VARIATION OF THE MONSOON TROUGH INTENSITY IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO TROPICAL CYCLONE ACTIVITIES

Using the daily average of the NCEP/DOE AMIP-II reanalysis data from 1979 to 2005 and the characteristics of monsoon troughs in the western North Pacific,we established an intensity index and a location index to describe the activity of the monsoon troughs in three different regions and their impacts on tropical cyclones generated therein(MTTCs).The behavior of the monsoon troughs was analyzed.The following conclusions are obtained:(1)The established monsoon trough intensity index has a positive correlation to the location index,indicating that stronger monsoon trough intensity corresponds to more northward location.(2)Monsoon trough intensity exhibits significant interannual variation,with obvious periods of 4–5 years prior to 1994 and 2–3 years afterwards.(3)The affecting factors on monsoon trough intensity are different with areas.The preceding SST anomaly results in anomalous atmospheric circulation, leading to the anomaly of monsoon trough intensity in different areas.(4)The frequency of cyclogenesis and location anomalies of the MTTC are closely related to the intensity and location of the monsoon trough. Most of the anomalously less MTTC years coincide with the years with a weak general monsoon trough and weak regional monsoon troughs.The anomalously more MTTC years are associated with both a strong general monsoon trough and a weak general monsoon trough combined with a strong one over the South China Sea,though with a larger probability for the latter.(5)The interseasonal variation of the intensity of monsoon troughs provides favorable conditions for TC generation and development.The monsoon trough is in the active periods of both quasi-biweekly 10 to 20 day and 30 to 60 day oscillations,which is favorable for MTTC occurrence.

Possible Impact of the Boreal Spring Antarctic Oscillation on the North American Summer Monsoon

This study examined the relationship between the boreal spring(April?May) Antarctic Oscillation(AAO) and the North American summer monsoon(NASM)(July?September) for the period of 1979?2008.The results show that these two systems are closely related.When the spring AAO was stronger than normal,the NASM tended to be weaker,and there was less rainfall over the monsoon region.The opposite NASM situation corresponded to a weaker spring AAO.Further analysis explored the possible mechanism for the delayed impact of the boreal spring AAO on the NASM.It was found that the tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature(SST) plays an important role in the connection between the two phenomena.The variability of the boreal spring AAO can produce anomalous SSTs over the tropical Atlantic.These SST anomalies can persist from spring to summer and can influence the Bermuda High,affecting water vapor transportation to the monsoon region.Through these processes,the boreal spring AAO exerts a significantly delayed impact on the amount of NASM precipitation.Thus,information about the boreal spring AAO is valuable for the prediction of the NASM.

Effects of South China Sea/western North Pacific summer monsoon on tropospheric biennial oscillation （TBO）

Several theories have been developed to explain tropical biennial oscillation （TBO）, as an air-sea interactive system to impact Asian and global weather and climate, and some models have been established to produce a TBO. A simple 5-box model, with almost all the key processes associated with TBO, can produce a TBO by including airsea interactions in the monsoon regions. Despite that, the South China Sea/western North Pacific summer monsoon （SCS/WNPSM）, a very important monsoon subsystem, is neglected. In this paper, based on the dynamical framework of 5-box model, the term of SCS/WNPSM has been added and a 6-box model has been developed. Comparing the difference of TBO sensibilities with several key parameters, air-sea coupling coefficient α, SST-thermocline feedback coefficient γand wind-evaporation feedback coefficient λ, between the modified model and original model, TBO is more sensible to the parameters in the new model. The results imply that the eastern Pacific and local wind-evaporation play more important roles in the TBO when including SCS /WNPSM.

The Monsoon over the Barents Sea and Kara Sea

In the Arctic (mainly in its European sector) there is statistically detectable seasonal reversal wind pattern. The combination of seasonally warm (cold) land surfaces in arctic areas together with cool (cool) sea surface of Arctic seas not covered by ice is conducive to the formation of a monsoon like system. On the other hand, the predominance of the cyclonic regime during all seasons makes it difficult to answer the question of whether the Arctic region belongs to the monsoon type pattern. In this study, the monsoon features of atmospheric circulation over the Barents and Kara Seas were analysed. To extract specific monsoon signs, atmospheric circulation systems (separately for areas of each sea) were divided into ten weather types. Their appearance and statistics were compared with indicators of regional circulation. A significant part of intra-annual monsoon variability is associated with the configuration of such modes as the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Scandinavia teleconnection patterns. For example, during the winter season, the monsoon currents (from land to sea) occur only with a positive North Atlantic Oscillation index. With the prevalence of other modes of variability, the direction of the winds can be different, and the regular monsoon circulation pattern is changed by chaotic regime. In summer, northern streams (from sea to land) are realized on the western periphery of cyclones, regenerating and stabilizing over the Kara Sea. As for anomalies, the nature of the monsoons is manifested in the statistics of extreme winds even without selecting data on the regimes of variability. So, in winter, maximum speeds fall on the southern streams, and in the summer—on the northern ones. Large precipitation anomalies during all seasons, as one would expect, are encountered most often with the cyclonic type of circulation.

THE STRONG DRAGON BOAT RACE PRECIPITATION OF GUANGDONG IN 2008 AND QUASI-10-DAY OSCILLATION

Guangdong suffered from the most serious precipitation of its corresponding time during the dragon-boat race of 2008 since 1951.The relationship between the strong dragon-boat precipitation in 2008 and atmospheric low-frequency oscillation was analyzed with the methods of wavelet analysis,correlation and Lanczos filter.Results showed that the daily rainfall exhibits a significant 7 to 12-day quasi-periodic oscillation(namely quasi-10-day oscillation) during the precipitation,the daily 500 hPa height over Guangdong exhibits a significant 8 to 13-day quasi-periodic oscillation,and the daily 850 hPa zonal wind averaged over the north of the South China Sea presents a significant quasi-12-day periodic oscillation.The Guangdong rainfall during the annually first rainy season is most closely correlated with monsoon over the north of South China Sea,and less closely with an upper-level trough at 500 hPa affecting Guangdong.Strong monsoon surges induced two heavy rainfall processes in 2008.The monsoon surges joined with a westward-propagating quasi-10-day oscillation that originated from the central Pacific and was enhanced in a strong convective region east of the Philippines and a northward-propagating monsoon that originated from the southern South China Sea was enhanced.With composite analysis of typical phases,the common evolution characteristics of atmospheric circulation of the two heavy rainfall processes were analyzed for different phases.These features can be used as reference for medium prediction of heavy rainfall processes in Guangdong.

Interdecadal variation of tropical cyclone activity in association with summer monsoon,sea surface temperature over the western North Pacific

Based on geographic division over the western North Pacific(WNP),the interdecadal relationships between summer monsoon,sea surface temperature(SST) and tropical cyclones activity(including number,track and intensity) are examined.In the past several decades,the western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH) and tropical westerlies contribute to the interdecadal variation of TC number in the northwest and southeast of WNP respectively.The increased TC occurrence density to the east of Philippines related to TC track appears during the 1990s,in terms of both steer flow induced by WPSH and genesis location.From the interdecadal viewpoint,the tendency of TC intensity,measured by averaged accumulated cyclone energy,does well agree with that of SST,implying that SST plays an important role in TC intensity.

南海-西北太平洋季风槽及其与热带气旋的关系:不同再分析资料对比

利用1981—2020年中国气象局(CMA)热带气旋最佳路径数据集、CMA大气再分析资料(CMA-RA)、欧洲中期天气预报中心再分析资料(ERA5)及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料(NCEP-I),对比CMA-RA与ERA5、NCEP-I对南海-西北太平洋季风槽及其与南海热带气旋活动关系的表现能力,探讨CMA-RA的适用性。结果表明:不同资料均表征出南海和西北太平洋西段槽区低层气旋式涡旋明显、东段均匀的特征,CMA-RA和ERA5对低层涡度场描述的差异较小。两两资料间得到的季风槽强度的相关性较高,且为CMA-RA>ERA5>NCEP-I,对南海槽区的描述差异最大;对东伸点的刻画具有较高一致性,CMA-RA较ERA5和NCEP-I偏西;但对南北位置的刻画一致性较差,其中CMA-RA与ERA5的差异较小。所有资料均刻画出季风槽区中、低层强辐合、高层强辐散的结构,沿105°~160°E平均的涡度垂直剖面差异以CMA-RA与ERA5最小、CMA-RA与NCEP-I最大。CMA-RA季风槽与热带气旋频数关系最密切,ERA5次之,ERA5季风槽强度与热带气旋强度关系最密切,ERA5和CMA-RA季风槽东伸点与热带气旋强度关系较NCEP-I密切。总体来看,CMA-RA对季风槽及其与南海热带气旋活动关系的刻画具有与ERA5和NCEP-I相当的表现能力,且与ERA5的一致性高。

2022/2023年冬季北半球大气环流特征及对我国天气气候的影响

2022/2023年冬季全国平均气温较常年同期偏高0.2℃,我国大部地区气温偏高;全国平均降水量较常年同期偏少24.6%,空间上呈现北多南少的分布形势。东亚冬季风标准化指数为0.25,较常年同期略偏强;西伯利亚高压标准化强度指数为0.47,较常年同期略偏强;冬季北极涛动指数为-0.6,“前负后正”的阶段性特征显著;西太平洋副热带高压强度指数为-45.6 gpm,较常年同期偏弱;冬季欧亚大陆中高纬地区500 hPa为西高东低的环流形势,我国除华北、东北高度场偏低外,其余地区高度场偏高。冬季大气环流具有显著的季节内变化特征,12月为异常经向型环流,2月转为纬向型环流;对应冬季风也表现为前强后弱的变化趋势。北大西洋海温三极子(NAT)与乌拉尔山500 hPa高度场相关结果显示,8月、9月NAT与12月乌拉尔山地区高度场呈显著负相关,前期NAT异常负位相(正位相)有利于前冬东亚经向环流加强(减弱)。

春季北大西洋涛动与东亚夏季风年际关系的转变及其可能成因分析

本文的相关分析表明,在1948～2009年期间东亚夏季风(EASM)与前期春季(4～5月)北大西洋涛动(NAO)之间存在显著的年际相关关系,但这种关系具有明显的年代际变化特征,即在1970s发生了由正相关到负相关的转变.进一步的合成分析指出,春季NAO与EASM之间年际相关关系的转变,与春季和前期冬季(12～3月)北大西洋海盆尺度的海-气耦合模,即NAO-海温异常(SSTA)三极子耦合模的影响作用密切相关.春季NAO异常对EASM年际变化的影响主要依赖于前者所激发的SSTA三极子模态由春季到夏季的记忆性.然而,该模态不但受到春季NAO的控制,而且还会受到前冬NAO-SSTA三极子耦合模的增强或削弱作用,其中后者的影响作用具有明显的年代际变化特征.在1970s之前,前冬NAO-SSTA三极子耦合模对春季SSTA三极子模态存在明显的非对称作用,即前者主要对后者的正位相异常存在显著的削弱作用;在1970s之后,前者对后者正/负位相异常的影响作用均不明显.因此,在春季NAO对称作用与前冬NAO-SSTA三极子耦合模非对称作用的共同影响下,春季NAO与SSTA三极子模态的年际相关关系存在显著年代际变化,进而引起了春季NAO与EASM的年际相关关系在1970s的转变.

大洋间海表温度遥联与中国冬季气温的关系

利用SVD方法,在年代际和年际尺度上研究了各季北大西洋和北太平洋海表温度的遥相关关系,给出了冬季两个时间尺度上的遥联指数I,并分析了它们与同期中国冬季气温及亚太冬季风的相关关系。结果表明:北大西洋和北太平洋在两个时间尺度上的海表温度遥联均与同期中国冬季气温相关;特别在年代际尺度上两大洋海表温度遥联与我国河套以南及长江中游地区冬季气温有显著正相关。其影响途径可能是两大洋海温异常引起亚太冬季风异常、继而引起我国冬季气温异常。

南海-西北太平洋季风槽强度变化的特征及其与热带气旋活动的关系

利用1979—2005年NCEP/DOE AMIP-Ⅱ再分析逐日平均资料,根据西北太平洋季风槽的特点,研制了能较好表征季风槽活动的强度指数和位置指数,并分三段描述不同区域季风槽的活动特征及其对生成于南海-西北太平洋季风槽的热带气旋(MTTC)活动的影响,结果表明:(1)季风槽强度指数和位置指数呈正相关关系,季风槽强度越强,其位置越偏北。(2)季风槽强度存在明显的年际变化,1994年前以4～5年的变化周期较为显著,1994年后2～3年的周期较明显。(3)不同区域季风槽强度的影响因子不同。前期海温场的异常将导致大气环流异常,致使不同区域的季风槽强度异常。(4)季风槽强度与MTTC频数异常密切相关,3个不同区域的季风槽以南海季风槽强度与MTTC频数异常的关系最为密切。MTTC异常偏少年大多出现在季风槽总体偏弱,各区域季风槽也偏弱的年份;MTTC异常偏多年可能出现在季风槽偏强的年份,也可能出现在季风槽总体偏弱但南海季风槽偏强的年份,且后者出现的概率更大一些。(5)季风槽强度的季节内变化能为TC的生成和发展提供有利条件,季风槽同时处于30～60天振荡和准双周10～20天振荡的活跃期时,有利于MTTC的生成。

南海-西北太平洋季风槽中热带气旋群发的研究Ⅱ.影响机制研究

应用1979—2005年西北太平洋热带气旋(TC)资料和OLR,NCEP/DOE AMIP-Ⅱ再分析逐日资料,探讨南海-西北太平洋季风槽中TC(简称MTTC)群发的可能机理,得到以下几点结论:(1)5～10月季风槽强度及形态与索马里越赤道气流的强弱、副高的位置以及南半球澳洲冬季风的强弱密切相关,不同区域季风槽强度增强都可能导致MTTC群发。(2)MTTC群发与季风槽强度的低频振荡密切相关,当季风槽强度30～60 d振荡处于活跃期,准双周10～20 d的振荡也处于活跃期时,有利于MTTC的群发。(3)副高的位置、索马里越赤道气流以及西太平洋越赤道气流的低频振荡的位相配置将影响季风槽强度和形态,进而影响MTTC群发。副高东退或位置偏北,索马里越赤道气流或西太平洋越赤道气流增强或同时增强,季风槽偏北或东伸,皆有利于MTTC群发;副高偏西偏南,索马里越赤道气流增强或西太平洋越赤道气流增强,季风槽偏南,该类型MTTC群发比例较低,群发次数偏少。(4)典型个例分析表明,由于季风槽强度和形态的差异造成MTTC主要生成区对流条件以及水汽条件的差异,致使MTTC群发的年际差异。

北印度夏季风与中国河套及邻近地区盛夏降水的联系

利用印度热带气象研究所和中国气象局分别提供的1951-2006年印度各分区和中国160个站点的逐月降水资料,NCEP/NCAR逐月再分析资料以及NOAA提供的逐月海表温度资料,对印度各分区降水与中国区域降水之间的联系进行了分析。结果发现盛夏7-8月印度西北部和北部山区降水与中国河套及邻近地区降水呈显著的正相关关系,由此将7-8月印度西北部与北部山区降水定义为北印度夏季风指数。进一步通过遥相关和水汽输送揭示了北印度夏季风强弱与中国河套盛夏降水的联系途径。当北印度夏季风偏强时,中国河套受异常低压系统前部气流控制,系统从低层到高层向西倾斜,低压前部、高压后部的偏南气流带来南方暖湿气流,有助于河套降水的产生。北印度夏季风强盛年亦有助于输送到中国河套地区的三条水汽通道的加强。北印度夏季风偏弱时,情况相反。北印度夏季风异常偏强/弱,若从前期冬季开始伴随有一次La Nia/El Nio过程,赤道东太平洋SST异常通过与北印度夏季风相联系引起的水汽异常输送对中国河套降水产生更显著影响,而北印度夏季风即使不受到赤道东太平洋SST异常影响,对河套降水的影响仍然是显著的。

太平洋次表层海温与南海夏季风建立关系初探

通过合成分析和相关分析对南海夏季风爆发异常年份前期 0～ 40 0 m深度次表层海温的异常分布进行了讨论 ,发现北太平洋 (1 50°E～ 1 50°W,3 5～ 50°N)区域对季风爆发时间的早晚有着较为持续的影响 ,前冬 1 2 0～ 3 0 0 m深度尤其显著 ,具体表现为当前冬该海域海温偏低时 ,季风爆发偏晚 ,反之偏早 ;并通过定义一个北太平洋热力参数以表征该区域的热力作用 。

大洋间SST遥联与亚太夏季风异常的关系

用奇异值分解(Singular Value Decomposition,SVD)方法,给出了四季年代际和年际时间尺度上北大西洋和北太平洋海表温度(Sea Surface Temperature,SST)的显著遥相关。用SVD主模态时间系数构造了海温异常指数I,分析了它们与同期亚太夏季风和我国东部夏季降水异常的关系。结果表明:两大洋间的SST遥联在年际、年代际时间尺度上都与亚太夏季风相关,其中,年际尺度的两大洋SST遥联与长江流域的降水存在显著相关。

夏季北印度洋海温异常对西北太平洋低层反气旋异常的影响

采用1957—2002年850 hPa风场的ERA-40再分析资料,分析得知西北太平洋低层环流存在着明显的年际变化。这种年际变化表征了西北太平洋夏季风的年际变化,并且会影响东亚夏季风的变化。用Hadley海表面气压以及海表温度资料诊断得到,这种夏季西北太平洋反气旋异常(WPAC,northwest Pacific anomalous anticyclone)的年际变化与北印度洋同期海表温度变化存在很好的相关。用偏相关方法消除N ino3.4信号的同期线性影响,这种同期相关更加显著,而西南热带印度洋的同期海温与WPAC的相关并不显著。数值试验结果表明,北印度洋存在正海温异常时,北印度洋降水偏多,同时伴随着西北太平洋反气旋异常。当只有西南热带印度洋有正海温异常时,北印度洋会出现东风异常且降水减少,而西北太平洋有弱的气旋异常。数值模式结果与观测数据的诊断结果相吻合,说明当夏季北印度洋海表温度为正异常时,可能会产生西北太平洋反气旋异常。

2008年广东强龙舟水与准10天振荡

采用小波分析、相关分析、Lanczos时间滤波器等方法分析了2008年广东强龙舟水与大气低频振荡的关系。结果表明,强龙舟水期间广东逐日降水存在显著的准7～12天周期振荡即准10天振荡,广东上空的逐日500 hPa高度场存在显著的8～13天周期振荡、南海北部平均的逐日850 hPa纬向风场存在显著的准12天周期振荡。广东前汛期降水与南海北部季风的关系最密切,其次为影响广东上空的高空槽。从中太平洋开始向西传播的准10天振荡在菲律宾东侧强对流区得到加强并继续向西传播,与从南海南部北传并加强的季风相结合,导致强季风涌的出现,从而导致强龙舟水期间的2次强降水过程。利用典型位相的合成分析,对广东强龙舟水期间2次强降水过程不同位相的大气环流场的共同演变特征进行了分析,它们可为广东强降水过程尤其是龙舟水的中期预报提供参考依据。

2020/2021年冬季中国气候冷暖转折成因分析

2020/2021年冬季,我国气候"前冬冷干、后冬暖湿"特征明显,冷、暖两个阶段气温振幅极大,多地观测气温分别打破了建站以来的最低、最高纪录。前冬(2020年12月1日至2021年1月10日),全国大部地区气温偏低、降水偏少,而后冬(2021年1月13日至2月28日),全国大部地区转入明显偏暖期,且2月上旬开始我国北方地区降水增多,暖湿特征明显。分析发现,乌拉尔山阻塞高压、西伯利亚高压和东亚冬季风强度、极地冷空气主体位置以及西北太平洋副热带高压的强度和位置等均发生了转折性变化,这是导致我国冬季气候由冷干转为暖湿的直接原因。进一步分析表明:La Nina事件配合北极冰偏少和北大西洋中纬度暖流,符合启动前冬"暖北极、冷欧亚"效应的条件,导致前冬欧亚中高纬经向环流偏强、乌拉尔山阻塞高压发展、及西伯利亚高压和东亚冬季风偏强,致使我国出现干冷型气候;而后冬,北极平流层发生爆发性增温事件,导致北极涛动持续负位相,极涡主体偏向西半球,但同时乌拉尔山阻塞高压崩溃,东亚冬季风转弱,我国大范围回暖增温。

热带地区100hPa东风气流的气候效应(Ⅱ):与华北夏季降水的关系

利用1954—1998年NCAR/NCEP再分析资料及同期我国160个测站月降水资料,分析了热带地区100hPa东风与华北夏季降水之间的关系。结果表明:(1)从春季到夏季,东风强度与华北夏季降水具有显著而稳定的正相关关系。(2)弱东风年夏季,印度洋及印度次大陆表面温度均为正异常,然而赤道印度洋地区的正异常明显强于其南北两侧。海温异常的这一分布特征,一方面使得100hPa东风减弱;另一方面使得南亚地区海陆热力对比减弱,导致南亚夏季风偏弱,进而造成由该季风区向华北地区的水汽输送减少,华北地区干旱。