A Fuzzy Trust Management Mechanism with Dynamic Behavior Monitoring for Wireless Sensor Networks

Traditional wireless sensor networks(WSNs)are typically deployed in remote and hostile environments for information collection.The wireless communication methods adopted by sensor nodes may make the network highly vulnerable to various attacks.Traditional encryption and authentication mechanisms cannot prevent attacks launched by internal malicious nodes.The trust-based security mechanism is usually adopted to solve this problem in WSNs.However,the behavioral evidence used for trust estimation presents some uncertainties due to the open wireless medium and the inexpensive sensor nodes.Moreover,how to efficiently collect behavioral evidences are rarely discussed.To address these issues,in this paper,we present a trust management mechanism based on fuzzy logic and a cloud model.First,a type-II fuzzy logic system is used to preprocess the behavioral evidences and alleviate uncertainty.Then,the cloud model is introduced to estimate the trust values for sensor nodes.Finally,a dynamic behavior monitoring protocol is proposed to provide a balance between energy conservation and safety assurance.Simulation results demonstrate that our trust management mechanism can effectively protect the network from internal malicious attacks while enhancing the energy efficiency of behavior monitoring.

A blockchain-empowered authentication scheme for worm detection in wireless sensor network

Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)is a distributed sensor network composed a large number of nodes with low cost,low performance and self-management.The special structure of WSN brings both convenience and vulnerability.For example,a malicious participant can launch attacks by capturing a physical device.Therefore,node authentication that can resist malicious attacks is very important to network security.Recently,blockchain technology has shown the potential to enhance the security of the Internet of Things(IoT).In this paper,we propose a Blockchain-empowered Authentication Scheme(BAS)for WSN.In our scheme,all nodes are managed by utilizing the identity information stored on the blockchain.Besides,the simulation experiment about worm detection is executed on BAS,and the security is evaluated from detection and infection rate.The experiment results indicate that the proposed scheme can effectively inhibit the spread and infection of worms in the network.

A Novel Approach to Energy Optimization:Efficient Path Selection in Wireless Sensor Networks with Hybrid ANN

In pursuit of enhancing the Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs)energy efficiency and operational lifespan,this paper delves into the domain of energy-efficient routing protocols.InWSNs,the limited energy resources of Sensor Nodes(SNs)are a big challenge for ensuring their efficient and reliable operation.WSN data gathering involves the utilization of a mobile sink(MS)to mitigate the energy consumption problem through periodic network traversal.The mobile sink(MS)strategy minimizes energy consumption and latency by visiting the fewest nodes or predetermined locations called rendezvous points(RPs)instead of all cluster heads(CHs).CHs subsequently transmit packets to neighboring RPs.The unique determination of this study is the shortest path to reach RPs.As the mobile sink(MS)concept has emerged as a promising solution to the energy consumption problem in WSNs,caused by multi-hop data collection with static sinks.In this study,we proposed two novel hybrid algorithms,namely“ Reduced k-means based on Artificial Neural Network”(RkM-ANN)and“Delay Bound Reduced kmeans with ANN”(DBRkM-ANN)for designing a fast,efficient,and most proficient MS path depending upon rendezvous points(RPs).The first algorithm optimizes the MS’s latency,while the second considers the designing of delay-bound paths,also defined as the number of paths with delay over bound for the MS.Both methods use a weight function and k-means clustering to choose RPs in a way that maximizes efficiency and guarantees network-wide coverage.In addition,a method of using MS scheduling for efficient data collection is provided.Extensive simulations and comparisons to several existing algorithms have shown the effectiveness of the suggested methodologies over a wide range of performance indicators.

Enabling Efficient Data Transmission in Wireless Sensor Networks-Based IoT Application

The use of the Internet of Things(IoT)is expanding at an unprecedented scale in many critical applications due to the ability to interconnect and utilize a plethora of wide range of devices.In critical infrastructure domains like oil and gas supply,intelligent transportation,power grids,and autonomous agriculture,it is essential to guarantee the confidentiality,integrity,and authenticity of data collected and exchanged.However,the limited resources coupled with the heterogeneity of IoT devices make it inefficient or sometimes infeasible to achieve secure data transmission using traditional cryptographic techniques.Consequently,designing a lightweight secure data transmission scheme is becoming essential.In this article,we propose lightweight secure data transmission(LSDT)scheme for IoT environments.LSDT consists of three phases and utilizes an effective combination of symmetric keys and the Elliptic Curve Menezes-Qu-Vanstone asymmetric key agreement protocol.We design the simulation environment and experiments to evaluate the performance of the LSDT scheme in terms of communication and computation costs.Security and performance analysis indicates that the LSDT scheme is secure,suitable for IoT applications,and performs better in comparison to other related security schemes.

Power Line Monitoring Data Transmission Using Wireless Sensor Network

The WSN used in power line monitoring is long chain structure, and the bottleneck near the Sink node is more obvious. In view of this, A Sink nodes’ cooperation mechanism is presented. The Sink nodes from different WSNs are adjacently deployed. Adopting multimode and spatial multiplexing network technology, the network is constructed into multi-mode-level to achieve different levels of data streaming. The network loads are shunted and the network resources are rationally utilized. Through the multi-sink nodes cooperation, the bottlenecks at the Sink node and its near several jump nodes are solved and process the competition of communication between nodes by channel adjustment. Finally, the paper analyzed the method and provided simulation experiment results. Simulation results show that the method can solve the funnel effect of the sink node, and get a good QoS.

Cost Minimization of Wireless Sensor Networks with Unlimited-lifetime Energy for Monitoring Oil Pipelines

Cyber-physical-system（CPS） has been widely used in both civil and military applications.Wireless sensor network（WSN） as the part and parcel of CPS faces energy problem because sensors are battery powered,which results in limited lifetime of the network.To address this energy problem,we take advantage of energy harvesting device（EHD） and study how to indefinitely prolong oil pipeline monitoring network lifetime by reasonable selecting EHD.Firstly,we propose a general strategy worst case-energy balance strategy（WC-EBS）,which defines worst case energy consumption（WCEC） as the maximum energy sensor node could expend for oil pipeline monitoring WSN.When the energy collected by EHD is equal or greater than WCEC,network can have an unlimited lifetime.However,energy harvesting rate is proportional to the price of EHD,WC-EBS will cause high network cost.To reduce network cost,we present two optimization strategies,optimization workloadenergy balance strategy（OW-EBS） and optimization first nodeenergy balance strategy（OF-EBS）.The main idea of OW-EBS is to cut down WCEC by reducing critical node transmission workload;OF-EBS confirms critical node by optimizing each sensor node transmission range,then we get the optimal energy harvesting rate in OF-EBS.The experimental results demonstrate that OF-EBS can indefinitely extend network lifetime with lower cost than WC-EBS and OW-EBS,and energy harvesting rate P in each strategy satisfies Pof-EBS≤P（OW-EBS）≤PWC-EBS.

Fire monitoring in coal mines using wireless underground sensor network and interval type-2 fuzzy logic controller

From the view of underground coal mining safety system, it is extremely important to continuous monitoring of coal mines for the prompt detection of fires or related problems inspite of its uncertainty and imprecise characteristics. Therefore, evaluation and inferring the data perfectly to prevent fire related accidental risk in underground coal mining (UMC) system are very necessary. In the present article, we have proposed a novel type-2 fuzzy logic system (T2FLS) for the prediction of fire intensity and its risk assessment for risk reduction in an underground coal mine. Recently, for the observation of underground coal mines, wireless underground sensor network (WUSN) are being concerned frequently. To implement this technique IT2FLS, main functional components are sensor nodes which are installed in coal mines to accumulate different imprecise environmental data like, temperature, relative humidity, different gas concentrations etc. and these are sent to a base station which is connected to the ground observation system through network. In the present context, a WUSN based fire monitoring system is developed using fuzzy logic approach to enhance the consistency in decision making system to improve the risk chances of fire during coal mining. We have taken Mamdani IT2FLS as fuzzy model on coal mine monitoring data to consider real-time decision making (DM). It is predicted from the simulated results that the recommended system is highly acceptable and amenable in the case of fire hazard safety with compared to the wired and off-line monitoring system for UMC. Legitimacy of the suggested model is prepared using statistical analysis and multiple linear regression analysis.

A multipath routing protocol for wireless sensor network for mine security monitoring

Underground mining is a hazardous industrial activity. In order to provide a safe working environment for miners, a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology has been used for security monitoring. It can provide a wide range of surveillance with a relatively low cost. In this study, an Energy-Based Multipath Routing (EBMR) protocol is proposed, which considers residual energy capacity and link quality in choosing hops and routing paths. Hops and paths with a high residual energy capacity and link quality will have the best chance to be selected to transmit data packages. Since the EBMR stores several routes in the routing table, when the current path fails, another path will be chosen to fulfill the task immediately. In this way, EBMR improves reliability and decrease time latency. Compared to AOMDV and REAR, EBMR decreases time latency by 51% and 12%.

Design of Building Monitoring Systems Based on Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Network provides a potential technique for monitoring the indoor environment. This paper presents a Building Monitoring system based on Wireless Sensor Networks. A clustering-based network specified for building monitoring is proposed, which is inspired by LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Cluster Hierarchy) method. Further, two key ideas are used to implement the clustering-based network. First, the configuration module of building management software is used to conduct all nodes in a room forming a local cluster. This cluster formation method does not consume node energy. Second, because cluster-heads cannot directly transmit packets to the sink node due to limited wireless communication range, the cluster-head communications are represented by a multi-hop tree rooted at the sink node. The experiment has been made to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed results.

Wildfire Monitoring and Detection System Using Wireless Sensor Network: A Case Study of Tanzania

This paper proposes a wildfire monitoring and detection system based on wireless sensor network. This system detects fire by monitoring surrounding temperature, humidity and smoke. Once fire is detected, a warning message containing probable location of that fire is immediately sent to the responsible authority over cellular network. In order for the system to be more effective, communities living near forests or national parks can send warning messages through the same system to the responsible authority using their mobile handsets once they witness wildfire or illegal activities. For the system to be fully functional, the only requirement is the availability of cellular network coverage in forests or national parks to enable short message services to take place. The system prototype is developed using Arduino microcontroller, several sensors to detect temperature, relative humidity and smoke as well as wireless network connection modules. At the control center Telerivet messaging platform is used to design the messaging service. The experimental results justify the capability of the proposed system in detecting wildfire in real time.

Development and Field Evaluation of a Low-Cost Wireless Sensor Network System for Hydrological Monitoring of a Small Agricultural Watershed

Hydrological monitoring and real-time access to data are valuable for hydrological research and water resources management. In the recent decades, rapid developments in digital technology, micro-electromechanical systems, low power micro-sensing technologies and improved industrial manufacturing processes have resulted in retrieving real-time data through Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) systems. In this study, a remotely operated low-cost and robust WSN system was developed to monitor and collect real-time hydrologic data from a small agricultural watershed in harsh weather conditions and upland rolling topography of Southern Ontario, Canada. The WSN system was assembled using off-the-shelf hardware components, and an open source operating system was used to minimize the cost. The developed system was rigorously tested in the laboratory and the field and found to be accurate and reliable for monitoring climatic and hydrologic parameters. The soil moisture and runoff data for 7 springs, 19 summer, and 19 fall season rainfall events over the period of more than two years were successfully collected in a small experimental agricultural watershed situated near Elora, Ontario, Canada. The developed WSN system can be readily extended for the purpose of most hydrological monitoring applications, although it was explicitly tailored for a project focused on mapping the Variable Source Areas (VSAs) in a small agricultural watershed.

Automated Soil Moisture Monitoring Wireless Sensor Network for Long-Term Cal/Val Applications

The design and development of a wireless sensor network for soil moisture measurement in an unlevelled 10 km × 10 km area, is described. It was specifically deployed for the characterization of a reference area, in campaigns of calibration and validation of the space mission SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity), but the system is easily extensible to monitor other climatic or environmental variables, as well as to other regions of ecological interest. The network consists of a number of automatic measurement stations, strategically placed following soil homogeneity and land uses criteria. Every station includes acquisition, conditioning and communication systems. The electronics are battery operated with the help of solar cells, in order to have a total autonomous system. The collected data is then transmitted through long radio links, with ling ranges above 8 km. A standard PC linked to internet is finally used in order to control the whole network, to store the data, and to allow the remote access to the real-time data.

Inter-Data Commonality Detection for Spectrum Monitoring in Wireless Sensor Networks

Cooperative spectrum monitoring with multiple sensors has been deemed as an efficient mechanism for improving the monitoring accuracy and enlarging the monitoring area in wireless sensor networks.However,there exists redundancy among the spectrum data collected by a sensor node within a data collection period,which may reduce the data uploading efficiency.In this paper,we investigate the inter-data commonality detection which describes how much two data have in common.We define common segment set and divide it into six categories firstly,then a method to measure a common segment set is conducted by extracting commonality between two files.Moreover,the existing algorithms fail in finding a good common segment set,so Common Data Measurement(CDM)algorithm that can identify a good common segment set based on inter-data commonality detection is proposed.Theoretical analysis proves that CDM algorithm achieves a good measurement for the commonality between two strings.In addition,we conduct an synthetic dataset which are produced randomly.Numerical results shows that CDM algorithm can get better performance in measuring commonality between two binary files compared with Greedy-String-Tiling(GST)algorithm and simple greedy algorithm.

A LOCAL DYNAMIC CLUSTER SELF-ORGANIZATION ALGORITHM IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS FOR RAINFALL MONITORING

Wireless Sensor Networks for Rainfall Monitoring (RM-WSNs) is a sensor network for the large-scale regional and moving rainfall monitoring,which could be controlled deployment. Delivery delay and cross-cluster calculation leads to information inaccuracy by the existing dynamic collabo-rative self-organization algorithm in WSNs. In this letter,a Local Dynamic Cluster Self-organization algorithm (LDCS) is proposed for the large-scale regional and moving target monitoring in RM-WSNs. The algorithm utilizes the resource-rich node in WSNs as the cluster head,which processes target information obtained by sensor nodes in cluster. The cluster head shifts with the target moving in chance and re-groups a new cluster. The target information acquisition is limited in the dynamic cluster,which can reduce information across-clusters transfer delay and improve the real-time of information acquisition. The simulation results show that,LDCS can not only relieve the problem of "too frequent leader switches" in IDSQ,also make full use of the history monitoring information of target and con-tinuous monitoring of sensor nodes that failed in DCS.

Concept for Floating and Submersible Wireless Sensor Network for Water Basin Monitoring

It will show the feasibility of a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) devoted to monitoring water basin, river, lake, and sea both on the surface and in depth. The swarm of floating probes can be programmed to periodically sink some tens of meters below the surface, collecting data, characterizing water properties and then coming to the surface again. The life span of the probes may be assured by an on-board power supply or through batteries recharged by solar cells. The basic idea of the WSN is reported together with a detailed analysis of the operational constraints, the energy requirements, and the electronic and mechanical discussion.

Wireless Sensor Network for Monitoring Maturity Stage of Fruit

In this letter, we present a wireless sensor network for monitoring the maturity stage of fruit. A dual-polari- zation coupled patch sensor, which is robust to environmental changes, was designed to operate at 2.45 GHz. It was attached to a Durian fruit for a period of days to measure the magnitude of mutual coupling corresponding mainly to the starch concentration of its pulp. Signal was transmitted from a sensor node, via tree nodes, to a master node that displays the variations occurring in the period. The maximum mutual coupling occurred at the maturity stage of 60% whereas the minimum occurred at 70%. These results demonstrate that this wireless sensor network can enable fruit growers to harvest their Durians at an appropriate time, providing a reliable quality control for export.

An IEEE 802.15.4 Based Adaptive Communication Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network: Application to Monitoring the Elderly at Home

Monitoring behaviour of the elderly and the disabled living alone has become a major public health problem in our modern societies. Among the various scientific aspects involved in the home monitoring field, we are interested in the study and the proposal of a solution allowing distributed sensor nodes to communicate with each other in an optimal way adapted to the specific application constraints. More precisely, we want to build a wireless network that consists of several short range sensor nodes exchanging data between them according to a communication protocol at MAC (Medium Access Control) level. This protocol must be able to optimize energy consumption, transmission time and loss of information. To achieve this objective, we have analyzed the advantages and the limitations of WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) technologies and communication protocols currently used in relation to the requirements of our application. Then we proposed a deterministic, adaptive and energy saving medium access method based on the IEEE 802.15.4 physical layer and a mesh topology. It ensures the message delivery time with strongly limited collision risk due to the spatial reuse of medium in the two-hop neighbourhood. This proposal was characterized by modelling and simulation using OPNET network simulator. Finally we implemented the proposed mechanisms on hardware devices and deployed a sensors network in real situation to verify the accuracy of the model and evaluate the proposal according to different test configurations.