A novel approach of jet polishing for interior surface of small-grooved components using three developed setups

It is a challenge to polish the interior surface of an additively manufactured component with complex structures and groove sizes less than 1 mm.Traditional polishing methods are disabled to polish the component,meanwhile keeping the structure intact.To overcome this challenge,small-grooved components made of aluminum alloy with sizes less than 1 mm were fabricated by a custom-made printer.A novel approach to multi-phase jet(MPJ)polishing is proposed,utilizing a self-developed polisher that incorporates solid,liquid,and gas phases.In contrast,abrasive air jet(AAJ)polishing is recommended,employing a customized polisher that combines solid and gas phases.After jet polishing,surface roughness(Sa)on the interior surface of grooves decreases from pristine 8.596μm to 0.701μm and 0.336μm via AAJ polishing and MPJ polishing,respectively,and Sa reduces 92%and 96%,correspondingly.Furthermore,a formula defining the relationship between linear energy density and unit defect volume has been developed.The optimized parameters in additive manufacturing are that linear energy density varies from 0.135 J mm^(-1)to 0.22 J mm^(-1).The unit area defect volume achieved via the optimized parameters decreases to 1/12 of that achieved via non-optimized ones.Computational fluid dynamics simulation results reveal that material is removed by shear stress,and the alumina abrasives experience multiple collisions with the defects on the heat pipe groove,resulting in uniform material removal.This is in good agreement with the experimental results.The novel proposed setups,approach,and findings provide new insights into manufacturing complex-structured components,polishing the small-grooved structure,and keeping it unbroken.

Novel Batch Polishing Method of Ceramic Cutting Inserts for Reducing Tool Wear

Ceramic cutting inserts are a type of cutting tool commonly used in high-speed metal cutting applications.However,the wear of these inserts caused by friction between the workpiece and cutting inserts limits their overall effectiveness.In order to improve the tool life and reduce wear,this study introduces an emerging method called magnetic field-assisted batch polishing(MABP)for simultaneously polishing multiple ceramic cutting inserts.Several polishing experiments were conducted under different conditions,and the wear characteristics were clarified by cutting S136H steel.The results showed that after 15 min of polishing,the surface roughness at the flank face,edge,and nose of the inserts was reduced to below 2.5 nm,6.25 nm,and 45.8 nm,respectively.Furthermore,the nose radii of the inserts did not change significantly,and there were no significant changes in the weight percentage of elements before and after polishing.Additionally,the tool life of the batch polished inserts was found to be up to 1.75 times longer than that of unpolished inserts.These findings suggest that the MABP method is an effective way to mass polish ceramic cutting inserts,resulting in significantly reduced tool wear.Furthermore,this novel method offers new possibilities for polishing other tools.

Technological advancements in millet dehulling and polishing process: An insight into pretreatment methods, machineries and impact on nutritional quality

Millets are widely recognized for their nutritional significance;however, the methods employed for their processing are currently lacking. This article primarily focuses on the advanced technologies and progressions in millet dehulling and polishing. These technologies operate based on the fundamental principles of compression-shearing, abrasion-friction, and centrifugal-impact forces. Processing of millets can be challenging because of the physical characteristics and tight attachment of hull and bran to the endosperm. However, several dehullers have been designed to solve this problem for different kinds of millets. In addition, the nutritional and anti-nutritional characteristics undergo alterations due to both dehulling and polishing processes. These alterations are thoroughly examined and discussed in this article. Specifically, anti-nutrients such as tannins and phytate are predominantly found in the outer pericarp of the grain and experience a reduction after undergoing dehulling and polishing. The nutritional properties are also subjected to a reduction;however, this reduction can be mitigated by subjecting the grains to certain pretreatments before dehulling and polishing. These treatments serve to enhance dehulling efficiency and nutrient digestibility while simultaneously reducing the presence of anti-nutrients. Novel thermal and non-thermal methodologies such as microwave, hydrothermal, high-pressure processing, and ohmic heating can be employed for processing millets, thereby diminishing the loss of nutrients. Additional research can be carried out to investigate their impact on the dehulling and polishing of millets.

Energy beam-based direct and assisted polishing techniques for diamond:A review

Diamond is a highly valuable material with diverse industrial applications,particularly in the fields of semiconductor,optics,and high-power electronics.However,its high hardness and chemical stability make it difficult to realize high-efficiency and ultra-low damage machining of diamond.To address these challenges,several polishing methods have been developed for both single crystal diamond(SCD)and polycrystalline diamond(PCD),including mechanical,chemical,laser,and ion beam processing methods.In this review,the characteristics and application scope of various polishing technologies for SCD and PCD are highlighted.Specifically,various energy beam-based direct and assisted polishing technologies,such as laser polishing,ion beam polishing,plasma-assisted polishing,and laser-assisted polishing,are summarized.The current research progress,material removal mechanism,and infuencing factors of each polishing technology are analyzed.Although some of these methods can achieve high material removal rates or reduce surface roughness,no single method can meet all the requirements.Finally,the future development prospects and application directions of different polishing technologies are presented.

Pingyao Hand-Polished Lacquerware

PINGYAO hand-polished lacquerware has been widely considered as one of the four most famed lacquerware types in China.It originated more than 2,000 years ago in what is called Pingyao County today,in Jinzhong City,central China’s Shanxi Province.Its fame is due to the exquisite and unique skill of polishing lacquered coating with bare hands during the manufacturing process.This quaint and durable lacquerware boasts both aesthetic and practical values,and is characterized by its distinguished appearance and glossy sheen.It comes in the forms of jewelry boxes,utensils and stationery,screens and furniture.

Functional properties,antioxidant activity and in-vitro digestibility characteristics of brown and polished rice flours of Indian temperate region

The present investigation was aimed to study functional properties,antioxidant activity and in-vitro digestibility characteristics of brown and polished flours obtained from four rice cultivars(SR-4,K-39,Mushq Budij and Zhag)of Kashmir.Brown rice flours had higher total dietary fibre(3.08%-3.68%),oil absorption(116.0%-139.0%),emulsion capacity(4.78%-9.52%),emulsion stability(87.46%-99.93%)and resistant starch content(6.80%-9.00%)than polished flours.However,polished flours presented greater water absorption(102.0%-122.0%),foaming capacity(8.00%-13.63%),apparent amylose(19.16%-22.62%),peak(2260.0-2408.0 cP),trough(1372.0-1589.0 cP)and breakdown(714.0-978.0 cP)viscosities than their brown counterparts.Brown rice flours depicted highest total phenolic content(4.40-6.40 mg GAE/g)and inhibition of lipid peroxidation(19.50%-33.20%).However,equilibrium starch hydrolysis percentage(C∞)and predicted glycemic index of brown rice flours were lower than their polished counterparts.Among rice cultivars,brown Zhag flour had the highest total dietary fibre(3.68%),emulsion capacity(9.52%),emulsion stability(99.93%),resistant starch(9.00%),DPPH radical scavenging activity(85.45%)and inhibition of lipid peroxidation(33.20%),respectively.Emulsion capacity and emulsion stability were positively correlated with protein content of rice flours.However,peak,trough,breakdown and setback viscosities were negatively correlated with protein and fat contents of rice flour.The present investigation will be helpful in identifying nutritive role of rice flours from studied cultivars in human diet.

蓝宝石光学曲面柱形宽缎带磁流变抛光仿真分析及实验研究

目的针对目前光滑无损伤光学曲面蓝宝石加工成本高、效率低的问题,对加工过程中磁流变抛光缎带进行流体仿真,进而优化抛光轮表面结构。方法设计并提出3种表面结构柱形宽缎带磁流变抛光轮,介绍了磁流变抛光轮加工的基本原理,建立了磁流变抛光垫Bingham流体特性加工仿真模型,分析了3种抛光轮表面结构对工件表面磁通密度模、流场流速、流场压力分布的影响。同时对3种抛光轮的抛光效果进行了实验探究,探究了抛光轮表面结构对材料去除率和抛光后表面粗糙度的影响规律。结果仿真结果表明,抛光轮表面槽型结构具有能增强磁通密度模、增大流体流速和流体压力的特性。实验结果表明,螺旋槽抛光轮的抛光效果最好,在螺旋抛光轮作用下,材料去除率为0.22mg/h,抛光后蓝宝石表面粗糙度为1.08nm。最终抛光轮近壁区总压力和速度的乘积结果与抛光轮实验去除率结果具有较好的一致性。结论槽型结构可以提高抛光液在抛光轮表面的固着效果,影响工件表面流场运动状态,增强工件表面受到抛光垫的作用力。相较于光滑和横条槽抛光轮,螺旋槽抛光轮的抛光效率最高,表面粗糙度最低,可有效提高抛光效果。

An Uncertainty Analysis of Downward Pressure Applied to the Wafer Based on a Flexible Airbag by a Double Side Polishing Machine

The process of wafer polishing is known to be highly demanding,and even small deviations in the processing parameters can have a significant impact on the quality of the wafers obtained.During the process of wafer polishing,maintaining a constant pressure value applied by the polishing head is essential to achieve the desired flatness of the wafer.The accuracy of the downward pressure output by the polishing head is a crucial factor in producing flat wafers.In this paper,the uncertainty component of downward pressure is calculated and its measurement uncertainty is evaluated,and a method for calculating downward pressure uncertainty traceable to international basic unit is established.Therefore,the reliability of double side polishing machine has been significantly improved.

燃烧室抛光技术对汽油机经济性影响的研究

在一台单缸汽油机上,进行了燃烧室壁面抛光前后燃烧相位、燃烧持续期与平均指示热效率相互影响变化规律的试验研究。结果表明:单缸汽油机以化学计量空燃比、低负荷、低圧缩比运行时,抛光后的燃烧室传热损失减少、经济性改善,平均指示热效率从40.8%上升到了42.2%,而随着负荷的增大、压缩比的提高,抛光后燃烧室传热损失减小带来的爆震效果增强,燃烧相位推迟和燃烧持续期延长,最终导致平均指示热效率下降;当汽油机以稀薄燃烧模式运行时,平均指示热效率上升,最高热效率超过45%;当汽油机进入爆震区域以10.5 bar负荷运行时,抛光后燃烧室传热损失减少增强了爆震效果,导致平均指示热效率相比于抛光前总体下降。

National Revival and Workers Liberation in the Polish Issue-The Differences Between Marx and Engels and Proudhonists During the First International

In the international communist movement in the 19th century,the national uprising in Europe and the workers’movement were intertwined,forming a complex historical background.The Polish National Uprising in 1863 became a historical opportunity for the establishment of the First International.Although the unity of the British workers and the French workers was the realistic basis of the First International,the French workers showed a vague attitude different from the British workers on the Polish issue.In the first Congress of the First International,the French workers who almost are Proudhonists rejected the issue of supporting the Polish nation against the Tsar Russian oppression.Pierre-Joseph Proudhon did not link the Polish issue with the workers’movement,while he insisted that social and economic issues should not be confused with political reconstruction,and artificially separated national revival from workers’liberation.In order to promote and assist the establishment of the First International,Marx made certain consideration and concessions on national issues in the formulation of its declaration and constitution.Then Engels,commissioned by Marx,made some specific interpretations that they based on the difference between nation and nationality,and adhere it to the international national principle,both clearly shows the Marxism view of nation state,reveals the risk if international communist movement limited to the principle of nationalities,and also further reveals the importance to combine two great cause,national revival and workers liberation.

熔石英元件磁性复合流体抛光去除特性研究

基于磁性复合流体(Magnetic Compound Fluid,MCF)抛光技术开展了熔石英元件抛光工艺研究,对比了传统MCF和超声辅助MCF(以下简称UMCF)抛光对熔石英材料去除特性的影响,探究了不同抛光时间下MCF和UMCF抛光对熔石英材料去除量/去除率和表面粗糙度的影响,并构建了与抛光应力和抛光时间有关的材料去除率模型。研究结果表明,相较于传统MCF,UMCF在提高材料去除率和降低表面粗糙度方面均有优势。两种抛光方式下材料去除机制均为弹塑性去除,UMCF抛光获得的表面粗糙度相比于MCF抛光优化了68.88%。由于流体动压力和超声振动压力的联合作用,UMCF抛光材料去除率最高可达5.74×10^(-3)mm^(3)/min,相比于MCF抛光提升了4.04倍。MCF和UMCF抛光材料去除率与抛光应力和抛光时间均呈现幂函数相关性,且在UMCF抛光中抛光应力对去除率的影响权重大于MCF抛光。

复杂曲面机器人磨抛技术研究现状与趋势展望综述

在航空、能源、交通、军工等国家战略领域中,针对复杂曲面零件的自动化、高质量和高效率磨抛需求,对近年来国内外工业机器人磨抛加工关键技术及集成系统的研究和应用进展进行了综述。首先,从复杂曲面机器人磨抛机理及工艺优化、磨抛运动轨迹规划、磨削力控制等方面总结了复杂曲面机器人磨抛技术的研究成果;然后,介绍了国内外机器人磨抛集成系统应用现状;最后,分析了复杂曲面机器人磨抛技术的主要问题以及发展趋势,为该技术的发展提供了重要的指导和方向。研究结果表明:当前该技术存在的主要问题包括磨抛机理不够清晰,数学模型不够准确,复杂曲面机器人磨抛轨迹规划效率不高,磨抛力的控制仍不够精准等;另外,磨抛工艺参数优化、机器人力位混合控制、机器人高精度标定与误差补偿、基于数字孪生的机器人磨抛在线监控、机器人磨抛细分应用场景等方面的研究和实践将极大地推动机器人磨抛技术的发展和应用。

Effects Optimization of Bio-Polishing Industrial Process Parameters

The purpose of this study is to select an appropriate commercial neutral cellulase enzyme for denim garments bio-polishing to achieve specific industrial goals. A full factorial experimental design was used to evaluate the effect of factors considered in the optimization of the bio-polishing process (fabric ID: x1, treatment time: x2, treatment temperature: x3, enzyme concentration: x4, storage time: x5, inactivation step: x6 and enzyme type: x7). Experiments were conducted using laboratory washing machine. Subjective evaluation was performed at a pilot and at an industrial scale. Tear, tensile strength and subjective evaluation concerning hand feel, fabric color, indigo dye pocket back staining and fuzziness extent were evaluated. Results showed that x6 and x7 had significant effects on the fabric tear and tensile strength loss. In the optimization, the great dependence between observed and predicted tear strength and tensile strength loss, the correlation coefficient of the models (R2 > 0.85) and the important value of F-ratio proved the validity of the models. Results showed that denim leg panels treated with the enzyme Lava-Cell NSZ presented a minimum loss of tear and tensile strength. A low-temperature and time enzymatic bio-polishing process was developed at industrial scale.

钴铬钼合金超声振动辅助抛光力与表面质量的探究

针对钴铬钼合金的难加工性,采用超声振动辅助抛光的加工方法改善其加工效果。根据超声振动装置的运动特性,分析了单磨粒运动速度、单磨粒与工件接触轨迹坐标和单磨粒受力,建立了抛光系统的抛光力预测模型,讨论了主轴转速、进给速度和抛光深度对钴铬钼合金表面质量的影响并用实验验证了预测模型的合理性。结果表明:抛光力预测模型和实验的变化趋势一致,抛光力随着主轴转速和抛光深度的增大而增大,随着进给速度的增大而减小。本研究将为超声振动辅助抛光工艺提供理论基础。

振动辅助抛光装置设计与性能研究

为了解决传统抛光技术及机床在过程中存在的加工效率低、表面质量差、周期性抛光纹理等问题,基于柔性机构理论,采用中心对称的方式,设计一个二维振动辅助装置;基于柔度矩阵法,建立二维振动辅助装置的理论模型。对二维振动辅助装置进行性能测试及有限元仿真。结果表明:此装置的最大行程约为46μm,放大比约为1.21,固有频率约为933 Hz,耦合误差率约为2.5%,最大应力不超过83 MPa,输入刚度为23.52 N/μm,输出刚度为12.29 N/μm。并通过振动辅助加工实验及有限元仿真,证明了振动辅助抛光装置具有改善实际抛光效果的能力。

复合螺旋磨粒流流场特性的研究

针对无摩擦铝合金气缸表面阳极氧化膜的精密加工问题,提出复合螺旋磨粒流抛光方法。建立了抛光过程中颗粒与壁面碰撞的仿真模型,分析了磨粒各向速度对抛光的影响,揭示了复合螺旋磨粒流抛光的加工机理。仿真结果表明:复合螺旋运动改变了磨粒运动轨迹,磨粒叠加了旋转速度后,增大了磨粒的有效应力;壁面的有效塑性变形随螺旋槽转速的增大而增大。粒子图像测速观测实验结果表明,复合螺旋运动提高了磨粒旋转速度,增大了流场的涡旋量。加工实验结果表明,复合螺旋磨粒流抛光不仅对铝合金氧化膜破坏较少,且可以有效提高工件的表面质量。

全口径环形抛光的光学元件面形误差影响因素及其控制

全口径环形抛光是加工大口径平面光学元件的关键技术之一,其瓶颈问题是元件面形的高效高精度控制。通过研究元件面形的影响因素及其控制方法从而提升其确定性控制水平。围绕影响面形误差的运动速度、抛光盘表面形状误差和钝化状态等关键工艺因素,建立基于运动轨迹有效弧长的环形抛光运动学模型,揭示了抛光盘表面开槽槽型对面形误差的影响规律;提出了采用位移传感器以螺旋路径扫描抛光盘表面并通过插值算法生成其形状误差的方法,建立基于小工具的子口径修正方法,实现了抛光盘形状误差的在位定量修正;提出抛光盘表面钝化状态的监测方法,研究了抛光盘表面钝化状态对面形误差的影响规律。结果表明:抛光盘表面开槽采用环形槽时元件表面容易产生环带特征,采用径向槽、方形槽和螺旋槽时元件表面较为匀滑;通过在位定量检测和修正抛光盘形状误差,可显著提升元件的面形精度;随着抛光盘表面的逐渐钝化,元件面形逐渐恶化。在研制的5 m直径大口径环形抛光机床上加工800 mm×400 mm×100 mm平面元件的面形PV值优于λ/6(λ=632.8 nm),提升了元件的面形控制效率和精度。

弹性磨抛轮加工硅片面形预测模型及试验验证

目的为分析弹性磨抛轮磨削硅片面形精度变化的影响因素,优化加工参数以获得良好的磨削面形。方法通过建立考虑弹性磨抛轮转速、硅片转速、偏心距等参数的弹性磨抛轮磨粒运动轨迹模型,结合单颗磨粒切削深度,提出了弹性磨抛轮加工硅片的材料去除非均匀性预测方法,建立了基于弹性磨抛轮磨削硅片的面形预测模型,并通过不同转速比下的磨削试验验证了预测模型的准确性。结果面形预测模型仿真出的面形与弹性磨抛轮加工试验后的硅片面形一致,均呈“凸”形,且PV值随转速比的增大而增大。转速比为1时,磨削后硅片面形PV值为0.54μm,仿真模型计算出的PV值为0.49μm,转速比为5时,磨削后硅片面形PV值为2.12μm,仿真模型计算出的PV值为2.38μm。结论磨削试验面形PV值与模型计算面形PV值的预测误差小于13%,建立的面形预测模型能够成功预测硅片的面形规律,可以分析加工参数对硅片面形的影响规律。由面形预测模型分析可知,转速比对硅片面形精度有影响,且随着转速比的增加,硅片面形不断恶化,因此在实际加工中,应选择较小的转速比进行加工,以获得更优的硅片面形精度。

锆基非晶合金电解质等离子体抛光工艺及废液处理

电解质等离子体抛光技术在非晶合金结构件的应用仍处于探索阶段,而且会产生含较高浓度的重金属和氟离子废液。为了提高锆基非晶合金结构件的表面质量以满足其使役性能,研究抛光时间、工作电压、硫酸铵浓度、初始温度、工件入水深度、阳极挂具材料等电解质等离子体抛光工艺参数对锆基非晶合金表面粗糙度、晶化情况的影响,并利用正交试验进行参数组合优化,对比不同参数对于表面粗糙度的影响显著程度。最后针对抛光后废液污染的问题,探究并配套合适的废液处理方案。结果表明:影响抛光后材料表面质量因素的显著程度为抛光时间>工作电压>初始温度>硫酸铵浓度,最优抛光工艺参数组合为抛光时间8 min,工作电压220 V,初始温度88℃,硫酸铵浓度为5%,此时表面粗糙度为0.103μm。经化学混凝沉淀法和离子交换树脂法组合工艺处理后,出水废液中的重金属和氟离子浓度均能达国家电镀污染物排放标准。研究成果可为电解质等离子体抛光在锆基非晶合金的实际生产提供工艺指导,有助于推广锆基非晶合金结构件的产业化应用,促进锆基非晶合金的大规模工业生产。

压气机叶片的磨削路径生成算法

针对当前航空发动机压气机叶片的打磨过程繁琐且路径生成算法普遍未适配压气机叶片的几何形貌和加工姿态等问题,提出一种基于压气机叶片的点云数据并自适应压气机叶片的加工姿态和形貌的磨削路径生成算法。以面结构光扫描获取叶片的3维点云信息,对叶片点云进行位姿矫正并在叶片待加工区域创建一系列间距适宜且相互平行的切平面进行切片处理,获取切片数据后计算切平面与叶片点云的交点,拟合所有切片所得交点并计算磨削抛光路径的路径点及刀具姿态。结果表明:通过计算对不同姿态下不同压气机叶片的路径信息进行了仿真,验证了所提出的算法具有自适应压气机叶片加工姿态和形貌的特性,避开了传统逆向工程中的曲面重构误差,证明了算法的可行性与有效性,可进一步应用于后续实际磨削抛光加工作业。