Microphysical Characteristics of Precipitation during Pre-monsoon,Monsoon, and Post-monsoon Periods over the South China Sea

Raindrop size distribution (RSD) characteristics over the South China Sea (SCS) are examined with onboard Parsivel disdrometer measurements collected during marine surveys from 2012 to 2016. The observed rainfall is divided into premonsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon periods based on the different large-scale circumstances. In addition to disdrometer data, sounding observation, FY-2E satellite, SPRINTARS (Spectral Radiation-Transport Model for Aerosol Species), and NCEP reanalysis datasets are used to illustrate the dynamical and microphysical characteristics associated with the rainfall in different periods. Significant variations have been observed in respect of raindrops among the three periods. Intercomparison reveals that small drops (D < 1 mm) are prevalent during pre-monsoon precipitation, whereas medium drops (1?3 mm) are predominant in monsoon precipitation. Overall, the post-monsoon precipitation is characterized by the least concentration of raindrops among the three periods. But, several large raindrops could also occur due to severe convective precipitation events in this period. Classification of the precipitation into stratiform and convective regimes shows that the lg(Nw) value of convective rainfall is the largest (smallest) in the pre-monsoon (post-monsoon) period, whereas the Dm value is the smallest (largest) in the pre-monsoon (post-monsoon) period. An inversion relationship between the coefficient A and the exponential b of the Z?R relationships for precipitation during the three periods is found. Empirical relations between Dm and the radar reflectivity factors at Ku and Ka bands are also derived to improve the rainfall retrieval algorithms over the SCS. Furthermore, the possible causative mechanisms for the significant RSD variability in different periods are also discussed with respect to warm and cold rain processes, raindrop evaporation, convective activities, and other meteorological factors.

Characteristics of land surface thermal-hydrologic processes for different regions over North China during prevailing summer monsoon period

The observation stations of Northern China are divided into three regions:the arid Northwest China,the Loess Plateau,and the cool Northeast China.The consistencies,differences,and associated mechanisms of land surface thermal-hydrologic processes among the three regions were studied based on the normalization of major variables of land surface thermal-hydrologic processes,using data collected during prevailing summer monsoon period(July and August,2008).It is shown that differences of surface thermal-hydrologic processes are remarkable among the three regions because of different impacts of summer monsoon.Especially their soil wet layers occur at different depths,and the average albedo and its diurnal variations are distinctly different.Surface net short-wave radiation in the Loess Plateau is close to that in the cool Northeast China,but its surface net long-wave radiation is close to that in the arid Northwest China.And the ratio of net radiation to global solar radiation in the cool Northeast China is higher than the other two regions,though its temperature is lower.There are obvious regional differences in the ratios of surface sensible and latent heat fluxes to net radiation for the three regions because of distinct contribution of sensible and latent heat fluxesto land surface energy balance.The three regions are markedly different in the ratio of water vapor flux to pan evaporation,but they are consistent in the ratio of water vapor flux to precipitation.These results not only indicate different influences of climate and environmental factors on land surface thermal-hydrologic processes in the three regions,but also show that summer monsoon is important in the formation and variation of the pattern of land surface thermal-hydrologic processes.

Regional and Synoptic-scale Features Associated with Inactive Periods of the Summer Monsoon over South China

This paper presents an observational study of the physical processes responsible for the inactive period (break) of the summer monsoon over South China (SC). The break of the monsoon is defined by using the rainfall data over Hong Kong Meteorological parameters provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for the period 1985-1990 are examined. Daily values of each parameter for the six years are then composited each day for the period of 5 days before to 1 day after the break. It is found that several days before the break, changes opposite to those occurred during the onset and active periods begin to take place. This suggests that a feedback mechanism is present which tends to restore the atmosphere to a more stable state. This mechanism may be initiated by the formation of convective clouds during the onset and active periods. These clouds then reduce the solar radiation to the ground, leading to a gradual drop in the temperature. This drop, together with the cooling of the atmosphere due to the large amounts of rainfall, causes the pressure over the SC region to become higher, which in turn induces a westward extension of the subtropical ridge. The decrease in temperature over SC may also shift the location of the heat source to the west, which leads to a concomitant westward shift of the convergence of the southerlies and results in less moisture-laden air reaching the SC region. The atmosphere then becomes unfavourable for heavy convection and therefore a break starts.

Solar insolation driven periodicities in southwest monsoon and its impact on NE Arabian Sea paleoceanography

In the northeastern(NE) Arabian Sea,the fluctuation in terrestrial and freshwater runoff directly depends on southwest monsoon(SWM) precipitation as well as the meltwater flux provided by Indus River.Therefore,analysis of multi-proxy spectral signatures was carried out to trace the high-resolution SWM periodicities and their influence on the productivity,regional sea level fluctuations and depositional processes in the NE Arabian Sea.The time series data of stable isotopes of oxygen(δ^18 O(G.ruber)).carbon(δ^13 C(G.ruber) and δ^13 C(org)) and nitrogen(δ^15 N).Total Organic Carbon(TOC),planktic-benthic foraminiferal ratio(P/B ratio) and>63 μm coarse fraction(CF) were used from two coastal sedimentary cores located offshore Saurashtra,NE Arabian Sea(Core SK-240/485 having 88 m water depth;Core GC/SK-240/496 having 174 m water depth).The REDFIT based spectral analysis recorded significant periodicities(>90% significance) in δ^18 0 time series centered at^1609,~667,~525,~296,~290 and^256 years.Further,the significant periodicities recorded in carbon isotopes time series(δ^13 C(G.ruber) and δ^13 C(org))centered at^681,~512,~471,~452,~438,~360,~292,~275,~269,~245 and^209 years.The significant periodicities in TOC include^471 and-322 years whereas δ^15 N time series recorded significant periodicity centered at-360 years.The significant periodicities in P/B ratio time series centered at^512,~388,~304,~250,~235,~217,~152,~139 and^135 years while CF recorded^268,~216,~209,~198,~188,~173 and^140 years significant periodicities.The observed periodicities in the multi-proxy record consist of similar cycles(within the radiocarbon dating error) which also natch with previously reported solar insolation influenced SWM and other global and regional cycles.Further,the stationarity of the data has been verified using wavelet analysis and shows similar periodicities as observed in REDFIT analysis.Thereafter,the depositional behaviour was studied using correlation analysis of the common periods of δ^18 0 time series of both the cores.The result suggests that the depositional behaviour was different for both the core sites during the early Holocene and became similar during the middle Holocene.The correlation analysis of Total Solar Index(TSI) with δ^18 O time series reveals a significant correlation with the core SK-240/485 whereas an insignificant correlation with the core GC/SK-240/496.These observations suggest that the solar insolation has been a leading factor responsible for the SWM trends during the Holocene which may have further influenced the productivity.regional sea level fluctuations and depositional conditions in the NE Arabian Sea.However,these trends are better preserved in shallow marine sediments as compared to the deeper marine sediments.

THE EARLY SUMMER FLOOD PERIODS OF SOUTHERN CHINA AND THE SUMMER MONSOON CIRCULATION OF EAST ASIA

Based on the thermodynamic characteristics of the summer monsoon and foe change of the lower layer wind fields, the relation between the early summer flood periods of southern China, Including the first flood period of South China and the plum rains period of the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the activities of the summer monsoon is analysed. The establishment processes of the summer monsoon circulation of East Asia are investigated. It is shown that the beginning and ending of the flood periods are exactly in accordance with the arrival and departure of the fore boundary of the summer monsoon. The establishment process of the circulation from the very beginning of the arrival of the monsoon to the time of great prosperity of development are not the same for each year. They can be classified into four categories. Each category may have four or three stages. Besides, the structure of the summer monsoon regime of East Asia is not unitary. There exist four types of structure model of the monsoon regime of East Asia.

Numerical Study for Characteristic Change of Asian Summer Monsoon Circulation and Its Influence Mechanism during the EI Nino Period

In this paper, the relation between Asian summer monsoon circulation and sea surface temperature anomalies over equatorial central-eastern Pacific is investigated by using a global spectral model. This model has nine layers in the vertical and the model variables are represented in the horizontal as truncated expansions of the surface spherical harmonics with rhomboidal truncation at wave number 15. The model involves comparatively complete physical processes and parameterizations with mountains.Using the above model, two experimental schemes are designed, namely control case and anomalous sea surface temperature case. The above two schemes are respectively integrated for forty days and the simulated results are obtained from the last 30-day averaged simulations.The simulations show that positive SST anomalies over equatorial central-eastern Pacific weakens Indian monsoon circulation,decreases precipitation in Indian sub-continent whereas it intensifies East Asian monsoon circulation and increases precipitation in East Asian area. All these results reflect the characteristics of Asian summer monsoon during the El Nino period. In this paper, SST anomalies over equatorial central-eastern Pacific have a direct influence on the intensity and position of subtropical high via the wave train over Northern Hemisphere, which is similar to that suggested by Nitta(1987) and the wave train over Southern Hemisphere has an influence on the intensity of Muscarene high and Australia high resulting in affecting cross equatorial flow. As a result, atmospheric interior heat sources and sinks are redistributed because of the change of cross equatorial flow. And the response of atmosphere to the new heat source and sink has a significant influence on Asian summer monsoon.

“Greatest lake period” and its palaeo-environment on the Tibetan Plateau

The “greatest lake period” means that the lakes are in the stage of their maximum areas. As the paleo lake shorelines are widely distributed in the lake basins on the Tibetan Plateau, the lake areas during the “greatest lake period” may be inferred by the last highest lake shorelines. They are several, even tens times larger than that at present. According to the analyses of tens of lakes on the Plateau, most dating data fell into the range of 40-25 ka BP, some lasted to 20 ka BP. It was corresponded to the stage 3 of marine isotope and interstitial of last glaciation. The occurrence of maximum areas of lakes marked the very humid period on the Plateau and was also related to the stronger summer monsoon during that period.

Winter and summer monsoonal evolution in Gonghe Basin, northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau since the Last Glacial Maximum

Geochemical and grain size analysis on the DQ （Dongqi） profile from Gonghe Basin, northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, indi- cates that regional climate has experienced several cold-dry and warm-wet cycles since the last glacial maximum （LGM）. The cold and dry climate dominated the region before 15.82 cal. ka B.E due to stronger winter monsoon and weaker summer monsoon, but the climate was relatively cold and wetter prior to 21 cal. ka B.E. In 15.824.5 cal. ka B.E, summer monsoon strength in- creased and winter monsoon tended to be weaker, implying an obvious warm climate. Specifically, the relatively cold and dry condition appeared in 14.7-13.7 cal. ka B.E and 12.14.5 cal. ka B.R, respectively, while relatively warm and wet in 13.~12.1 cal. ka B.E. The winter and summer monsoonal strength presents frequent fluctuations in the Holocene and relatively warm and wet conditions emerged in 9.5~.0 cal. ka B.E due to stronger summer monsoon. From 7.0 to 5.1 cal. ka B.E, the cycle of cold-dry and warm-wet climate corresponds to frequent fluctuations of winter and summer monsoons. The climate becomes warm and wet in 5.1 2.7 cal. ka B.E, accompanying increased summer monsoon, but it tends to be cold and dry since 2.7 cal. ka B.R due to en- hanced winter monsoonal strength. In addition, the evolution of regional winter and summer monsoons is coincident with warm and cold records from the polar ice core. In other words, climatic change in the Gonghe Basin can be considered as a regional re- sponse to global climate change.

临汾盆地晚冰期至中全新世黄土-古土壤序列的风化特征及指示的气候意义

了解中国北方晚冰期和全新世时期的气候环境变化及其驱动机制,有助于预测未来气候变化的可能情景。基于黄土高原东南缘临汾盆地的黄土-古土壤剖面,在3个AMS14C年代的支持下,通过粒度、磁化率、土壤有机碳以及地球化学元素等指标,重建了临汾盆地晚冰期至中全新世晚期的气候变化历史。结果表明:宋村沟剖面的黄土和古土壤分别处于初等和中等化学风化阶段,而不同地区风成堆积物的化学风化强度存在明显差异,主要受控于东亚夏季风的区域变化。多指标综合分析表明,晚冰期以来临汾盆地的气候演变经历了4个阶段:晚冰期东亚冬季风较强,气候干冷;早全新世东亚夏季风强化,气候向暖湿转变;早中全新世东亚夏季风达到峰值,为最暖湿的适宜期;中全新世晚期东亚夏季风减弱,气候再次转向干冷;临汾盆地的气候变化主要受控于北半球太阳辐射强度和冰量的变化。

过去64万年以来湖北三宝洞石笋生长速率变化及其古气候意义

利用石笋平均生长速率变化来重建古气候环境变迁已成为洞穴古气候研究的重要领域。文章以湖北三宝洞横跨22~64万年的5支石笋167个230Th年龄数据为材料,结合过去的工作,重建了晚更新世64万年以来长江中下游地区东亚夏季风降水变化过程。结果表明:深海氧同位素(MIS)1,5.3,5.5,7.3,7.5,9,15.1,15.5阶段石笋生长速率显著增大,指示东亚夏季风强度增强,降水增多;相反,冰期阶段生长速率缓慢或者不发育,指示夏季风强度减弱,降水明显减少,但平均生长速率指标并不能定量指示夏季风强度变化。当石笋生长速率低于10μm·a^(−1)时,不能有效地指示冰期—间冰期旋回变化。在轨道尺度上,平均生长速率所揭示的冰期—间冰期波动可能归因于全球冰量和太阳辐射共同作用的结果。

El Niño事件消亡期亚洲季风区对流层上层经向热力差异的演变

采用NOAA1979—2019年的南方涛动SOI指数、GPCC降水数据和ERA5气温数据探究El Niño事件消亡期亚洲季风区对流层上层海陆热力差异的演变特征。El Niño事件衰减期按所处季节可分为春季型、秋季型和冬季型,其中冬季型衰减对季风区对流层上层经向热力差(TIup)的贡献最大,且热力差异在冬季达到最大;春季型衰减会使伴随长江中下游夏季降水增加,秋季型衰减会使长江中下游夏季降水减少,冬季型衰减会使华北大部分地区夏季降水增多,只有华南、西南及东北部分地区降水略有减小。

渤黄海沿海季节性海平面异常偏高成因分析

全球气候变暖导致全球海平面上升,区域海平面变化还受局地海温、海流、风、气温、气压和降水等水文气象要素的影响。近年来,随着极端天气、气候事件的频发,导致季节性海平面异常出现的次数偏多,程度加大。使用中国沿海及西北太平洋近30年的水位、气温、海温、气压和风等水文气象资料,初步探讨了渤黄海沿海季节性海平面异常的变化规律和成因。渤黄海沿海异常高海平面均发生在1-3月份和10-12月份,6-9月份很少;自20世纪90年代以来,发生次数明显增多,异常值明显增大。异常海平面发生期间的气压较常年同期偏低,风多为离岸或者向岸风,风生流引起水位的变化;同时段的气温、海温与异常海平面的相关系数较低,影响不大;同期的海平面处于多个长周期振动的高位重合期,各振幅叠加的结果近8 cm。

南海夏季风维持期的气候特征Ⅰ——40年平均

使用NCEP的1958～1997年逐日格点气象资料,对我国南海地区(105～120°E,5～20°N)夏季风维持期40年平均的气候特征进行了分析,分析时间尺度是候.南海夏季风维持期由活跃期和非活跃期组成.我们将南海上空850hPa连续有40%以上面积盛行暖湿的西南风的候定义为南海夏季风的活跃期,不足40%则定义为非活跃期.这里所指的暖湿西南风是θse必须大于335K,西南风的风速必须大于2m/s.就40年平均而言,南海夏季风维持时间大约为23候约4个月,每年南海夏季风活跃期约出现4.3次,每次的平均维持时间约为3.9候,非活跃期约出现3.3次,每次的平均维持时间约为2.4候,活跃期每年的总长度约为17候,非活跃期约为8候.无论是南海夏季风活跃期还是非活跃期,南海上空850hPa都为一个低槽辐合区,200hPa为高压辐散区,也就是说与活跃期相比非活跃期主要气候特征表现为季风的减弱,在环流的偏差场上(活跃期减非活跃期)在南海上空850hPa上为西风,200hPa上为东风.活跃期无论在850hPa或在200hPa上都比非活跃期要暖一些,与此相应,非活跃期的季风降水要比活跃期的小得多,对流活动也大大减弱.南海夏季风和夏季风降水都有明显的30～60天的低频振荡,在多数情况下夏季风和夏季风降水的低频振荡的位相比较一致.

研究季风区历史时期湖泊环境演化的意义

本文首先讨论了历史时期季风区湖泊环境演化研究在古全球变化研究中的地位及其意义，着重强调加强人与自然相互作用研究以及进行定量研究是该领域的关键所在．综合中国近年来在湖泊沉积与古全球变化研究中取得的成果，提出在该领域研究的一些新的认识与亟待解决的问题．

末次冰期东亚季风气候的变迁:贵州都匀七星洞石笋的δ^(18)O记录

通过对贵州都匀七星洞4根石笋系统的31件TIMSU系及543件稳定同位素分析,揭示出其气候变化记录时限范围为1.1～8.5万a,相当于海洋同位素阶段的MIS2,MIS3,MIS4及MIS5a。根据δ18O的变化可以准确确定它们之间的界线,其年龄值为:MIS1/MIS211.3kaB.P.,MIS2/MIS328.7kaB.P.,MIS3/MIS459.6kaB.P.,MIS4/MIS5a78.5kaB.P.。研究表明,末次冰期相当于格陵兰冰芯记录、北大西洋沉积记录的YD、Heinrich事件等的气候跃变事件,几根石笋取得了非常一致的准确定位及定年。其中YD事件发生于12.76～11.52kaB.P.,Heinrich事件的H1～H6分别为15～17kaB.P.,24.6kaB.P.,30.5kaB.P.,39.3kaB.P.,46.8～47.8kaB.P.以及60.4kaB.P.。在MIS4阶段,石笋记录于66.4kaB.P.及73.8kaB.P.揭示了两次冷事件,也可于格陵兰冰芯记录中找到相对应的冷谷。通过与GISP2的对比研究,表明东亚季风气候的百年至千年尺度的气候演变,与北大西洋及格陵兰高纬度地区的气候变化具有非常协调的对应关系。它对研究季风气候的动力机制及其与全球变化的响应关系具有特别重要的意义。

南海夏季风撤退期的气候特征I——40年平均

用NCAR/NCEP1958～1997年共40年资料对南海夏季风撤退的气候特征进行了分析。8月上旬西伯利亚冷空气开始南进,由于青藏高原的阻挡作用,在我国东部大陆推进得很快,到达南海后继续向南推进,最后导致9月中旬左右南海夏季风从南海撤退。就个别年份而言,最早的撤退时间是8月中,最晚的是10月中,可以差两个月。南海夏季风撤退与建立过程是很不相同的,南海夏季风和夏季风雨带的建立都是爆发性的,在全区域几乎是同时建立,但撤退是由北向南缓慢撤退的,历时一个月左右。在撤退期间,南海降水形势变化不大,但在撤退之后,南海夏季风雨季转变为ITCZ雨季,其相应和雨区随着太阳南移向南推进。南海夏季风撤退后,南海降水30～60天振荡明显减弱,而准两周振荡仍比较活跃。

印度夏季风降水周期性研究

印度夏季风降水(ISMR)在南亚气候系统中是一个非常重要的内容,近年来对它的研究日益受到人们的重视。为了深入认识ISMR的变化特征,主要利用Scargle周期图和小波变换研究了1871-2004年间ISMR变化的周期性。结果表明,ISMR的周期性波动非常复杂,相应的周期参数具有明显的时变特征。文中还简单讨论了ISMR周期时变的可能原因。

130 ka B.P.前后黄土高原东部地区的气候侵蚀事件

通过黄土高原塬区、梁峁区和断陷谷区典型沟谷的阶地堆积、侵蚀面及其与之相邻的黄土—古土壤地层序列研究，并结合古气候特征分析，提出倒数第二次冰期冬季风向末次间冰期夏季风过渡期黄土高原东部地区发生了强烈的气候侵蚀事件。沉积物特征研究和古气候复原结果表明，此次侵蚀是一次以暴雨为主要动力的快速侵蚀事件。

40kaBP来亚非季风演化趋势及青藏高原泛湖期

基于18个黄土/古土壤序列(黄土高原与青藏高原)与27个湖泊沉积序列(青藏高原、新疆、云南与赤道非洲及其以北的非洲季风区)对比分析了东亚季风区、印度季风区与非洲季风区40 ka以来的区域环境演变特征.结果显示:上述区域在对应岁差周期的高太阳辐射阶段,也就是40～24 kaBP与14～4 kaBP分别经历了一次环境湿润期,而在末次冰期最盛期,除中国云南、青藏高原及新疆部分地区外,其他地区则较为干燥.青藏高原及其北侧的新疆区,40～24 kaBP比14～4 kaBP气候更为湿润,湖泊呈现40 ka以来的最高最大湖面,高原进入一次泛湖期.而非洲区及黄土高原,则与此相反;14～4 kaBP气候比40～24 kaBP更为湿润、适宜,湖面更高,成壤作用更强.40～24 kaBP,印度季风强盛,加强了对高原的水汽与潜热输送,同时,由于北方冰盖的存在,西风气流则相对南移,增加了对高原的影响,两种气流交互作用引起的强降水,可能是造成湖泊显著扩张的主要原因.

150kaBP以来巴丹吉林沙漠东南区域地层序列的新研究

巴丹吉林沙漠东南部边缘查格勒布鲁剖面中更新统/上更新统下部、上更新统下部/上更新统上部和上更新统上部/全新统的地质界线依次发生在59AGS/60L、39FD/40G和9L/10FD之沉积界面上。其时限依次大致为150kaBP、75kaBP和10kaBP,该剖面记录了150kaBP以来25个旋回的沙漠与湖相等沉积交替变更的历史过程。通过该剖面粒度和SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、FeO在地层中的分布特征、软体动物化石指示的古生态等综合研究表明,所述这些沉积旋回是自那时以来,在北半球冰期间冰期气候波动影响下,冬夏古季风往复更迭所导致的非季风沙区沙漠期与间沙漠期多次正逆交替演变的结果。