Enhancement of East African Monsoon Long Rainfall (March to May) Variability from Weekly to Annual Scale by Climatic Extremes

As global warming increasingly affects vulnerable regions such as Central East Africa, it is crucial to understand future changes in rainfall variability to reduce vulnerability. Despite the importance of rainfall variability, it has received less attention compared to changes in mean and extreme rainfall. This study evaluates the amplification of synoptic (weekly) to annual variability of East African Monsoon (EAM) Long Rainfall (March to May) by climatic extremes. Using band-pass filtered daily rainfall data, we found that EAM rainfall variability is anticipated to increase by 20% - 60% across the region under global warming conditions. The majority of the intermodal variability in Long Rain EAM rainfall forecasting is explained by differences in mean rainfall. Our results show that the synoptic variability of Long Rain for EAM rainfall is likely to amplify, resulting in more extreme rainfall events and longer dry spells under global warming. This amplification is attributed to the warming of the Indian Ocean and the associated changes in atmospheric circulation patterns. The projected increase in synoptic to annual variability of Long Rain for EAM rainfall has significant implications for water resources management and agriculture in the region, challenging policymakers to develop adaptive strategies that can mitigate the impacts of these extreme events. This study emphasizes the potential impacts of projected climate changes in rainfall variability on the East African region at all periods and underscores the need for effective adaptation strategies to ensure sustainable development.

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SUMMER MONSOON AND TRANSPORTOF MOISTURE IN A HEAVY RAIN OVER SOUTH CHINA IN 1994

The trajectory of atmospheric particles and material lines on an isentropic surface are computed using the Lagrangian method. It is shown that the 1994 heavy rain in South China was closely linked to the summer monsoon, especially the tropical monsoon in East Asia. which plays a decisive role. The method is useful in tracking the source area and evolution of water moisture and analyzing the transporting part of airflow for water moisture.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOUTH CHINA SEA SOUTHWEST MONSOON ANOMALIES AND IMPORTANT WEATHER IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE DURING THE RAINING SEASONS

The activity of South China Sea southwest monsoon (SCSSM) has direct impacts on the anomalies of important weather in Guangdong province during the raining seasons. So it is necessary to explore thoroughly the activity pattern of SCSSM and its relationship with important weather anomalies in the province. In this paper, the methods of composite analysis and correlation statistics are used to study the relationship between the onset date and intensity of SCSSM and the important weather, such as precipitation trends in Guangdong province during the annually first and second raining seasons, the timing of the annually first and last typhoon and the number of typhoons landing in Guangdong province. The results show that the rainfall is less than normal during the first raining season, but more than normal during the second one and there are more tropical cyclones landing in Guangdong province in the years of early SCSSM onset. The rainfall is more than normal during the second raining season and there are more tropical cyclones landing in Guangdong province in the years of strong SCSSM. The relationship between the SST of April - June, July - September and previous winter (December - February) and 500 hPa geopotential height and the onset date and intensity of SCSSM is analyzed. Some mechanisms between the onset dates and intensity of SCSSM and the important weather anomalies in Guangdong province are preliminarily explored. The results can be used for reference in short-term climate forecast.

Simulation and Projection of Monso on Rainfall and Rain Patterns over Eastern China under Global Warming by RegCM3

The authors investigate possible changes of monsoon rainfall and associated seasonal (June-JulyAugust) anomaly patterns over eastern China in the late 21st century under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) A2 emission scenario as simulated by a high-resolution regional climate model (RegCM3) nested in a general circulation model (FvGCM/CCM3).Two sets of multi-decadal simulations are performed at 20-km grid spacing for present day and future climate conditions.Results show that the RegCM3 reproduces the mean rainfall distribution;however the evolution of the monsoon rain belt from South China to North China is not well simulated.Concerning the rain pattern classifications,RegCM3 overestimates the occurrence of Pattern 1 (excessive rainfall in northern China) and underestimates that of Pattern 2 (increased rainfall over the Huai River basin).Under future climate conditions,RegCM3 projects less occurrence of Pattern 1,more of Pattern 2,and little change of Pattern 3 (rainfall increase along the Yangtze River).These results indicate that there might be increased rainfall over the Huai-Yellow River area and reduced rainfall over North China in the future,while rainfall over the lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin is not modified significantly.Uncertainties exist in the present study are also discussed.

2022年汛期气候预测效果评述及先兆信号分析

2022年汛期,国家气候中心准确预测了“全国气候年景总体偏差,区域性、阶段性旱涝灾害明显,降水空间差异显著,主要多雨区在我国北方”的总趋势,较好、较早把握了汛期主雨带位置和全国旱涝分布。对东亚夏季风和雨季季节进程“南海夏季风5月第3候爆发,长江中下游入梅偏早,梅雨量偏少,以及华北雨季开始偏早,雨量偏多”的预测与实况一致。对夏季台风生成个数较常年偏少,盛夏出现北上台风可能性大的预测与实况基本吻合。准确预测了全国平均气温趋势和高温异常特征。对“夏季我国中东部大部气温偏高,华东、华中、新疆等地高温日数较常年同期偏多,可能出现阶段性高温热浪”的预测与实况一致。主要不足之处是对长江中下游和川渝地区高温干旱的范围和极端程度估计不足。2022年汛期预测重点考虑连续La Ni a事件和印度洋偶极子负位相对东亚夏季风环流的影响,夏季西太平洋副热带高压强度偏强,脊线位置偏北,东亚夏季风偏强,初夏东北冷涡活跃,导致汛期主雨带位于东北、华北和西北地区东部等地。

EFFECTS OF LOW-LATITUDE MONSOON SURGE ON THE INCREASE IN DOWNPOUR FROM TROPICAL STORM BILIS

By using the dataset of CMA-STI Tropical Cyclone Optimal Tracks, NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and intensive surface observations, a study is performed of the influences of a low-latitude monsoon surge on the longer persistence and increase in torrential rains from the landing tropical storm Bilis. Results suggest that the southwest monsoon was anomalously active after Bilis came ashore. The westerly winds in Bilis's south side might give rise to the poleward movement of the SW monsoon, thus enlarging the pressure gradient between Bilis and the anticyclonic circulation to the south with the result of greatly intensified SW monsoon, which fueled plentiful water vapor, heat and momentum into the declining Bilis and allowed its long stay over land instead of erosion and disappearance. Before Bilis's landfall, the 2006 East Asian monsoon surge, characterized by the atmospheric ISO, experienced remarkable northward propagation. After landfall, the strong surge and powerful low frequency vapor convergence were just on the south side of Bilis, resulting in sharply increased rainfall. In addition, a broad belt of high-valued vapor fluxes extended from the eastern Arabian Sea via the Bay of Bengal, Indochina Peninsula and the South China Sea into the south of China. The belt was linked with the SW monsoon surge forming a moist tongue stretching from the Bay of Bengal to the south of China, which supplied continuously abundant vapor for Bilis along with the surge propagating poleward.

A Study on Water Vapor Transport and Budget of Heavy Rain in Northeast China

The characteristics of moisture transport and budget of widespread heavy rain and local heavy rain events in Northeast China are studied using the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis 6-hourly and daily data and daily precipitation data of 200 stations in Northeast China from 1961-2005. The results demonstrate that during periods with widespread heavy rain in Northeast China, the Asian monsoon is very active and the monsoonal northward moisture transport is strengthened significantly. The widespread heavy rainfall obtains enhanced water vapor supply from large regions where the water vapor mainly originates from the Asian monsoon areas, which include the East Asian subtropical monsoon area, the South China Sea, and the southeast and southwest tropical monsoon regions. There are several branches of monsoonal moisture current converging on East China and its coastal areas, where they are strengthened and then continue northward into Northeast China. Thus, the enhanced northward monsoonal moisture transport is the key to the widespread heavy rain in Northeast China. In contrast, local heavy rainfall in Northeast China derives water vapor from limited areas, transported by the westerlies. Local evaporation also plays an important role in the water vapor supply and local recycling process of moisture. In short, the widespread heavy rains of Northeast China are mainly caused by water vapor advection brought by the Asian monsoon, whereas local heavy rainfall is mainly caused by the convergence of the westerly wind field.

STUDY ON THE CAUSE OF HEAVY RAIN 200506 (HR200506) IN GUANGDONG

A continuous heavy rain visited Guangdong province during June 18-25, 2005 (named Heavy Rain 200506, HR200506) and had resulted in enormous economic loss. The ageostropic Q vectors, θse, meridional circulation, computed from the NCEP reanalysis, and TBB are used to study the rainfall processes. The results indicated that a convective system moved northwards from the South China Sea (SCS) and stayed in Guangdong for several days, which was a direct cause of HR200506. The process is a result of the activity of the South China Sea summer monsoon. There were two rainbands of HR200506 in Guangdong. One laid in the north of Guangdong that produced frontal rainfall; another situated on the south of Guangdong which produced monsoon rainfall.

THE EARLY SUMMER FLOOD PERIODS OF SOUTHERN CHINA AND THE SUMMER MONSOON CIRCULATION OF EAST ASIA

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华南前汛期的锋面降水和夏季风降水 I.划分日期的确定

前汛期暴雨常常引发华南地区的洪涝，但是前汛期降水的预报能力却相当低。降水的预报在很大程度上依赖于对降水性质的理解，而华南前汛期降水通常被认为只是锋面性质的降水。事实上，南海夏季风在6月（甚至5月）就可以影响到华南地区并产生季风对流降水。因此，华南前汛期包含了两种不同性质的降水，即锋面降水和夏季风降水，如何区分它们是非常重要的。为了区分它们，利用NCEP／NCAR再分析资料、CMAP资料和中国730站降水资料，分析气候平均（1971-2000年）状态下锋面降水和季风降水期间大气性质和特征的差异，得到华南前汛期夏季风降水开始的基本判据：100hPa纬向风由西风转为东风并维持5天以上。利用该判据得出气候平均条件下的华南夏季风降水开始于5月24日，并得到1951-2004年逐年华南前汛期锋面降水和季风降水的划分日期。合成分析的结果表明，得到的划分日期是基本合理的，因为它将锋面降水和季风降水期间大气特点的显著差别区分开来。

华南前汛期的锋面降水和夏季风降水II.空间分布特征

利用中国730站降水资料和第I部分(郑彬等,2006)得到的华南前汛期锋面降水和季风降水的划分日期,计算出1958-2000年华南前汛期锋面降水量(强度)和季风降水量(强度)的序列,采用EOF和扩展EOF分析方法,得到华南前汛期降水的几个主要分布型,并探讨锋面降水与季风降水的可能联系。分析结果表明:华南前汛期的锋面降水和季风降水分布主要有三种类型——全区旱涝型、西南涝(旱)东北旱(涝)型、东南涝(旱)西北旱(涝)型。各分布型的时间系数与850 hPa风场的相关结果表明不同的分布对应着不同的低层环流形势。统计结果显示华南前汛期锋面降水的分布形式与季风降水的分布形式有一定的对应关系。

用过程透雨量确定的东亚夏季风北边缘特征

利用1951—2006年全国715个站逐日降水资料及NCEP/NCAR逐日和月平均再分析资料,以农作物生长角度为出发点,采用过程透雨量(20 mm)标准确定4—10月出现6次及6次以上过程透雨量作为东亚夏季风区,以北边缘历年波动范围确定夏季风边缘带,根据连续透雨过程达到无旱标准来判断东亚夏季风的开始时间。主要分析了夏季风北边缘的年际、年代际变化特征和夏季风边缘带的变化范围以及夏季风边缘的推进过程和北边缘变化机制及其对我国降水的影响。结果表明:透雨标准较好地确定了边缘带位置,夏季风北边缘呈现向南偏移的趋势,边缘带范围有所扩大;北边缘变化与偏南风强弱和水汽输送联系紧密,并且对我国雨带的分布以及北方降水有一定影响,北边缘偏北,雨带偏北,则华北降水偏多。

南海西南季风异常与广东省汛期重要天气的关系

南海西南季风的活动直接影响广东省前、后汛期重要天气的异常,因此深入探索南海西南季风的活动规律及其与广东省各种重大天气异常的关系十分必要。利用合成分析和相关统计方法,探讨和分析了南海西南季风建立早晚、强弱与广东省前、后汛期降水量趋势,初、终台的早晚及登陆广东省的热带气旋个数等重要天气的关系。指出南海西南季风爆发早的年份,前汛期雨量以正常偏少为主、后汛期雨量以偏多为主、登陆广东热带气旋偏多;南海西南季风偏强的年份,后汛期雨量以偏多为主,登陆广东热带气旋以正常偏多为主。还分析了4～6月、7～9月以及前冬(12～2月)的海温场、500hPa高度场与西南季风建立早晚、强弱的关系,初步探索了西南季风建立的早晚、强弱与广东省汛期重要天气气候异常的关系的一些机理,其结果可供短期气候业务预测参考。

华南夏季风降水开始日的异常与前冬大气环流和海温的关系

利用1951-2004年NCEP／NCAR再分析资料及ERSST海温资料，研究了华南夏季风降水开始日期的变化特征及其与前期冬季大气环流和海温的关系。小波分析表明，夏季风降水开始日期具有明显的年际和年代际变化，年际变化以准2～3年变化为主，年代际变化周期约16年。华南夏季风降水开始偏早年在大气环流上的前兆信号表现为前期冬季乌拉尔山阻塞高压偏强、东亚大槽较深，阿留申低压偏强，冷空气活动偏强。冬季，鄂霍次克海附近的海温异常为华南夏季风降水开始迟早有物理意义的、稳定正相关前兆信号。合成分析表明，冬季鄂霍次克海附近SST正异常时，5月100hPa青藏高压偏东偏北偏弱，异常偏西风控制华南；850hPa环流在华南表现为东北风，华南受冷空气影响为主，华南夏季风降水开始日期偏晚。相反时，若冬季鄂霍次克海附近SST负异常，5月100hPa青藏高压偏西偏南偏强，异常偏东风控制华南；850hPa环流在华南表现为偏南风，华南受热带系统影响为主，华南夏季风降水开始日期偏早。并提出冬季中高纬度地区冷空气活动影响华南夏季风降水开始日异常的物理机制。

中国雨季的气候学特征

利用中国740站气候平均逐候降雨量对中国的主雨季进行定义，并对雨季（包括主雨季，春雨和秋雨）的气候学特征进行了讨论。结果表明：全国主雨季最早爆发于华南中部，最晚结束于华西地区。主雨季能持续4到14候不等，雨量占年总降水的30％～60％。主雨季在中国东部为季风雨季，自南向北推进；在西部受西风带影响，北方略早于南方，且局地性强。中国雨季具有明显的区域性和阶段性特征。中国气候的夏季降水时间序列主要反映了季节循环特征，但气候季节内振荡（CISO）对东部雨季的持续和推进具有明显的调制作用，其中长江中下游及其以南地区以30-60天周期为主。

广东后汛期季风槽暴雨天气形势特征分析

对1981～2002年广东后汛期季风槽暴雨期间的环流形势和天气系统进行了统计分析,结果发现,广东后汛期的季风槽暴雨多数发生在西太平洋副高位置偏东或偏南的情况下,并与中纬西风槽或ITCZ有直接联系;季风槽多数位于华南地区上空或华南沿岸海面;高层辐散覆盖广东全部或大部,中心在华南近海.西南季风向北推进源于西南和华南地区低压槽发展,或由于热带气旋登陆后北上而牵动西南季风深入华南陆地,也有些过程是副高西端的偏南气流引导南海季风北进.对流活动有从南海北部或北部湾附近向华南移动的趋势,并有昼夜变化.

菜阳河自然保护区天然植被物种多样性研究

采用植物群落学的原理和方法,对菜阳河自然保护区内的3种主要天然植被物种多样性进行研究 结果表明:植被型相同的群落间物种相似性程度较高,植被型不同的群落间物种相似性系数为山地雨林和季节雨林>山地雨林和季风常绿阔叶林>季节雨林和季风常绿阔叶林 季节雨林群落优势种明显,重要值集中在少数优势种上;山地雨林群落优势种不明显,重要值分布均匀;季风常绿阔叶林群落优势种明显,重要值分布不均匀 山地雨林群落物种丰富,多样性指数明显高于季节雨林群落和季风常绿阔叶林群落

2007年汛期淮河流域连续性大暴雨TBB场分析

利用水平分辨率0.1°×0.1°经纬度FY-2C卫星TBB网格资料、连续性强降水过程和最强降水时段的加强加密降水资料(其中,安徽临泉县迎仙站日降水破安徽省日最大降水纪录),对应分析TBB平均场分布特征及其演变特点,揭示强降水云团生消史与暴雨发展的内在联系。结果表明:TBB低值区与淮河流域强暴雨落区有明显的对应关系,TBB值减小过程与雨强增强过程比较一致,TBB梯度大值区在某地长时间维持将产生长时间强降水。源源不断的来自南海经广西沿着副高西北侧向东北方向伸展的水汽输送,与西风槽不断带来的新鲜冷空气在淮河流域相汇,对淮河流域强降水云系的生成、发展和维持起着重要作用。同时,在此阶段TBB低值区在淮河流域一带稳定少动,南北摆动幅度小,时生时伏的变化,造成淮河流域天气53年以来全线致洪暴雨重大事件。

登陆热带气旋与夏季风相互作用对暴雨的影响

利用《热带气旋年鉴》资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料采用动态合成分析方法,研究了登陆热带气旋降水与夏季风急流之间的关系,同时对登陆热带气旋与夏季风急流发生相互作用的典型个例强热带风暴Bilis(0604)利用数值模拟方法研究了二者之间的相互作用对暴雨的影响。结果表明:登陆后造成大范围强降水的热带气旋往往与低层急流长时间相连,其水汽通量和潜热能显著大于弱降水热带气旋。数值试验结果表明:夏季风低空急流向热带气旋输送水汽对热带气旋结构维持有利,当水汽输送被截断后,热带气旋气旋性结构被破坏,强降水减弱、范围明显缩小;季风急流风速增强时可增加水汽通量输送,使得强降水范围增加、强度增强;在夏季风影响背景下,热带气旋在陆上的移动改变水汽和不稳定能量的分布,而热带气旋本身独特的动力结构使得强降水强度增加。

水汽输送对云南夏季风爆发及初夏降水异常的影响

主要利用1961-2000年云南120个站的逐日降水资料和NCEP／NCAR再分析资料，研究水汽输送对云南夏季风爆发和初夏5月降水异常的影响。结果表明，5月份云南上空为一致的西南风水汽输送，主要由来自印度半岛北部的副热带西风水汽输送和热带印度洋至孟加拉湾的西南风水汽输送汇合而成，而来自南海地区西太平洋副高西侧转向的偏南水汽输送是构成云南东部地区水汽输送的重要分支。5月下旬云南夏季风爆发期间，热带印度洋至孟加拉湾地区的水汽输送显著增强，云南上空增湿明显，这为季风爆发提供了必要的水汽条件，而东亚中纬地区冷空气的入侵则可能是触发季风降水的重要机制。进一步研究发现，云南5月降水量显著的年际变化也与大尺度水汽输送异常密切相关，即当热带印度洋至孟加拉湾地区的水汽输送强，而南海至东亚大陆地区的水汽输送弱时，降水量偏多，反之偏少。