework and give several sufficient conditions ensuring it to converge as well as diverge. At last, we conclude a necessary and sufficient condition for the convergence of this framework when the coefficient matrix is an L-matrix.

Moisture Transport over the Arabian Sea Associated with Summer Rainfall over Pakistan in 1994 and 2002

In this study, we aimed to elucidate the critical role of moisture transport affecting monsoon activity in two contrasting summers over the Arabian Sea during the years 1994, a relatively wet year, and 2002, a relatively dry year. A comprehensive diagnostic evaluation and comparisons of the moisture fields were con- ducted; we focused on the precipitation and evaporation as well as the moisture transport and its divergence or convergence in the atmosphere. Monthly mean reanalysis data were obtained from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction （NCEP-I and -II）. A detailed evaluation of the moisture budgets over Pak- istan during these two years was made by calculating the latent energy flux at the surface （E - P） from the divergence of the total moisture transport. Our results confirm the moisture supply over the Arabian Sea to be the major source of rainfall in Pakistan and neighboring regions. In 1994, Pakistan received more rainfall compared to 2002 during the summer monsoon. Moisture flow deepens and strengthens over Arabian Sea during the peak summer monsoon months of July and August. Our analysis shows that vertically integrated moisture transport flux have a significant role in supplying moisture to the convective centers over Pakistan and neighboring regions from the divergent regions of the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. Moreover, in 1994, a deeper vertically integrated moisture convergence progression occurred over Pakistan compared to that in 2002. Perhaps that deeper convergence resulted in a more intense moisture depression over Pakistan and also caused more rainfall in 1994 during the summer monsoon. Finally, from the water budget analysis, it has been surmised that the water budget was larger in 1994 than in 2002 during the summer monsoon.

Supersonic swirling characteristics of natural gas in convergent-divergent nozzles

The supersonic nozzle is a new apparatus which can be used to condense and separate water and heavy hydrocarbons from natural gas.The swirling separation of natural gas in the convergent-divergent nozzle was numerically simulated based on a new design which incorporates a central body. Axial distribution of the main parameters of gas flow was investigated,while the basic parameters of gas flow were obtained as functions of radius at the nozzle exit.The effect of the nozzle geometry on the swirling separation was analyzed.The numerical results show that water and heavy hydrocarbons can be condensed and separated from natural gas under the combined effect of the low temperature（-80℃） and the centrifugal field（482,400g,g is the acceleration of gravity）.The gas dynamic parameters are uniformly distributed correspondingly in the radial central region of the channel,for example the distribution range of the static temperature and the centrifugal acceleration are from -80 to -55℃and 220,000g to 500,000g,respectively,which would create good conditions for the cyclone separation of the liquids.However,high gradients of gas dynamic parameters near the channel walls may impair the process of separation.The geometry of the nozzle has a great influence on the separation performance. Increasing the nozzle convergent angle can improve the separation efficiency.The swirling natural gas can be well separated when the divergent angle takes values from 4°to 12°in the convergent-divergent nozzle.

Unsteady Behavior of Cavitating Waterjet in an Axisymmetric Convergent-Divergent Nozzle: High Speed Observation and Image Analysis Based on Frame Difference Method

Although it is well known that cloud cavitation shows unsteady behavior with the growing motion of an attached cavity, the shedding motion of a cloud, the collapsing motion of the cloud shed downstream and a reentrant motion in flow fields such as on a 2-D hydrofoil and in a convergent- divergent channel with a rectangular cross-section, observations for the periodic behavior of cloud cavitation in a cylindrical nozzle with a convergent-divergent part, which is mainly used in an industrial field, have hardly been conducted. From engineering viewpoints, it is important to elucidate the mechanism of periodic cavitation behavior in a cylindrical nozzle. In this study, a high-speed observation technique with an image analysis technique was applied to the cloud cavitation behavior in the nozzle to make clear the mechanism of unsteady behavior. As a result, it was observed in the nozzle that the periodic behavior occurs in the cloud cavitation and pressure waves form at the collapse of clouds shed downstream. Also, it was found through the image analysis based on the present technique that the pressure wave plays a role as a trigger mechanism to cause a reentrant motion at the downstream end of an attached cavity.

Autonomous convergence and divergence of the self-powered soft liquid metal vehicles

Conventional rigid machines, even biological systems in nature, generally do not own the capabilities like autonomous convergence or divergence. Here, such extraordinary behavior was demonstrated for the first time with the liquid metal vehicle. This synthetic soft machine fueled with an aluminum flake could initiate its autonomous locomotion in an opentop circular channel containing NaOH solution, like a running vehicle. If cutting a large machine into several smaller separately running vehicles, each of them still resumes its traveling state along the original track and chases each other. If the volumes of such dispersive vehicles were close to each other and they were all squeezed in the channel, the vehicles would move syn-chronously with oscillation. Otherwise, such self-motion would become desynchronized with interval between the inequable vehicles decreased gradually. If their volumes were significantly different, and the smaller vehicles were not squeezed in the channel, the faster vehicle would overtake the slower ones, until they finally coalesced seamlessly. The assembled vehicle could deform itself along with change of its velocity. This finding may shedlight on future researches on smart material, fluid mechanics and soft matter to self-fueled machine and biomimics. It would also offer opportunities for constructing self-reconfigurable soft robots.

知识状态集合准确界定的意义

教育认知诊断基于被试的作答反应估计其知识状态从而进行分类.尽管给定属性及其层级关系,其知识状态集合是唯一的,但对此并未形成共识.如有的软件包认为同一属性层级关系可对应2种不同的知识状态集合;有的研究仅仅给出属性及其层级关系的知识状态集合的真子集.针对这些情况,该文从理论上和应用上进行了分析,并给出修正的建议.

陕西三次强致灾性初夏区域性暴雨动力诊断对比分析

利用常规气象观测资料和0.25°×0.25°逐小时ERA5再分析资料,对综合评价强度指数300以上的三次陕西初夏区域性暴雨过程从水汽、动力垂直结构上进行对比分析。结果表明:①强致灾性初夏区域性暴雨发生前,中高层水汽输送来自西南气流,低层来自偏东气流,低层水汽辐合发展加强,动力强迫主要表现为700 hPa以下正涡度区发展加强并向高层延伸,对应200 hPa附近出现强负涡度中心;②暴雨开始后,低层偏东水汽输送在暴雨过程中会发生变化,水汽辐合持续加强并向高层持续输送,散度场出现低层强辐合、高层辐散的结构,而关中有双重辐合-辐散特殊结构,且正涡度区继续向高层延伸、动力抬升促使上升运动延伸至400 hPa及以上;③初夏暴雨陕南动力强迫相比关中较弱,但水汽输送、水汽含量比关中好,降水效率更高、降水总量更大。

时空矢量场下人群活动聚散模式提取与分析

由于传统方法缺乏顾及人群在区域间的动态流动而无法反映人群在未来(下一时刻)的活动聚散趋势,因此,文中借助时空矢量场来建模人群活动的趋向性,通过矢量场理论中的散度算子来定量计算人群活动聚散强度,将人群活动聚散模式提取问题转化为时间序列聚类问题识别出主要聚散模式。在海口市滴滴出行数据集上进行实验,选取角度偏态系数证明了主体方向计算方法的有效性,提取出了4种主要人群活动聚散模式,并结合POI类型的分布情况对4种模式进行了语义解释,为探索人类移动性提供研究思路和方法支持。

变截面半圆通道内超临界二氧化碳热工水力性能研究

建立了不同半圆通道的数学和物理模型,并通过与实验数据的比较,验证了所建立模型的准确性。研究了超临界二氧化碳(S-CO_(2))在等截面半圆通道、渐扩型和渐缩型通道内的热工水力换热性能,并分析了不同通道和压力对S-CO_(2)在变截面半圆通道内的热工水力性能的影响。结果表明:相较于均匀截面半圆通道,渐扩型通道恶化传热,渐缩型通道强化传热;入口和出口半径比为1.0:0.5的渐缩型半圆通道的总体换热系数最大提升了39.93%,流动传热综合性能评价因子PEC最大为1.346;当压力越靠近临界压力或热通量较低时,传热性能越高。最后,从场协同性和湍动能分布的角度解释了渐缩型变截面通道强化传热的原因。研究结果可为S-CO_(2)循环系统冷却器的设计与优化提供新的思路和理论指导。

基于异同移动平均线指标的氨氮厌氧工艺诊断研究

合理的诊断方法和控制策略是实现厌氧处理工艺安全性和稳定性的必要手段。为了对氨氮厌氧工艺的处理过程进行准确的诊断与控制,基于在线监测系统对氨氮扰动冲击情境下上流式厌氧污泥床(Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket,UASB)反应器的气液相参数进行实时监测,并根据指数平滑异同移动平均算法,建立各参数相对应的异同移动平均线指标。根据各参数的指标响应特征与反应器之间的状态关系,通过建立诊断规则,构建氨氮厌氧工艺诊断推理数据库。诊断推理数据库结果显示,气相参数指标整体上比液相参数指标响应快,适合作为识别氨氮扰动抑制发生的敏感性指标;综合气相和液相多参数异同移动平均线指标的响应特征,不仅能够对扰动抑制程度和厌氧生化系统的恢复情况做出准确、全面的诊断,还能够提供快速的预警和有效的控制策略。

k-Bertrand判别法

正项级数的敛散性判别法中比较精细的有Raabe判别法、Gauss判别法和Bertrand判别法.在上述方法的基础上,给出了Raabe判别法、Gauss判别法和Bertrand判别法推广的统一形式,包括非极限形式、上、下极限形式以及极限形式,称之为k-Bertrand判别法.

具身认知视角下的创造性思维

创造性思维是指产生新颖且适用观点或产品的思维形式。随着具身认知观的兴起,基于该观点的创造性思维研究涌现,但国内相关研究匮乏。为推动国内该领域发展,从身体动作、视觉、触觉、味觉角度对具身认知视角下创造性思维研究进行综述,并从概念隐喻理论、皮亚杰发生认识论、进化心理学说角度对相关具身效应进行解释。未来需从具身效应双向性、认知神经机制、可重复性、多感觉通道、善恶意创造力、机器学习等角度进行深入探索。

S弯收扩喷管过膨胀状态下流动分离特性研究

为了研究S弯收扩喷管过膨胀状态下的流动分离特性,数值模拟了不同落压比(NPR)下S弯收扩喷管内的流动特征。结果表明:在落压比为2.0时,喷管内发生非对称分离,出现非对称的双“λ”激波结构,喷流整体向上偏转,上侧出现限制性流动分离RSS,下侧出现自由性流动分离FSS,并产生三维分离涡,喷流出现明显的三维效应。随着落压比从高度过膨胀状态下开始增加,喷管下侧保持FSS不变,喷管上侧RSS逐渐向后移动,直至与外界大气相连,转变为FSS,之后随着落压比增加,上下侧分离结构逐渐对称。推力矢量角随着落压比的增加先增加,后在极小的落压比变化范围内快速降低,直至变为0°,之后保持0°不变。

中国数字产业效率的地区差异与敛散特征

文章在界定数字产业效率概念的基础上,从投入与产出两个维度构建评价指标体系,运用Super-SBM模型、泰尔指数分解法、β收敛模型实证分析中国数字产业效率的地区差异与敛散特征。研究结果表明:中国数字产业效率水平呈现“东—中—西”逐渐降低的三级阶梯状分布特征;全国总体及三大地区区域内数字产业效率差异呈现逐渐上升趋势,区域间差异呈现东中部地区间逐渐缩小,东西部地区间、中西部地区间先扩大后缩小的“倒U”型特征,区域内差异是总体差异的主要来源;全国总体及三大地区均存在绝对β收敛和条件β收敛特征,且西部地区收敛速度最快,东部、中部地区收敛速度较慢。

一类正项级数比较判别法的教学探讨

本文探讨用比较判别法判断正项级数的敛散性时出错的典型问题,及我们该如何启发与引导学生,让学生真正理解比较判别法的本质内涵.

影响中国夏季降水的前冬北半球中高纬大气环流年际变异主模态

本文利用观测和再分析资料,通过奇异值分解(Singular Value Decomposition,SVD)分析,发现北极涛动(Arctic Oscillation,AO)是显著影响中国夏季降水年际异常的前冬中高纬大气环流变异的主模态。AO在冬季发展成熟,在春季衰亡,在夏季发生位相反转。AO会导致华北、东北、长江中下游和华南夏季降水异常呈现三极型分布。伴随正位相的AO,在黄海至日本海上空的异常低压伴随的东北风异常引起华北和东北水汽通量异常辐散及降水减少,而西北太平洋的异常高压不仅增强其北侧的西南风水汽输送,和北部异常低压共同作用导致长江中下游水汽通量异常辐合及降水增加,而且使得华南水汽通量异常辐散,降水减少。因此,本文发现的前冬AO模态与我国夏季三极型异常降水分布的关系可为我国夏季旱涝预测提供一个重要的中高纬前期因子。