Hybrid Strategy of Partitioned and Monolithic Methods for Solving Strongly Coupled Analysis of Inverse and Direct Piezoelectric and Circuit Coupling

The inverse and direct piezoelectric and circuit coupling are widely observed in advanced electro-mechanical systems such as piezoelectric energy harvesters.Existing strongly coupled analysis methods based on direct numerical modeling for this phenomenon can be classified into partitioned or monolithic formulations.Each formulation has its advantages and disadvantages,and the choice depends on the characteristics of each coupled problem.This study proposes a new option:a coupled analysis strategy that combines the best features of the existing formulations,namely,the hybrid partitioned-monolithic method.The analysis of inverse piezoelectricity and the monolithic analysis of direct piezoelectric and circuit interaction are strongly coupled using a partitioned iterative hierarchical algorithm.In a typical benchmark problem of a piezoelectric energy harvester,this research compares the results from the proposed method to those from the conventional strongly coupled partitioned iterative method,discussing the accuracy,stability,and computational cost.The proposed hybrid concept is effective for coupled multi-physics problems,including various coupling conditions.

Surface-functionalized hole-selective monolayer for high efficiency single-junction wide-bandgap and monolithic tandem perovskite solar cells

Carbazole moiety-based 2PACz([2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid)self-assembled monolayers(SAMs)are excellent hole-selective contact(HSC)materials with abilities to excel the charge-transferdynamics of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).Herein,we report a facile but powerful method to functionalize the surface of 2PACz-SAM,by which reproducible,highly stable,high-efficiency wide-bandgap PSCs can be obtained.The 2PACz surface treatment with various donor number solvents improves assembly of 2PACz-SAM and leave residual surface-bound solvent molecules on 2PACz-SAM,which increases perovskite grain size,retards halide segregation,and accelerates hole extraction.The surface functionalization achieves a high power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 17.62%for a single-junction wide-bandgap(~1.77 e V)PSC.We also demonstrate a monolithic all-perovskite tandem solar cell using surfaceengineered HSC,showing high PCE of 24.66%with large open-circuit voltage of 2.008 V and high fillfactor of 81.45%.Our results suggest this simple approach can further improve the tandem device,when coupled with a high-performance narrow-bandgap sub-cell.

A benzenesulfonic acid-modified organic polymer monolithic column with reversed-phase/hydrophilic bifunctional selectivity for capillary electrochromatography

Here,a styrene-based polymer monolithic column poly(VBS-co-TAT-co-AHM)with reversed-phase/hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography(RPLC/HILIC)bifunctional separation mode was success-fully prepared for capillary electrochromatography by the in situ polymerization of sodium p-styrene sulfonate(VBS)with cross-linkers 3-(acryloyloxy)-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate(AHM)and 1,3,5-triacryloylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine(TAT).The preparation conditions of the monolith were optimized.The morphology and formation of the poly(VBS-co-TAT-co-AHM)monolith were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR).The separation perfor-mances of the monolith were evaluated systematically.It should be noted that the incorporation of VBS functional monomer can provideπ-πinteractions,hydrophilic interactions,and ion-exchange in-teractions.Hence,the prepared poly(VBS-co-TAT-co-AHM)monolith can achieve efficient separation of thiourea compounds,benzene series,phenol compounds,aniline compounds and sulfonamides in RPLC or HILIC separation mode.The largest theoretical plate number for N,N0-dimethylthiourea reached 1.7×10^(5)plates/m.In addition,the poly(VBS-co-TAT-co-AHM)monolithic column showed excellent reproducibility and stability.This novel monolithic column has great application value and potential in capillary electrochromatography(CEC).

Direct field-to-pattern monolithic design of holographic metasurface via residual encoderdecoder convolutional neural network

Complex-amplitude holographic metasurfaces(CAHMs)with the flexibility in modulating phase and amplitude profiles have been used to manipulate the propagation of wavefront with an unprecedented level,leading to higher image-reconstruction quality compared with their natural counterparts.However,prevailing design methods of CAHMs are based on Huygens-Fresnel theory,meta-atom optimization,numerical simulation and experimental verification,which results in a consumption of computing resources.Here,we applied residual encoder-decoder convolutional neural network to directly map the electric field distributions and input images for monolithic metasurface design.A pretrained network is firstly trained by the electric field distributions calculated by diffraction theory,which is subsequently migrated as transfer learning framework to map the simulated electric field distributions and input images.The training results show that the normalized mean pixel error is about 3%on dataset.As verification,the metasurface prototypes are fabricated,simulated and measured.The reconstructed electric field of reverse-engineered metasurface exhibits high similarity to the target electric field,which demonstrates the effectiveness of our design.Encouragingly,this work provides a monolithic field-to-pattern design method for CAHMs,which paves a new route for the direct reconstruction of metasurfaces.

Efficiency-loss analysis of monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells by identifying the patterns of a dual two-diode model’s current-voltage curves

In this work,we developed a simple and direct circuit model with a dual two-diode model that can be solved by a SPICE numerical simulation to comprehensively describe the monolithic perovskite/crystalline silicon(PVS/c-Si)tandem solar cells.We are able to reveal the effects of different efficiency-loss mechanisms based on the illuminated current density-voltage(J-V),semi-log dark J-V,and local ideality factor(m-V)curves.The effects of the individual efficiency-loss mechanism on the tandem cell’s efficiency are discussed,including the exp(V/VT)and exp(V/2VT)recombination,the whole cell’s and subcell’s shunts,and the Ohmic-contact or Schottky-contact of the intermediate junction.We can also fit a practical J-V curve and find a specific group of parameters by the trial-and-error method.Although the fitted parameters are not a unique solution,they are valuable clues for identifying the efficiency loss with the aid of the cell’s structure and experimental processes.This method can also serve as an open platform for analyzing other tandem solar cells by substituting the corresponding circuit models.In summary,we developed a simple and effective methodology to diagnose the efficiency-loss source of a monolithic PVS/c-Si tandem cell,which is helpful to researchers who wish to adopt the proper approaches to improve their solar cells.

Replacement of Unesthetic Posterior Metal Crowns with Monolithic Zirconia Crowns: A Case Report

Advances in metal-free materials and the popularization of Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) have led to the wide clinical use of all-ceramic crowns for esthetic restorations. A 72-year-old woman presented to our hospital with unesthetic restorations on the right upper and lower posterior teeth. Intraoral examination revealed poorly fitting metal crown margins. Defective prostheses were removed, and provisional restorations were provided to stabilize the mandibular position. Optical impressions and the maxillomandibular relationship were recorded using an intraoral scanner, and monolithic zirconia crowns were fabricated using CAD/CAM technology for complete veneer crown restorative treatment. Occlusal examination revealed an improvement in occlusal force distribution at initial examination (right side: 33.5%, left side: 66.5%) after placement of the zirconia crowns (right side: 54.9%, left side: 45.1%). Occlusal force and occlusal force distribution area also showed an increasing trend. The Oral Health Impact Profile short form (OHIP-14) score decreased from 7 points at initial examination to 0 points after prosthodontic treatment. Appropriate diagnosis and treatment planning contributed to the increased occlusal force and balanced occlusal force distribution. Therefore, the present case indicates the potential of monolithic zirconia crowns to achieve both esthetic and stable functional outcomes.

Monolithic特征标的零点与可解群的导长

给出了分别满足条件(M1)G的monolithic特征标没有公共的零点;(M2)G的非线性不可约monolithic特征标中最多有两个有公共的零点,的有限群的一个导长的上界.

Resilient performance of self-centering hybrid rocking walls with curved interface under pseudo-static loading

Frame and rocking wall(FRW)structures have excellent resilient performance during earthquakes.However,the concrete at interfacial corners of rocking walls(RWs)is easily crushed due to local extreme compression during the rocking process.An innovative RW with a curved interface is proposed to prevent interfacial corners from producing local damage,enhancing its earthquake resilient performance(ERP).The precast wall panel with a curved interface is assembled into an integral self-centering hybrid rocking wall(SCRW)by two post-tensioned unbonded prestressed tendons.Moreover,two ordinary energy dissipation steel rebars and two shear reinforcements are arranged to increase the energy dissipation capacity and lateral resistance.Two SCRW specimens and one monolithic reinforced concrete(RC)shear wall(SW)were tested under pseudo-static loading to compare the ERPs of the proposed SCRW and the SW,focusing on studying the effect of the curved interface on the SCRW.The key resilient performance of rocking effects,failure modes,and hysteretic properties of the SCRW were explored.The results show that nonlinear deformations of the SCRW are concentrated along the interface between the SCRW and the foundation,avoiding damage within the SCRW.The restoring force provided by the prestressed tendons can effectively realize self-centering capacity with small residual deformation,and the resilient performance of the SCRW is better than that of monolithic SW.In addition,the curved interface of the SCRW makes the rocking center change and move inward,partially relieving the stress concentration and crush of concrete.The rocking range of the rocking center is about 41.4%of the width of the SCRW.

Challenges and Opportunities in Preserving Key Structural Features of 3D-Printed Metal/Covalent Organic Framework

Metal-organic framework(MOF)and covalent organic framework(COF)are a huge group of advanced porous materials exhibiting attractive and tunable microstructural features,such as large surface area,tunable pore size,and functional surfaces,which have significant values in various application areas.The emerging 3D printing technology further provides MOF and COFs(M/COFs)with higher designability of their macrostructure and demonstrates large achievements in their performance by shaping them into advanced 3D monoliths.However,the currently available 3D printing M/COFs strategy faces a major challenge of severe destruction of M/COFs’microstructural features,both during and after 3D printing.It is envisioned that preserving the microstructure of M/COFs in the 3D-printed monolith will bring a great improvement to the related applications.In this overview,the 3D-printed M/COFs are categorized into M/COF-mixed monoliths and M/COF-covered monoliths.Their differences in the properties,applications,and current research states are discussed.The up-to-date advancements in paste/scaffold composition and printing/covering methods to preserve the superior M/COF microstructure during 3D printing are further discussed for the two types of 3D-printed M/COF.Throughout the analysis of the current states of 3D-printed M/COFs,the expected future research direction to achieve a highly preserved microstructure in the 3D monolith is proposed.

Monolithic特征标的核-余-次数对群结构的影响

正整数|G:Ker(χ)|／χ(1)叫作不可约特征标χ的核-余-次数．考察了不可约特征标或Monolithic特征标的核-余-次数的算术结构对群的结构的影响．

A Review of Innovative Design Strategies for Prefabricated Green Buildings

Prefabricated green buildings are becoming a trend in the construction industry of China.The prefabricated components are made using modern technologies like green materials,artificial intelligence,and low-carbon and energy-saving techniques.This makes them an important aspect of the development of the construction industry in China,representing modernization and sustainable development.This article presents a study on the innovative design of prefabricated green buildings.This article serves to promote sustainable development on a macro level.

Chiral separation by (S)-naproxen imprinted monolithic column with mixed functional monomers

Molecularly imprinted polymers （MIPs）, using （S）-naproxen as template and the combination of butyl methacrylate （BMA） and MAA （1：1 molar ratio） as functional monomers were synthesized by an in situ polymerization reaction. The rendered monolithic column was evaluated in HPLC mode. The result showed that the monolithic MIPs with the combination of two monomers produced better chiral resolution of rac-naproxen （Rs = 1.55） and column efficiencies of imprinted molecules （N = 2860 plates/m） than that with pure MAA.

Catalytic combustion of toluene over Pd-based monolithic catalysts with a novel washcoat Ce_(0.8)Zr_(0.15)La_(0.05)O_δ

Two novel washcoats Ce0.8Zr0.15La0.05Oδ and Ce0.8Zr0.2O2 was prepared by an impregnation method, which acted as a host for the active Pd component to prepare Pd/Ce0.8Zr0.15La0.05Oδ/substrate and Pd/Ce0.8Zr0.2O2/substrate monolithic catalysts for toluene combustion. The washcoats was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Brunauner-Emmett-Teller (BET), and H2-temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR). The result indicated that both the washcoats had strong vibration-shock resistance according to ultrasonic test. Doping La3+ into CeO2-ZrO2 solid solution could generate more oxygen vacancies, and could inhibit the sinter of CeO2-ZrO2 solid solution when calcined at high temperatures (800, 900 and 1000 °C). The washcoat Ce0.8Zr0.15La0.05Oδ had much better redox properties. The reductive temperature of Ce4+ species shifted to low temperature by 60 °C when the washcoats calcined at high temperatures (800, 900 and 1000 °C). The Pd/Ce0.8Zr0.15La0.05Oδ/substrate monolithic catalyst calcination at 500 °C had the best catalytic activity and the 95% toluene conversion at a temperature as low as 190 °C. When calcined at low temperature (500 and 700 °C), the catalytic activity has little improvement, however, when calcined at high temperature, the catalytic activity of Pd/Ce0.8Zr0.15La0.05Oδ/substrate monolithic catalysts had significant improvement. As catalyst washcoat, the Ce0.8Zr0.15La0.05Oδ had better thermal stability than the washcoat Ce0.8Zr0.2O2, the developed Pd/Ce0.8Zr0.15La0.05Oδ/ substrate monolithic catalyst in this work was promising for eliminating Volatile organic compounds.

Damage effects and mechanism of the silicon NPN monolithic composite transistor induced by high-power microwaves

A two-dimensional model of the silicon NPN monolithic composite transistor is established for the first time by utilizing the semiconductor device simulator, Sentaurus-TCAD. By analyzing the internal distributions of electric field, current density, and temperature of the device, a detailed investigation on the damage process and mechanism induced by high-power microwaves （HPM） is performed. The results indicate that the temperature elevation occurs in the negative half-period and the temperature drop process is in the positive half-period under the HPM injection from the output port. The damage point is located near the edge of the base-emitter junction of T2, while with the input injection it exists between the base and the emitter of T2. Comparing these two kinds of injection, the input injection is more likely to damage the device than the output injection. The dependences of the damage energy threshold and the damage power threshold causing the device failure on the pulse-width are obtained, and the formulas obtained have the same form as the experimental equations, which demonstrates that more power is required to destroy the device if the pulse-width is shorter. Furthermore, the simulation result in this paper has a good coincidence with the experimental result.

Partial Oxidation of Methane to Syngas over Monolithic Ni/γ-Al_2O_3 Catalyst——Effects of Rare Earths and Other Basic Promoters

A series of monolithic Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalysts with and without basic promoters （Na, Sr, La, Ce） were prepared. Partial oxidation of methane （POM） to syngas was carried out in a continuous-flow, fixed-bed reactor. The influences of reaction conditions, including temperature, CH4/O2 ratio and space velocity, on the performance of the catalyst were investigated. The results show that at a high space velocity of 1 ×10^5 h^-1, optimal CH4 conversion can be obtained. Effects of promoters such as Na, Sr, Ce, La were also investigated, and the catalyst samples were characterized by means of temperature-programmed reduction and XRD techniques. XRD suggests that the addition of promoters has no influence on the crystal structure of Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalyst. The results show that the addition of a small amount of promoters improves the reducibility and activity of the catalyst. The side reaction CH4 ＋ 2O2→CO2 ＋ H2O, is fully restrained and 100% H2 selectivity is achieved when Ce and La are used as promoters, respectively.

An enrichment device of silica-based monolithic material and its application to determine micro-carbaryl by NIRS

Silica-based monolithic column material was synthesized and an enrichment device was fabricated with the material by assembling the material inside a glass column. The enrichment device was applied for the determination of micro-carbaryl with near-infrared spectroscopy （NIRS）. The aqueous solutions of carbaryl passed through the device and the carbaryl was enriched on the surface of the material where diffuse reflection NIR spectra were measured. These procedures of enrichment and measurement ensured to concentrate analytes for the measurement, so that the sensitivity of determination of MRS could be improved. NIR spectra of carbaryl solutions （0.01-1.00μg mL^-1）, measured after the application of the enrichment device, were pretreated with multiplicative scatter correction （MSC） and regressed against the concentrations of the carbaryl solutions with partial least squares （PLS） method. The results showed that the minimum value of root-mean-square error of prediction （RMSEP） was 0.1771 μg mL^-1 when the number of latent variables was 3 of PLS regression. Therefore, the number of latent variables 3 was selected as the optimum value. RMSEP was not very low but acceptable considering that NIRS is commonly used in macro amount analysis and it is quite difficult for NIRS to determine micro amount analytes, especially, less than 1 μg mL^-1.

Recent progress in developing efficient monolithic all-perovskite tandem solar cells

Organic–inorganic halide perovskites have received widespread attention thanks to their strong light absorption,long carrier diffusion lengths,tunable bandgaps,and low temperature processing.Single-junction perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have achieved a boost of the power conversion efficiency(PCE)from 3.8%to 25.2%in just a decade.With the continuous growth of PCE in single-junction PSCs,exploiting of monolithic all-perovskite tandem solar cells is now an important strategy to go beyond the efficiency available in single-junction PSCs.In this review,we first introduce the structure and operation mechanism of monolithic all-perovskite tandem solar cell.We then summarize recent progress in monolithic all-perovskite tandem solar cells from the perspectives of different structural units in the device:tunnel recombination junction,wide-bandgap top subcell,and narrow-bandgap bottom subcell.Finally,we provide our insights into the challenges and scientific issues remaining in this rapidly developing research field.

Carbon dioxide reforming of methane on monolithic Ni/Al_2O_3-based catalysts

Nickel-alumina catalysts supported on cordierite monoliths of honeycomb structure surpass essentially the conventional granulated ones with respect to the output in carbon dioxide reforming of methane. Adjusting the surface acid-base properties of catalysts by introduction of alkali metal （Na, K） oxides inhibits the carbonization and as a result, improves the operational stability of these catalysts. An effect of promotion of nickel-alumina based composite doped by lanthanum oxide is found. This effect, caused by an additional route for the CO2 activation on Ni-La2O3/Al2O3/cordierite catalyst, is displayed in increase of methane conversion under conditions of an oxidant excess.

Particle/metal-based monolithic catalysts dual-bed reactor with beds-interspace supplementary oxygen:Construction and performance for oxidative coupling of methane

A novel particle/metal-based monolithic catalysts dual-bed reactor with beds-interspace supplementary oxygen is constructed comprising of the upper-layer 5 wt%Na2WO4-2 wt%Mn/SiO2 particle catalyst and the under-layer 3 wt%Ce-5 wt%Na2WO4-2 wt%Mn/SBA-15/Al2O3/FeCrA1 metal-based monolithic catalyst as well as a side tube in the interspaces of two layers for supplementing 02. The reaction performance of oxidative coupling of methane （OCM） in the dual-bed reactor system is evaluated. The effects of the reaction parameters such as feed CH4/O2 ratio, reaction temperature and side tube feed 02 flowrate on the catalytic performance are investigated. The results indicate that the suggested mode of dual-bed reactor exhibits an excellent performance for OCM. CH4 conversion of 33.2%, C2H4 selectivity of 46.5% and C2 yield of 22.5% could be obtained, which have been increased by 6.4%, 4.1% and 5.5%, respectively, as compared with 5 wt%Na2WO4-2 wt%Mn/SiO2 particle catalyst in a single-bed reactor and increased by 10.7%, 31.9% and 17.7%, respectively, as compared with 3 wt%Ce-5 wt%Na2WO4-2 wt%Mn/SBA-15/Al2O3/FeCrA1 metal-based monolithic catalyst in a single-bed reactor. The effective promotion of OCM performance in the reactor would supply a valuable reference for the industrialization of OCM process.

Multi-Bandgap Monolithic Metal Nanowire Percolation Network Sensor Integration by Reversible Selective Laser-Induced Redox

Active electronics are usually composed of semiconductor and metal electrodes which are connected by multiple vacuum deposition steps and photolithography patterning.However,the presence of interface of dissimilar material between semiconductor and metal electrode makes various problems in electrical contacts and mechanical failure.The ideal electronics should not have defective interfaces of dissimilar materials.In this study,we developed a novel method to fabricate active electronic components in a monolithic seamless fashion where both metal and semiconductor can be prepared from the same monolith material without creating a semiconductor-metal interface by reversible selective laser-induced redox(rSLIR)method.Furthermore,rSLIR can control the oxidation state of transition metal(Cu)to yield semiconductors with two different bandgap states(Cu_(2)O and CuO with bandgaps of 2.1 and 1.2 eV,respectively),which may allow multifunctional sensors with multiple bandgaps from the same materials.This novel method enables the seamless integration of single-phase Cu,Cu_(2)O,and CuO,simultaneously while allowing reversible,selec-tive conversion between oxidation states by simply shining laser light.Moreover,we fabricated a flexible monolithic metal-semiconduc-tor-metal multispectral photodetector that can detect multiple wavelengths.The unique monolithic characteristics of rSLIR process can provide next-generation electronics fabrication method overcoming the limitation of conventional photolithography methods.