Analysis of the Antimicrobial Activity of Antimicrobial Peptides Extracted from Immunized Tenebrio molitor Induced by Different Microbial Treatments Against 26 Pathogens

[Objective] The study was to explore whether antimicrobial activity of the antimicrobial peptides extracted from immunized Tenebrio molitor varied with different pathogens as inducers.[Method]By inducing T.molitor hungry larvaes to generate immune response via feeding with bacteria and with fungi or actinomycete post to pricking,the antimicrobial peptides extracts were obtained by grinding and centrifuging the cultures.Its antimicrobial activity against 26 pathogens was measured by bacteriostatic ring,and evaluated by trisection to four types and inhibitory spectrum.[Result]Both the antimicrobial activity and antimicrobial spectrum of the antimicrobial peptides extracts varied remarkably among different pathogens as inducers.[Conclusion]Bio-control used strains have obvious advantage in inducing the insect to express body fluid immunity material-antimicrobial peptides.

Effects of Feeding Corn Stalks on Economic Indicators of Tenebrio molitor

[Objective] The study aimed at reducing the economic cost in feeding Tenebrio molitor and improving the utilization ratio of corn stalks.[Method] The effects of different proportions of corn stalks on the weigh of Tenebrio molitor and the contents of crude protein,crude fat,Ca,P,dry matter and crude ash in the half-dry matter of Tenebrio molitor had been studied in the laboratory.[Result] Compared with the recipes of all wheat bran and pure fine fodder,feeding Tenebrio molitor by applying 30%-60% of corn stalks could significantly improve the content of crude protein in the half-dry materials of Tenebrio molitor,but it was detrimental to the improvement in weight of Tenebrio molitor and the accumulation of crude fat.To be specific,the recipe V（50% of corn stalks ＋ 50% of fine fodder） was beneficial to the accumulation of dry matter and crude ash.The recipe VII（70% of corn stalks ＋ 30% of fine fodder） and the recipe VIII（70% of corn stalks treated with Guangda feed leaven ＋ 30% of fine fodder） were beneficial to the accumulation of crude protein,Ca and P.There were differences among the influences of corn stalks in different treatments on the crude protein and other nutrition indicators of Tenebrio molitor.[Conclusion] Appropriately applying corn stalks can improve the accumulation of the crude protein,crude ash,dry matter,Ca and P of Tenebrio molitor but was detrimental to the growth and development of Tenebrio molitor and the accumulation of crude fat.

离体黄粉虫(Tenebrio molitor L.)成虫咽侧体的活性研究

采用放射化学的方法,测定黄粉虫咽侧体(Corporaallata,CA)体外保幼激素(Juvenilehormone,JH)合成的时间进程、左右侧CA合成JH的对称性以及成虫发育期CA的活性变化。发现CA在离体条件下,培养3h即可,再增加培养时间,JH的合成基本维持不变。一对CA的左侧和右侧的JH合成不是很一致,它们的合成是随机的。成虫发育期,雌雄成虫CA活性在第15天时达到最大。雄成虫CA活性较雌成虫高。

Effects of full replacement of dietary fishmeal with insect meal from Tenebrio molitor on rainbow trout gut and skin microbiota

Background:Aquaculture must continue to reduce dependence on fishmeal(FM)and fishoil in feeds to ensure sustainable sector growth.Therefore,the use of novel aquaculture feed ingredients is growing.In this regard,insects can represent a new world of sustainable and protein-rich ingredients for farmed fish feeds.Accordingly,we investigated the effects of full replacement of FM with Tenebrio molitor(TM)larvae meal in the diet of rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)on fish gut and skin microbiota.Methods:A feeding trial was conducted with 126 trout of about 80 g mean initial weight that were fed for 22 weeks with two isonitrogenous,isolipidic,and isoenergetic extruded experimental diets.Partially defatted TM meal was included in one of the diets to replace 100%(TM 100)of FM,whereas the other diet(TM 0)was without TM.To analyse the microbial communities,the Illumina MiSeq platform for sequencing of 16S rRNA gene and Qiime pipeline were used to identify bacteria in the gut and skin mucosa,and in the diets.Results:The data showed no major effects of full FM substitution with TM meal on bacterial species richness and diversity in both,gut mucosa-and skin mucus-associated microbiome.Skin microbiome was dominated by phylum Proteobacteria and especially by Gammaproteobacteria class that constituted approximately half of the bacterial taxa found.The two dietary fish groups did not display distinctive features,except for a decrease in the relative abundance of Deefgea genus(family Neisseriaceae)in trout fed with insect meal.The metagenomic analysis of the gut mucosa indicated that Tenericutes was the most abundant phylum,regardless of the diet.Specifically,within this phylum,the Mollicutes,mainly represented by Mycoplasmataceae family,were the dominant class.However,we observed only a weak dietary modulation of intestinal bacterial communities.The only changes due to full FM replacement with TM meal were a decreased number of Proteobacteria and a reduced number of taxa assigned to Ruminococcaceae and Neisseriaceae families.Conclusions:The data demonstrated that TM larvae meal is a valid alternative animal protein to replace FM in the aquafeeds.Only slight gut and skin microbiota changes occurred in rainbow trout after total FM replacement with insect meal.The mapping of the trout skin microbiota represents a novel contribution of the present study.Indeed,in contrast to the increasing knowledge on gut microbiota,the skin microbiota of major farmed fish species remains largely unmapped but it deserves thorough consideration.

黄粉虫(Tenebrio molitor)产卵量初探

通过单头隔离和群体饲养黄粉虫成虫观察其产卵量的差异。结果表明：在温度22～28℃及45～65％RH室内饲养条件下，黄粉虫雌雄比是1：1．33．黄粉虫产卵多集中在前40天，40天之后产卵量下降明显，在整个产量期内有明显的阶段性。不同饲养条件下黄粉虫产卵量差异较大。在单头饲养过程中发现产卵量最少仅有3枚／头，有的可多达189枚头，平均17．6枚／头，群体饲养条件下产卵量平均182．02枚／头。

Feed Production for Tenebrio molitor L. by Fermentation of Corn Stalks

In order to reduce the economic costs for breeding Tenebrio molitor L. and increase the utilization rate of corn stalk, with corn, wheat bran and corn stalk as the raw materials, 13 different compound feed were designed by Minitab （R） 15.1.0.0. The design was then divided into two groups based on addition or without addition of vegetable leaves to study the effects of compound feed and vegetable leaves on growth and de- velopment of T. molitor. The results showed that body weight, duration, crude protein content and pupation rate of larvae and emergence rate of adults were significantly affected by compound feed and vegetable leaves （ P 〈 0.05）. The larvae bred with feed 5 had the largest body weight, with the shortest duration; the larvae bred with feed 3 had the highest pupation rate; the larvae bred with feed 7 had the highest crude protein content; the adult bred with feed 9 had the largest emergence rate. Overall breeding effect of feed 7 ＋ vegetable leaves was better than any other groups, with ideal indicators, higher utilization rate and lower breeding cost. Its formula was w （wheat bran） = 33.33%, w （corn） = 33.33%, w （corn stalks） = 33.33%. Therefore, the growth of T. molitorwas significantly affected by feed types, and feed 7 ＋ vegetable leaves could be promoted in the production.

黄粉虫（Tenebrio molitor L．）幼虫体中微量元素的测定

黄粉虫（ＴｅｎｅｂｒｉｏｍｏｌｉｔｏｒＬ．）幼虫体中微量元素的测定王晓容，黄小丹，古芳芳，林栋柱，沈宜昌，郑伟洁（仲恺农业技术学院中心实验室，广州５１０２２５）（仲恺农业技术学院食品科学系，广州５１０２２５）关键词黄粉虫，微量元素，原子吸收ＴＨＥＤＥ...

Larvae of mealworm(Tenebrio molitor L.)as European novel food

For centuries, insects have been used as food due to their availability and easiness in raising that is much less burdensome for environment than animal husbandry breeding. Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) is a store-pest of which larvae are consumed by people. The aim of the work was to determine the nutritional value of larvae of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.). The material was a three-month-old mealworm larva 25 -30 mmin length. Larvae were boiled for 3 min and next dried in 60℃. Contents of water, ash, minerals, protein, fat and fat acids profile have been determined. Fresh larvae contained 56% of water, 18% of total protein, 22% of total fat and 1.55% of ash. High contents of minerals were found in the larvae: magnesium (87.5 mg/100g), zinc (4.2 mg/100g), iron (3.8 mg/100g), copper (0.78 mg/100g) and manganese (0.44 mg/100g). The proportion of n-6/n-3 fatty acids was very advantageous and amounted to 6.76. Larvae powder contained twice higher content of protein, fat, ash and minerals. Larva of mealworm is a valuable source of nutrients in amounts more profitable for human organism than traditional meat food. Powdered larva is a high-grade product to be applied as a supplement to traditional meals.

Comparison on Esterase Isozymes and Peroxidase Isozymes of Black Worm Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus at Different Developmental Stages

[ Objective ] To respectively compare esterase isozymes and peroxidase isozymes among black worm Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus （ Tenebno molitor L. ） at different developmental stages and thus provide a theoretical basis for species identification and large-scale farming. [ Method] The esterase isozymes and peroxidase isozymes of black worm Tenebno molitor L. at different developmental stages were respectively analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. [ Result] Both esterase isozymes and peroxidase isozymes were different among black worm Tenebrio molitor L. at developmental stages, larvae in different instars or between the male adults and the female adults. [ Conclusion] The esterase isozymes, peroxidase isozymes and physiological characteristics of black worm Tenebrio molitor L. varies with developmental stages.

Do male and female beetles (Tenebrio molitor) respond differently to rat feces containing eggs from the tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta?

Males and females often differ in their susceptibility and exposure to infection. Thus, they may also differ in their ability to avoid infection. The beetle, Tenebrio molitor, risks infection with cysticercoids when ingesting rat feces containing eggs of the tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta. Previous studies demonstrated that beetles sometimes prefer infective feces suggesting that the tapeworm influences the foraging behavior of beetles. After recording beetle movement in an arena containing infective and uninfective feces for one hour, sex main effects were not significant, but the effect of sex asked in trials was significant for males. Specifically, more male beetles occurred on the uninfective bait than on the infective bait. This observation suggests that male beetles avoid infective feces, which decreases their probability of infection with H. diminuta. If the cost of infection is higher in males, then selection to avoid infective feces may act more strongly on males.

Growth performance,welfare traits and meat characteristics of broilers fed diets partly replaced with whole Tenebrio molitor larvae

The role of insects in animal nutrition has been reconsidered during recent years,paving the way for an increasing market for edible insects.Their protein and amino acid balance make them a promising source of protein for replacing high value proteins.Yellow mealworm,Tenebrio molitor L.(TM;Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae)larvae,have shown positive effects on broiler performance in several research studies and have a strong potential as a sustainable alternative protein source for monogastric animals.This study aimed to assess the effect of replacing various ratios of basal diets with T.molitor larvae on broiler performance as well as on several meat and welfare characteristics.For the study,120 one-day-old male chicks(Ross 308)were randomly allocated in 3 treatments and 4 replications(10 birds per pen).Birds of the control group(basal diet)were fed with typical commercial maize and soymeal-based rations in mash form.The other 2 groups were treated with the same diet,after replacing 5%and 10%with dried TM larvae,respectively.On d 35(end of trial),meat samples were collected and analysed.Body weight,feed intake,body weight gain and feed conversion ratio during the periods of 1 to 10 d(starter period),11 to 24 d(grower period),25 to 35 d(finisher period)and 1 to 35 d(total period)were assessed.Podo-dermatitis,diarrhoea,feather score and litter conditions were also assessed during the trial.The results indicated that TM larvae inclusion in the broilers'diet positively affected body weight gain values,as well as the carcass yield,the meat composition and various welfare traits.Additionally,the dietary treatments with TM larvae favourably affected meat composition and colour parameters,whereas there were also some positive effects on lipid and protein oxidation.Saturated fatty acids were decreased by the dietary supplementation whereas the polyunsaturated fatty acids to SFA ratio increased.In general,the study showed that whole TM larvae addition can provide a promising alternative to soybean meal in the diet of broilers,demonstrating a positive impact on growth,welfare and meat characteristics.

黄粉虫抗菌肽的诱导·分离及其抗菌活性研究

[目的]探讨不同方法诱导对黄粉虫抗菌肽活性的影响,为黄粉虫抗菌肽的修饰改造、分子克隆、外源表达等奠定基础。[方法]选7龄、8龄、9龄的黄粉虫幼虫,以巴氏杆菌和沙门氏菌为诱导菌采用微量注射法、针刺法诱导抗菌肽,对不同菌液浓度和不同方法诱导的不同龄期黄粉虫幼虫抗菌肽的抑菌效果进行研究。[结果]①黄粉虫龄期对抗菌肽活性有显著影响。采用巴氏杆菌和沙门氏菌作为诱导菌,对7龄、8龄和9龄黄粉虫进行诱导,在诱导处理中,8龄幼虫诱导的抗菌肽活性显著大于其他龄期幼虫诱导的抗菌肽活性(P<0.05)。②不同菌液浓度诱导黄粉虫幼虫产生的抗菌肽抑菌活性存在差异。菌液浓度为对数期浓度稀释100倍时抗菌肽活性显著大于其他稀释倍数诱导的抗菌肽活性(P<0.05)。③不同方法诱导产生的抗菌肽抑菌活性存在差异。微量注射诱导的抗菌肽活性显著大于针刺诱导的抗菌肽活性(P<0.05)。④2种细菌诱导的抗菌肽活性有显著差异。采用沙门氏菌诱导的抗菌肽最高活性显著大于采用巴氏杆菌诱导的抗菌最高活性(P<0.05)。[结论]黄粉虫抗菌肽的活性受黄粉虫龄期、诱导源微生物种类、菌液浓度、诱导方法的影响。该研究中,以8龄黄粉虫为试验动物,采用对数期沙门氏菌液稀释100倍进行微量注射法诱导,所获得的抗菌肽活性最好。

Does the provision of live black soldier fly and yellow mealworm larvae improve Muscovy duck welfare?

Background The provision of environmental enrichments to Muscovy ducks could reduce the expression of the aggressive behaviors.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of black soldier fly(BSF)and yellow mealworm(YM)live larva provision on Muscovy duck performance,excreta corticosterone metabolites(ECM),behavior,and blood parameters.Methods A total of 1263-day-old female Muscovy ducklings were allotted to 18 pens(6 replicates/treatment,7 birds/pen)and assigned to 3 experimental treatments:a control group fed commercial feed,and two experimental treatments fed commercial feed plus the 5%(based on the expected daily feed intake,as fed basis)of BSF and YM live larvae(BSF and YM groups,respectively).A two-phase feeding program was applied:starter(from 3 to 31 days of age)and grower-finisher(from 32 to 55 days of age).The live weight,average daily gain,average daily feed intake,and feed conversion ratio were calculated.Larva consumption times were collected,and video recordings were performed during 3 periods(P)each day:the hour before(P1),during(P2),and after(P3)the larva administration.ECM were evaluated at 3,31,and 55-day-old.Finally,the total red and white blood cell counts,serum proteins,lipids,and liver and renal function serum enzymes were evaluated on 12 birds/treatment.Results The experimental treatment did not affect the growth performance of the birds(P>0.05).Larva consumption times were always similar between the two insect species,except at 14–18 days of age,were BSF larvae were consumed faster than YM larvae(P<0.001).The birds showed less walking activity during P2,and preening behavior increased in YM birds during P3.The C birds increased the attack behavior over the weeks(P<0.05).During weeks 1–3 the YM group reduced the attack frequency(P1>P3;P<0.05).Finally,the provision of live BSF and YM larvae significantly reduced the ECM at 55 days of age and the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio(P<0.05).Conclusions Live BSF and YM larva supplementation in Muscovy duck improves duck welfare,without impairing birds'growth performance.

黄粉虫在鱼类养殖中的应用研究进展

由于鱼粉和豆粕的短缺和价格的居高不下,寻求优质蛋白的替代品迫在眉睫。黄粉虫作为一种高蛋白、易饲养、低成本的昆虫资源,在水产动物饲料蛋白的替代上极具发展潜力。文章综合阐述了黄粉虫的价值以及其对鱼类生长性能、肌肉品质、免疫抗氧化和肝肠健康的影响,以期为新型水产动物饲料的研发提供参考资料。

以黄粉虫为主要蛋白源时草鱼摄食、生长及抗氧化能力对饲料蛋白质含量的响应研究

实验旨在探究以黄粉虫为主要蛋白源时草鱼摄食、生长及抗氧化能力对饲料蛋白含量的响应。以黄粉虫为主要蛋白源,分别设计6组不同蛋白质水平(25.25%、29.43%、33.38%、37.96%、41.40%、45.70%,分别命名为TMF1、TMF2、TMF3、TMF4、TMF5组和TMF6组)的草鱼饲料,以初始体重(3.63±0.01)g的草鱼苗为实验对象进行为期8周的养殖实验,探究不同黄粉虫蛋白质水平对草鱼生长性能和抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明:(1)不同黄粉虫的添加量除了对存活率和饲料效率的影响不显著外(P>0.05),草鱼的特定生长率、增重率和蛋白质效率都会随着黄粉虫添加量的增加而减少,且TMF1组的上述指标均显著高于TMF4、TMF5和TMF6组(P<0.05),草鱼的摄食率则随着黄粉虫添加量的增加呈先增加后减少的变化趋势;(2)不同黄粉虫含量的饲料对草鱼的肥满度和空壳率没有显著影响(P>0.05),但草鱼的肝体比和肠脂比会随着黄粉虫含量的增加先上升后下降,TMF2组的肠脂比显著高于其他组(P<0.05);(3)草鱼血清中的总蛋白含量随着黄粉虫添加量的增加先上升后下降,TMF4组的总蛋白含量除与TMF3组相近外,显著高于其他组(P<0.05),胆固醇则是在TMF1组显著低于其他组,谷草转氨酶活性在TMF4和TMF6组显著高于TMF1、TMF2和TMF3组(P<0.05),而三酰甘油含量则是随着黄粉虫的添加量的增加而降低,且TMF1组三酰甘油含量显著高于TMF5和TMF6组(P<0.05),血糖含量仅在TMF1组高于TMF2组(P<0.05),其他组间无显著差异(P>0.05);(4)草鱼肝胰脏的超氧化物歧化酶活性、总抗氧化能力、丙二醛含量和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性随着黄粉虫添加量的增加而降低,其中TMF1组谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性和丙二醛含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05),但是黄粉虫添加量的增加对过氧化氢酶的活性没有显著影响(P>0.05)。本研究表明,草鱼饲料中以黄粉虫为主要蛋白源时,其蛋白质含量不宜超过25.25%,较高的黄粉虫添加量对草鱼的摄食、生长和抗氧化性能产生负面影响。

一株呕吐毒素高效降解菌的筛选鉴定和降解特性表征

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON)是一种广泛存在于自然界中的生物毒素污染物.本文利用富集培养的方法和微生物纯化分离技术,通过添加辅助因子吡咯喹啉醌(pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium salt,PQQ),从黄粉虫(Tenebrio molitor)幼虫的排泄物中分离得到1株可高效降解DON的菌株.该菌在30℃,pH 7.0的条件下,72 h内对浓度为50μg·mL^(−1)的DON降解率高达100%,降解产物为3-keto-DON.通过形态学鉴定和基于16S rDNA序列构建的系统发育树分析,该菌的分类地位归属为德沃斯氏菌属(Devosia sp.).对该菌在不同温度、pH、PQQ浓度和不同脱毒方式下进行降解性质表征,发现该菌静息细胞在好氧或者静置,30℃、pH 7.0—9.0、PQQ浓度为0.01—10μmol·L^(−1)的条件下具有良好的DON降解能力.为了确定该菌降解的活性物质,取未处理、加热处理和SDS处理的菌悬液和菌体细胞裂解上清液分别对DON进行降解,结果显示该菌利用自身产生的酶对DON进行降解.

叉角厉蝽对冷冻饲料黄粉虫蛹的适应性研究

叉角厉蝽Eocanthecona furcellata是农林业重要的天敌昆虫,其替代饲料黄粉虫蛹在饲养中常出现蛹期较短、蛹量过剩的问题。为提升黄粉虫蛹的利用效率,本文探究了-18℃冷冻蛹作为叉角厉蝽饲料可行性,测定了不同冷冻时间处理(1~180 d)后其营养成分的变化,通过计算营养摄入量与种群生命表构建,评价冷冻蛹作为替代饲料与黄粉虫幼虫和活蛹的繁育效果。结果发现,-18℃冷冻30 d以上会显著降低黄粉虫蛹的蛋白质和脂肪含量。取食冷冻蛹的叉角厉蝽种群,除成虫前期显著延长外,其余生物学指标与取食活蛹条件下无显著差异;与取食幼虫的种群相比,其净生殖率R0(94.60头)、周限增长率λ(1.1111 d^(-1))和内禀增长率r(0.1053 d^(-1))更高。研究表明经-18℃冷冻7~14 d的黄粉虫蛹仍具有较高的营养价值,叉角厉蝽对其有较好的摄食和繁殖适应性,适度冷冻储存黄粉虫蛹可以用于叉角厉蝽的替代猎物。研究结果为叉角厉蝽的规模化和标准化繁育提供理论依据。

Tenebrio molitor Gram-negative-binding protein 3 (TmGNBP3)is essential for inducing downstream antifungal Tenecin 1 gene expression against infection with Beauveria bassiana JEF-007

The Toll signaling pathway is responsible for defense against both Grampositive bacteria and fungi.Gram-negative binding protein 3(GNBP3)has a strong affinity for the fungal cell wall component,β-1,3-glucan,which can activate the prophenoloxidase (proPO)cascade and induce the Toll signaling pathway.Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)is an intracellular adaptor protein involved in the Toll signaling pathway.In this study,we monitored the response of 5 key genes (TmGNBP3,TmMyD88,and Tenecin 1,2, and 3)in the Toll pathway of the mealworm Tenebrio molitor immune system against the fungus Beauveria bassiana JEF-007 using RT-PCR.TmGNBP3,Tenecin 1,and Tenecin 2 were significantly upregulated after fungal infection.To better understand the roles of the Toll signaling pathway in the mealworm immune system,TmGNBP3and TmMyD88 were knocked down by RNAi silencing.Target gene expression levels decreased at 2 d postknockdown and were dramatically reduced at 6 d post-dsRNA injection.Therefore, mealworms were compromised by B.bassiana JEF-007at 6d post-dsRNA injection. Silencing of TmMyD88 and TmGNBP3 resulted in reduced resistance of tilde host to fun- gal infection.Particularly,reducing TmGNBP3 levels obviously downregulated Tenecin 1 and Tenecin 2expression levels,whereas silencing TmMyD88 expression resulted in de- creased Tenecin 2 expression.These results indicate that TmGNBP3 is essential to induce downstream antifungal peptide Tenecin i expression against B.bassiana JEF-007.

大麦虫和黄粉虫转化塑料效率对比及饲料配比优化

为探究不同“聚苯乙烯-麦麸”饲料配比下对大麦虫、黄粉虫及两种昆虫混合种群对塑料取食效率、取食后的存活、发育情况,以及降解聚苯乙烯的最佳饲料配比,本实验共设置5个处理Feed1(1∶9),Feed2(3∶7),Feed3(5∶5),CK1(10∶0),CK2(0∶10)。结果表明,大麦虫和黄粉虫的生长性能及聚苯乙烯取食量随着聚苯乙烯含量的升高而降低。混合饲养大麦虫和黄粉虫比单独饲养更有助于降解更多的聚苯乙烯,取食率高达(77.03±3.25)%,但混合饲养中的黄粉虫存活率极低,低至(8.67±2.82)%。单独饲养的黄粉虫存活率较其他饲虫比高,高达(81.33±2.59)%,但其聚苯乙烯取食率最高仅为(28.22±2.96)%,远不及单独饲养的大麦虫。在实验期间,黄粉虫化蛹率最高为(77.67±3.85)%,而大麦虫未出现化蛹现象,大麦虫幼虫的生长周期比黄粉虫幼虫长(幼虫期取食塑料),所以大麦虫对塑料的取食情况较好。而单独饲养的大麦虫,Feed1(1∶9)的存活率和聚苯乙烯的取食率均最高,分别为(44.67±1.81)%、(66.18±2.26)%。综上,单独饲养的大麦虫的Feed1(1∶9)配比较优,既能保证大麦虫的正常生长发育,又能降解较多的聚苯乙烯,可为规模化养殖大麦虫、黄粉虫以及降解塑料提供实验依据。

Trade-off between cellular immunity and life span in meal- worm beetles Tenebrio molitor

Encapsulation is a nonspecific, cellular response through which insects defend themselves against multicellular pathogens. During this immune reaction, haemocytes recognize an object as foreign and cause other haemocytes to aggregate and form a capsule around the object, often consisting of melanized cells. The process of melanisation is accompanied by the forma- tion of potentially toxic reactive oxygen species, which can kill not only pathogens but also host cells. In this study we tested whether the encapsulation response is costly in mealworm beetles Tenebrio molitor. We found a negative relationship between the duration of implantation via a nylon monofilament and remaining life span. We also found a negative relationship between the strength of immune response and remaining life span, suggesting that cellular immunity is costly in T. molitor, and that there is a trade-off between immune response and remaining life span. However, this relationship disappeared at 31-32 hours of implanta- tion at 25 ± 2℃. As the disappearance of a relationship between duration of implantation and lifespan coincided with the highest values of encapsulation response, we concluded that the beetles stopped investment in the production of melanotic cells, as the implant, a synthetic parasite, was fully isolated from the host＇s tissues .