Impacts of anisotropy coefficient and porosity on the thermal conductivity and P-wave velocity of calcarenites used as building materials of historical monuments in Morocco

It is essential to study the porosity,thermal conductivity,and P-wave velocity of calcarenites,as well as the anisotropy coefficients of the thermal conductivity and P-wave velocity,for civil engineering,and conservation and restoration of historical monuments.This study focuses on measuring the thermal conductivity using the thermal conductivity scanning(TCS)technique and measuring the P-wave ve-locity using portable equipment.This was applied for some dry and saturated calcarenite samples in the horizontal and vertical directions(parallel and perpendicular to the bedding plane,respectively).The calcarenites were selected from some historical monuments in Morocco.These physical properties were measured in the laboratory to find a reliable relationship between all of these properties.As a result of the statistical analysis of the obtained data,excellent linear relationships were observed between the porosity and both the thermal conductivity and porosity.These relationships are characterized by relatively high coefficients of determination for the horizontal and vertical samples.Based on the thermal conductivity and P-wave velocity values in these two directions,the anisotropy coefficients of these two properties were calculated.The internal structure and the pore fabric of the calcarenite samples were delineated using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),while their chemical and mineral compositions were studied using the energy dispersive X-ray analysis(EDXA)and X-ray diffraction(XRD)techniques.

A Proposal for the Restitution of the World’s First Baptistry and University, Mor Yakup Church, Turkey

The structure known today as St.Jacob’s Church represents one of the oldest Christian medieval monuments in the region.With the emergence of findings suggesting that the structure was the world’s first university during recent excavation efforts,it has gained even more significance.Since 2006,the excavation works conducted by the Mardin Museum Directorate in the vicinity of Mor Yakup Church have yielded information about various phases of the structure.However,assessments regarding the nature of the structure are still debated within the academic environment.This study aimed to thoroughly investigate the functional changes and periods that St.Jacob’s Church underwent throughout history and to provide a detailed description and restitution for each period.In this study,we utilized excavation reports,data from written sources related to the settlement and structure,information obtained from the structure itself,traces existing on the structure,and data derived from architectural necessities(logic/scenario).The results indicate that this structure served three different functions(baptistry,church,university)and went through two main periods(pre-Christianity and post-Christianity).

虢季子白盘研究综述

虢季子白盘,出土于陕西宝鸡,现藏于中国国家博物馆。虢盘造型奇伟,气势恢宏,风格独特鲜明,极具艺术研究价值;铸有铭文8行111字,句式工整,言辞洗练,朗朗上口,是西周史研究的重要文献,对西周王朝与诸侯国、西周时期外来民族发展史、古代文学之研究起到了极大作用。此外,在探究中国古代青铜器具有"纪念性"(monumentality)①的可能性时,虢盘是一个极有力的例证。

Forms and Agents of Weathering in Monuments of Jethawanaramaya,Anuradhapura

Sri Lanka has the richest archaeological sites in Asia.Stone monuments and the stupa of Jethawanara, belonging to the 4th Century B.C.,represent a cultural heritage of outstanding universal value.All monuments built mainly from granitic gneiss and marble have undergone marked weathering damages. According to the definitions,weathering forms were identified and they were categorized into

Weathering of Monuments at Jethawanaramaya Complex in North-Central,Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka has the richest archaeological sites in Asia. Jethawanarama Complex, one of the valuable sites in the country, is suffering from deterioration due to weathering. Monuments were built mainly from stones （granitic gneiss and marble） and clay bricks. The present study aimed to categorize weathering forms and interpret the recently-developing weathering processes. The growing of lichens on surfaces and the development of saline conditions are the major threats on the survival of monuments other than the typical weathering processes of tropical climates Morinite （NaCa2Al2[PO4）]2 [F,OH]5·2H2O） is identified as a weathering product of monuments and is generated from lichens.

Four Rare and Unusual Dedications From Areas of Viminacium and Nais

In the areas of Viminacium and Nais four rare and unusual votive dedications were identified.These are the dedications Deus Aeternus,Dii Angeli,Hero(Viminacium),and Atta(Naissus).The dedications Deus Aeternus and Dii Angeli may perhaps indicate Christianity,while the dedications Hero and Atta may indicate settlers of Greek origin.The dedication to goddess Atta could have been made by a freed man,since her cult was to an extent related to the cult of Heracles who,thanks to his loyal service to Omphale,where he was to repent his sins,was freed from slavery,and thus was also a protector of freed man.Main methodological approach in this paper is the analysis of cults as well as their backgrounds as conditions for their realisation.Until now for the territory of Serbia there was not corpus of analyzing cults.There is only corpus of grave and votive monuments for the territory of Serbia with very rare and sporadic comments of cult.So,the main topic of this article is analyzing of cults.It includes the main meaning of the cult,dateing of monuments and historical and archeological backgrounds of the cults.At the same time it was the main method in the analyzing of the mentioned votive monuments.By this method as the result appeared the dateing of the monuments and improvement of existing Greek settlers.At the same time there were the main research questions which should be ensolved.For ensolved the dateing of the monuments was used the system of analyzing syllabic formulae and for the improvement of existing Greek settlers the method of“healty mind”and connections of analogies.As a result the dateing of monuments of Deus Aeternus,Dii Angeli,and Hero was early 2-nd century,and for Atta from the beginning of 2-nd to the end of 3-rd century.

The Urban Environment and Society of Uzbekistan of XX Century

This article presents the history of urban development in Uzbekistan. In the XX century urban development in Uzbekistan is undergoing some significant changes. Depending on social changes there are changes of tenor of life of society that finds reflection in town planning and architecture. The local architecture gets a variety of artistic styles. The Soviet period in Uzbekistan has been a difficult and controversial. City 1920-1980 biennium was under pressure from the Soviet doctrine. During the reconstruction after the earthquake in Tashkent used progressive methods of planning and development. During the period of independence of Uzbekistan to the 1990s to the present day there is a reassessment of values in the spiritual culture of the Uzbek people, when the problems of national identity become dominant in all spheres, including in urban planning.

GPR Applications for NDT Investigations on the Cultural Heritage Monumental Buildings of Florence (Italy)

Florence (Italy) is a worldwide well-known cultural historical city, with many outstanding monumental buildings visited every year by about 20M people, since 1982 the historical city center is under the UNESCO Patronage. Conservation of monumental buildings is subject to the principles of integrity and authenticity, in Italy recalled by the Ministry for Cultural Heritage 2011 rule, which defines the procedure for their seismic vulnerability evaluation. For that, the knowledge of the masonry structure is in need, and in lack of historical documentation on the design, only non destructive tests (NDT), or very low destructive tests, can be run on the masonry for acquiring this knowledge on its structure and consistence. For this purpose, we are largely using specific ground penetrating radar (GPR) technology, which is resulting highly performing in defining masonry structure and consistence. This paper summarizes selected case histories regarding the main Florentine historical monumental buildings: Palazzo Vecchio, Brunelleschi’s Cupola, Giotto’s Bell-Tower, and San Giovanni Baptistery. The correct interpretation of the GPR data requires knowledge about the masonry techniques of the age of construction, and local verification with micro drill-holes with video inspections, sonic and ultrasonic tests, in defining historical monumental buildings masonry structure and competence, static and dynamic behavior parameters and seismic vulnerability.

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Investigations for Architectural Heritage Preservation: The Case of Habib Sakakini Palace, Cairo, Egypt

A comprehensive Ground Penetration Radar (GPR) investigations and hazard assessment for the rehabilitation and strengthening of Habib Sakakini’s Palace in Cairo is presented herein, which is considered one of the most significant architectural heritage sites in Egypt. The palace located on an ancient water pond at the eastern side of Egyptian gulf besiding Sultan Bebris Al-Bondoqdary mosque is a place also called “Prince Qraja al-Turkumany pond”. That pond had been filled down by Habib Sakakini at 1892 to construct his famous palace in 1897. The integrated geophysical survey of the palace allowed the identification of several targets of potential archaeological and geotechnical engineering interest buried in fill and silty clay in the depth range between 100 - 700 cm. the methodological development focused on Multi-Fold (MF) Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) imaging and subsurface characterization based on integrated velocity and attenuation analysis. Eight hundred sqm of Ground penetration Radar (GPR) profiling have been conducted to monitor the subsurface conditions. 600 meters are made in the surrounding area of the Palace and 200 sqm at the basement. The aim is to monitor the soil conditions beneath and around the Palace and to identify potential geological discontinuities, or the presence of faults and cavities. A suitable single and dual antenna are used (500 - 100 MHZ) is used to penetrate the desired depth of 7 meters (ASTM D6432). The GPR is used also detect the water table. At the building basement the GPR is used to identify the foundation thickness and soil-basement interface. As well as the inspection of cracks in some supporting columns, piers and masonry walls. The GPR also was used to investigate the floors and ceilings conditions and structural mapping. The results were validated by the geotechnical and structural surveys. All these results together with the seismic hazard analysis will be used for the complete analysis of the palace in the framework of the rehabilitation and strengthening works foreseen in a second stage.

Zhao Tiancong——A MONUMENT TO ANTIMONY IN CHINA

Professor Zhao Tiancong is a famous specialist of our country in nonferrous merallurgy field and a doctoral teacher of Central South University of Technology. He has been devoting diligently his life to the development of the antimony metallurgy.

Spatial Layout Analysis of Monumental Landscape of Zhongshan Park in Beijing

The creation of monumental landscapes in urban parks is a materialized expression of human spiritual emotions, carrying the functions of triggering people's thinking, arousing inner emotions and spreading spiritual connotations such as regional culture. Scientific spatial layout and functional analysis of commemorative landscape is conducive to giving full play to the effect of commemorative landscape.Through field investigation and literature reading, the spatial layout, landscape elements and locality of the monumental theme landscape in Zhongshan Park in Beijing were comprehensively analyzed, showing that there is a close correspondence between spatial change and commemorative emotional ups and downs.

Agricultural Changes in Xinjiang in the Sixth Year of Guangxu s Reign from the Perspective of the Monument for Building Qarqi Canal

The Monument for Building Qarqi Canal was inscribed in the sixth year of Guangxu s reign in the Qing Dynasty(1880).This inscription made a detailed record of the event when the Qing army expelled the invading army of Mohammad Yaqub Beg,whenever the Qing army regained a place,it immediately started recruiting exiled people,restoring agriculture,building water conservancy and did other rehabilitation works.The army of the Qing Dynasty successively established rehabilitation bureaus in various parts of southern Xinjiang to be responsible for the rehabilitation works.These once again set off a climax in the development of water conservancy in multi-ethnic areas in Xinjiang,and laid the foundation for the rapid development of agricultural development and water conservancy in Xinjiang during the Guangxu s reign in the Qing Dynasty.

Geomorphological Zoning of Racha Region for Geopark Planning

Geomorphological zoning and complex relief research were conducted in the Racha region, which is located In the Caucasus, in the northwestern part of Georgia, south of the Greater Caucasus, in the central part of which there are Precambrian and Paleozoic crystalline substrates (gneisses, migmatites, crystalline shales) and granitoid intrusions of different ages. The Caucasus axis and higher massifs are built of granitoid, gneiss, and metamorphic shales. The oldest rocks (600 million years old) are found at the highest points and the age of the rocks decreases in the vicinity of the hypsometry steps (70 - 30 million rocks). The geological structure of the region has made a significant contribution to the formation of relief landscapes. Karst, erosion-denudation, volcanic, periglacial relief, and various interesting forms are formed here: caves, valleys, canyons, glacial and rocky lakes, waterfalls, deep valleys, mineral waters, and more. The peculiarity of the relief also influenced the mining geological history (5000 AD) and the creation of ancient settlements. Here, still in ancient Racha, at the head of the main river, Rioni, ancient settlements were formed due to iron, gold, and copper metal, which is confirmed by archeological monuments.

Characterization of the Biodegradation of Kasbahs of the Gharb Region (Mehdia and Kenitra Kasbahs, Morocco)

With the aim of contributing to the solutions linked to the problems of the preventive preservation and the restoration of the Kasbah of Mehdia or the Kasbah of Moulay El Hassan, a study of the flora populating the facades of these historical monuments was realized and showed the presence of a varied and diverse vegetation populating these buildings left to the ravages of time. The inventory of this flora showed the existence of 70 species among which 48were exclusively detected at the Kasbah of Mehdia, 11 other species were only discovered at the Kasbah of Kenitra and 11 vegetal species were inventoried at both Kasbahs. These plant species are divided into 28 families. Four families clearly dominate the flora inventoried at both Kasbahs of the Gharb region. These are the Asteraceae (15.7%),Poaceae (10%), Apiaceae (8.6%) and Scrophulariaceae (5.7%). These families alone account for 41.4% of the specific size of the flora of the studied sites. The most dominant vegetal type is the therophytes with 61.4% of the total specific size, followed by hemicryptophytes with 17.1%. Located at the top or the base of walls, these plants, fitting into joints or cracks, have a chemical action on the stones by acids which they release and also have a mechanical action on the stones by the growth of roots inside cracks. This vegetation remains one of the most important biological factors of the degradation of historical monuments.

General Evaluation of the Potential of the Cultural-Historical Heritage Built in the Republic of Moldova

This article analyzes the efficiency of the administration, as well as the way of financing the cultural heritage of the Republic of Moldova through the prism of the legal, institutional and cultural policy framework. Following the research, it was found that in the last 30 years the efficient and transparent management of the material cultural heritage of the Republic of Moldova has not been ensured, which endangers the national cultural heritage. If the current management and financing model does not change significantly in the near future, there is a risk that the cultural heritage of the Republic of Moldova will reach an unrecoverable condition.

Preserving Legacy

In today's interconnected world, it is clear that culture has the power to transform the societies. Its various manifestations -ranging from precious historical monuments and museums to traditional practices and forms of contemporary art - enrich every aspect of people's daily lives in countless ways.

The Vascular Vegetation Populating the Flora in Building Materials of Historic Monuments Cities of the West Central Region of Morocco

In the concern of the preservation of the main historic monuments of the cities of Rabat and Sale (Morocco), a botanical study was conducted in 2009. The prospecting of these monuments allowed raising an inventory of the flora populating their building materials, and it has proved that this flora is rich and diversified. Indeed, it consists of 171 adventitious species distributed in 46 botanical families. The most represented families are Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Geraniaceae, Brassicaceae and Lamiaceae. They supply, to them only 49.7% of the specific size. The annual therophytes and the dicotyledon are dominant with respectively 66.7% and 84.7% of the specific size. Nevertheless, the presence of more than 20 species of trees and perennials constitutes a serious danger for bulwarks walls, especially by the phenomenon of fissuring by the action of the huge roots of these vegetables. These vegetables fitting into are placed on joints or cracks fissures have a chemical action on stones by acids that they release, and also a mechanical action by the growth of roots inside cracks fissures. They remain one of these are one of the important biological factors of the degradation of historic monuments. It is to note that the bulwarks walls of the site of Chella (Roman ruins) present more floral diversity than the other canvassed monuments (91 species) that are 53% of the total size.

Monument Erected in Yan'an

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