Satellite remote sensing of sea-ice and its operational monitoring method along the coast of China

Sea-ice is an important operational item for real timely monitoring and forecasting marine environment of China. This paper introduces an operational method of satellite remote sensing to monitor sea- ice using quantitative data of NOAA, and its contents include computer processing of AVHRR sounding data of NOAA and its program design, imagery processing of sea-ice imagery from satellite and their thematic analysis. The sea-ice satellite colour imageries processed via this software system are able to interpret sea-ice pattern, characterizing it by thickness, maximum position of ice boundary, floe concentration and dynamic process of ice changing. At the same time, analyses of the ice condition of the Bohai Sea for the two-year period (1986-1988) as monitored by satellite have been summarized.

Study on the System of Aquatic Environmental Monitoring Methods in China

The development of Chinese system of aquatic environmental monitoring methods was summarized. The existing problem of the system of aquatic environmental monitoring methods was analyzed. At last, some suggestions were made on setting and implementing the system of aquat- ic environmental monitoring methods in China.

Progress on Monitoring Methods of Atmospheric Greenhouse Gases

There are many types of methods for monitoring atmospheric greenhouse gases,and the differences between the methods have introduced many uncertainties for the accurate monitoring of atmospheric greenhouse gases.In this paper,the monitoring methods of 7 long-lived greenhouse gases(LLGHG),including carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),methane(CH_(4)),nitrous oxide(N_(2)O),hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs),perfluorocarbons(PFCs),sulfur hexafluoride(SF_(6))and nitrogen trifluoride(NF_(3)),which are regulated and controlled in the Kyoto Protocol and the Doha Amendment,were summarized,and the principle,characteristics and application research progress of each method were systematically studied.Besides,their application scope was analyzed,and the domestication research of relevant instruments was analyzed and prospected.At present,the monitoring methods of atmospheric greenhouse gases are developing towards automation and multi-component simultaneous rapid detection,and are accelerating its integration with new technologies such as big data and satellite remote sensing monitoring;top-down and bottom-up methods are used to provide strong data support for carbon peaking and carbon neutral management decisions in various countries.

Statistical Monitoring Method for Pesticides and Harmful Substances

A statistical monitoring method has been developedfor accurate, safety surveillance methods of γ-BHC resideueor harmful substances in foods or feeds. It is very importantfor safety monitoring and arbitrament inspections. This paperintroduces a calculation formula by a six-point calibrationmethod and an example for detection of Y-BHC in corn.The method can guarantee the accuracy of the results,and it does very substantially reduce the probability of an er-ror by one-point calibration.

Piezoelectric Actuator/Sensor Wave Propagation Based Nondestructive Active Monitoring Method of Concrete Structures

In order to monitor the basic mechanical properties and interior damage of concrete structures,the piezoelectric actuator/sensor based wave propagation method was investigated experimentally in the laboratory using a specifically designed test setup.The energy attenuation of stress waves was measured by the relative index between the output voltage of sensors and the excitation voltage at the actuator.Based on the experimental results of concrete cube and cylinder specimens,the effect of excitation frequencies,excitation amplitude,wave propagation paths and the curing age on the output signals of sensors are evaluated.The results show that the relative voltage attenuation coefficient RVAC is an effective indicator for measuring the attenuation of stress waves through the interior of concrete.

Advances in Monitorinq Methods of Downward Surface Net Radiation

Downward surface net radiation,the net energy of the earth's surface obtained through shortwave and longwave radiation process,is the main driving force for material and energy cycle in the whole earth system.In this study,the main research results of monitoring methods of downward surface net radiation at home and abroad in recent decades have been summarized,and main remote sensing radiation products produced according to various sensors have been introduced.Moreover,the monitoring methods of downward shortwave and long-wave radiation have been discussed,and their principles,advantages and disadvantages have been analyzed to provide scientific references for further study of downward surface solar net radiation in future.

Natural and artificial landscape change in a Dutch Estuary: Partially monitored with low budget method (a study in the fourth dimension)

This study includes some aspects of the shift in the Dutch attitude in relation to water during the past millennia from defense to attack to keeping the balance(“co-evolution'). It has a special focus on the freshwater tidal part, which embraces the largest seaport of the world: Rotterdam, as well as the largest national park of the Netherlands. It reports especially about a young mans endeavor in half a century real time monitoring of some land(scape) units with simple means.

欧美新污染物监测进展及启示

新污染物监测是新污染物环境和健康风险评估及管控的重要基础。欧美发达国家环保部门在20世纪70年代就开展了新污染物监测工作,并且2000年后形成了相应的监测制度,而我国新污染物监测工作正处于业务化起步阶段。通过深入调研欧美国家水中新污染物监测为主的发展历程、监测清单、监测要求等内容,总结出3个特点:建立动态更新的新污染物清单监测机制;将规范的新污染物监测方法作为开展监测的重要前提;充分考虑监测可行性和经济成本。结合我国现阶段新污染物监管需求及监测现状,提出我国新污染物监测工作的3点建议:明晰国家、地方新污染物监测的职责分工,建立优先监测新污染物清单动态更新机制;加强新污染物监测能力建设,建立新污染物监测标准体系;循序渐进开展新污染物监测,注重监测的可行性和可持续性。

RESEARCH ON OPTICAL METHOD OF MONITORING PHOTOCATHODE PROCESS

The principle of an optical method of photocathode processing control, which is one ofphotocathode processing monitoring techniques, is discussed. A designed monitoring apparatus is describedand has been applied to investigate the optical parameters of multialkali photoemitter during the process offabrication. Some actual schemes using the method to monitor the preparation of photocathodεs are sug-gested.

城市生态学长期监测的几个关键问题

伴随城市人口快速聚集及人类活动加剧,城市生态环境质量及其对人类社会经济发展的支撑能力正在受到严重挑战,城市生态系统及其变化的研究越来越受到重视,国内外涌现出大量城市生态学长期监测工作,但相关监测方法的讨论还很少。在分析城市生态学长期监测类型和实践经验基础上,从城市面临的环境胁迫和建设管理需求出发,构建了城市生态学长期监测的“胁迫+需求-生态系统响应”总体思路框架;从科学上最基本和社会上最关心的城市生态系统要素、格局和过程着眼,提出城市生态学长期监测的7项内容(土地覆盖与利用、人居环境质量、生物多样性、生物质生产、水文过程、生物地球化学循环和物质代谢);并分析了城市生态学长期监测的4种方法(遥感监测、仪器监测、调查监测、公众科学监测),分析了城市生态学长期监测单元及其空间布局及监测频率。这将为我国城市生态学长期监测工作开展提供方法论基础和实践参考。

环境监测课程线上线下混合式教学改革探索

环境监测是环境专业本科所开设的重要必修课程,该课拥有较强的实践性与综合性。故在教学过程中需要采用合理有效的教学方法来实现学生对理论知识与实验操作的掌握并激发学生的学习热情,为培养环境类综合型新工科人才打下基础。该文着眼于环境监测教学的具体目标,探讨教学工作中可采用的改进手段,包括优化教学内容、改进教学方法和鼓励实践等。在探索改革过程中提出线上线下混合式课程教学手段,通过此方法进一步完善教学体系,提高教学质量。

冻土区土壤甲烷排放的研究进展及发展趋势

作为全球碳循环系统及陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,冻土区土壤甲烷排放在土壤碳库与气候变化之间的反馈联动机制中扮演着关键性角色,并因此成为全球气候变化研究中的前沿热点问题。冻土区土壤甲烷排放的气源主要为微生物产甲烷活动和冻土层、天然气水合物中的气体释放作用,其中,微生物气源的研究较为成熟,而冻土层和天然气水合物气源甲烷的排放研究目前尚停留在定性分析阶段。在影响因子方面,文献计量学统计结果中出现频次最多的关键词依次为土壤温度、湿度和水位条件、有机质含量、地表植被条件等,这些要素可以对甲烷产生、传输和氧化吸收等多个环节产生影响。模型计算法是当前冻土区土壤甲烷排放评估预测的主要方法,包括早期的统计计算模型和近年来出现的基于土壤甲烷排放成因机理的过程模型,相关计算结果有效地支撑了全球气候变化评估研究。通过对冻土区土壤甲烷排放研究成果的梳理和总结,发现当前对冻土区土壤甲烷排放的气源和单因子影响作用认识较为明确,不同尺度的监测和评估方法也较为成熟。但是,对多气源作用下的冻土区土壤甲烷复合排放研究仍然较为薄弱,尤其是在冻土层和天然气水合物的甲烷释放方面,还缺少相关的定量计算研究。与此同时,在影响因子研究方面,也缺少多因素作用下的成因机理和驱动机制分析。因此,可以通过多方法、多因素综合监测研究,利用产甲烷微生物的元基因组分析、多气源土壤甲烷排放的同位素示踪等新技术和新方法,结合卫星遥感等大尺度观测结果,完善冻土区土壤甲烷排放的过程模型。此外,作为全球的“第三极”,青藏高原区域碳循环系统的变化将对亚洲,乃至全球气候变化产生重大影响。因此,还应进一步加强对青藏高原中纬度高原冻土区土壤甲烷排放的相关研究,为区域碳排放的定量评估和全球气候变化的研究提供理论支撑。

软测量技术赋能燃煤电厂碳排放计量的研究进展

火力发电企业作为我国能源结构的重要组成部分,长期以来是我国碳排放的主要来源,在我国和全球加速推动低碳经济发展的宏观环境下,火电企业积极响应国家“能耗双控”向“碳排放双控”转变的战略部署。在此背景下,精确计量燃煤电厂的碳排放量变得至关重要。在燃煤电厂碳计量中,烟气流量影响燃煤发电中在线监测法的精度,而燃煤消耗量、燃煤元素碳含量以及飞灰碳含量共同决定核算法的可靠性。目前,大多数燃煤发电企业只对流量和燃煤消耗量进行实时监测,在现场恶劣的环境中对燃煤元素碳含量以及飞灰碳含量进行短周期、高频次的直接监测需要花费较大的人力以及物力,流量监测设备也易受烟道环境影响。而软测量技术以其高效和低成本的特点,可为传统碳排放计量过程中关键参数的监测提供一种替代方法。鉴于此,首先阐述了软测量模型的建立过程,包含数据预处理、辅助变量选择、软测量模型建立以及模型校正。数据预处理能够确保数据质量,提高建模效率;辅助变量选择是从大量潜在的变量中筛选出对目标变量的辅助变量,进一步提高建模效率;软测量模型建立主要是基于机理建模和数据驱动建模,是实现目标变量预测的核心;模型校正通过实际的离线或在线数据,对模型进行进一步优化,提高模型的预测精度。其次,针对碳计量相关参数,分析了烟气流量、燃煤消耗量、燃煤元素碳含量和飞灰碳含量监测存在的问题,论述了软测量技术在上述碳计量关键参数的国内外研究进展和应用,评估了机理建模和数据驱动建模技术的有效性、准确性和实用性。其中,机理分析建模主要基于电厂锅炉进出口的能量平衡以及烟风质量守恒等原理,有着确定的数学物理关系式,具有高度可解释性和稳定性,但是建模过程复杂,预测精度较低;数据驱动建模主要是利用各种机器学习方法,基于电厂分布式控制系统(Distributed control system,DCS)丰富的运行数据,对碳计量关键参数进行“黑箱建模”,克服了机理分析建模复杂的过程分析,精度相对较高,但是建模过程不明确,且模型对于不同机组的泛化能力较差。最后,对于软测量技术在碳排放计量领域的发展应用进行了总结与展望。对电厂各参数之间的时序结构、电厂自身计算能力的限制以及机理分析融合数据驱动方法的发展提出相关建议,并对国外二氧化碳预测性排放系统结合软测量技术在国内外燃煤电厂的应用进行展望。

Analysis and Application of the Synthetic Relative Measuring Method in On-Line Monitoring for Capacitive Equipment in Power Systems

On-line measurement for dielectric loss angle can effectively monitor the insulation condition of capacitive equipment in power systems. Synthetic relative measuring methods not only markedly overcome the shortcomings of traditional absolute measuring methods but also greatly improve the accuracy of dielectric loss angle measurement. However, synthetic relative measuring methods based on two or three pieces of capacitive equipment do not have the characteristic of generality. In this paper, a principle of synthetic relative measuring method is presented. The example of application for synthetic relative methods based on three and four pieces of capacitive equipment running in the same phase is taken to present the failure judgment matrices for N pieces of equipment. According to these matrices, the fault condition of N pieces of capacitive equipment can be watched, which is more general. Then some problems needing to be concerned along with two diagnostic methods used in diagnostic system are introduced. Finally, two programmable flow charts for the two methods are given and corresponding examples demonstrate their feasibility in practice.

基于均匀化理论与上限分析的膨胀土滑坡稳定性分析

在膨胀土和滑坡共同作用下,隧道洞口段施工更容易引发地表开裂甚至滑坡等工程灾害,在隧道内采用微型桩群防治滑坡比抗滑桩具有优势。本文基于均匀化理论与上限分析对某高速公路隧道洞口段膨胀土滑坡的稳定性进行计算,并评价微型桩群和削方卸载不同组合方式的处置效果,计算时将微型桩群及桩周土通过均匀化理论等效为符合摩尔库仑强度准则的等效加固体来,以此提高计算效率,最后通过对现场削方+微型桩群加固处置后的滑坡变形监测来验证计算的合理性,得出如下结论:相较于土的强度参数,等效加固体内摩擦角保持不变,黏聚力从26kPa提高到85.36kPa。处置前后的滑坡稳定性评价结果表明,不做处理时,滑坡滑动面从滑坡上方岩土交界面延续到隧道洞口前;仅采用微型桩群加固时,滑坡安全系数在1.17左右,滑动面从岩土交界面延续到隧道洞口后;同时采用微型桩群加固和削方卸载时,滑坡安全系数提高到1.26~1.28,滑动面上缘由土石交界面前移。现场变形监测表明地表变形与深层土体变形均不超过3mm,该措施能保障滑坡的稳定性,同时也验证了计算方法的合理性,可为同类工程提供参考。

湖泊水环境监测助力混合式“金课”建设--以水质分析与监测课程为例

水质分析与监测课程主要讲述水质化学分析方法、仪器分析方法、水环境监测方案等多个内容。天印湖位于校园内,通过完成天印湖水环境监测任务,达到学以致用的目的,强化本课程所学理论知识的应用价值。论文分别从课程特点、总体目标、混合式教学模式、资源建设等方面,开展混合式“金课”建设路径的探索与相关思考。通过监测数据得出,部分样品氮磷含量超标,建议针对种植荷花的部位定期清淤、打捞腐烂死去的植物,尤其是在季节交替时及时清理维护;对富营养化较严重的北三湖,短期治理首先打捞漂浮的绿藻,后期可以增大水的活动量,注入新鲜的水,深层曝气、清淤等。

基于信息采集的航空测试实验室数据安全监测方法

为更好地对航空测试实验室中的数据进行安全监测,设计一种新的实时监测方法。采用椭圆曲线法设定数据点传输位置,以数据监测完整性为基础构建预言模型,初步判断航空实验室测试信息的安全性。以模块化理论划分数据标准,按照多个测试数据的评估类别,在独立操作模块中设定安全监测功能需求。假定数据中存在风险发生比参数,选择似然估量函数计算概率,确定安全与风险信息分布区间。基于信息采集技术设定目标,在规定时间内按照设定阈值实时监测信息,完成航空测试实验室安全监测方法设计。应用结果表明:该方法能实现99%以上的数据监测,当存在攻击时也能够完整保留测试数据量,对航空测试实验室信息的安全管理具有重要价值。

宿州市城西水源地地下水监测网优化

为提高宿州市城西水源地地下水监测精度,消除“天窗”地质条件下潜水对浅层地下水水质的负面影响及城市工业发展可能对地下水产生的污染,使用ArcGIS软件在半变差函数和拉格朗日算法的基础上,采用Kriging方法对监测网进行评价优化。研究结果表明,通过剔除3个冗余站点,新增6个监测站点,监测网的Kriging误差方差由0.06~2.80变为0.41~0.68,优化后的监测网能有效监测研究区的地下水水质和水位的变化,整体监测精度显著提高。

基于温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)的甘肃省农业干旱监测方法研究

改进温度植被干旱指数(Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index,TVDI)并明确TVDI的农业干旱等级阈值,对提高TVDI指数监测农业干旱能力有重要意义。利用近19 a的MODIS(Moderate Resolu⁃tion Imaging Spectro-radiometer,MODIS)遥感数据,基于单时次和多时次方法构建NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI)-LST(Land Surface Temperature,LST)、EVI(Enhanced Vegetation In⁃dex,EVI)-LST、RVI(Ratio Vegetation Index,RVI)-LST、SAVI(Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index,SAVI)-LST等几种特征空间,讨论TVDI计算方法,分析TVDI在甘肃省农业干旱监测中的适用性,并明确甘肃省夏季TVDI农业干旱分级标准。结果表明:(1)基于多时次方法构建的SAVI-LST特征空间TVDI更适合甘肃省农业干旱监测,其对土壤相对湿度(Relative Soil Moisture,RSM)拟合的均方根误差(Root Mean Squared Error,RMSE)和平均绝对误差(Mean Absolute Error,MAE)比NDVI-LST特征空间TVDI对RSM拟合的RMSE和MAE下降1%~5%;(2)TVDI适用于夏季甘肃省半干旱区、半湿润区、湿润区等非干旱区浅层10、20 cm土壤深度的农业干旱监测,RMSE和MAE约15.6%和12.6%,拟合误差湿润区<半湿润区<半干旱区;(3)利用TVDI与RSM线性关系确定的TVDI农业干旱等级更有利于提高TVDI监测农业干旱的准确性。

强流脉冲束流位置探测器标定技术

电子直线感应加速器性能提升对束流探测器提出了高精度测量要求,由此不仅要求高精度的探测器设计装配技术,而且也要求探测器的准确标定。从强流脉冲束流位置探测器测量原理出发,从理论和实验两方面开展强流脉冲束流位置探测器标定技术研究。在理论上采用解析方法,分析了不同的计算处理方法和标定方法的标定效果,提出了特征平面标定,在建立的位置标定系统上,对用于多脉冲电子直线感应加速器的No.23电阻环进行了标定实验研究,实验结果验证了理论分析结果,根据理论和实验研究结果,确定了强流脉冲束流位置探测器标定方法。