The landmark discovery of moonlighting proteins embarks the significant progress in understanding the biological complexity and their closed-circuit analysis. The growing continuum in the variety of moonlighting funct...The landmark discovery of moonlighting proteins embarks the significant progress in understanding the biological complexity and their closed-circuit analysis. The growing continuum in the variety of moonlighting functions paved the way for further elucidation of structural-functional aspects of protein evolution and design of proteins with novel functions. Currently, the moonlighting functions in various adhesive properties of surface layer proteins, an essential component of cell surface architecture of archaea and all phylogenetic groups of eubacteria become more prominently recognized. The remarkable credentials of surface layer proteins to self-assemble into supramolecular structures at nano-scale dimension have been exploited for the production of smart biomaterials in the form of biomimetics has been thrust area of research. The finely tuned topological features in terms of shape, size, geometry and surface chemistry of surface layer proteins are crucial for the production of biomimetics. The current developments of biomimetic lipid bilayers and composite membranes find applicability in understanding the functional dynamism of evolutionary relationship of bacterial cell envelopes and vaccine development, drug development and drug delivery. Though the development of biomimetics embraces fascination but faces with technological challenges. The plethora of literature has been available for the moonlighting aspects and nano-technological applications separately but none of the review describes towards the rhythmic transition from moonlighting functions of surface layer proteins of bacteria to biomimetics development and applications. Therefore, this review describes certain basic aspects of moonlighting functions and their mechanism of action, surface layer proteins and their moonlighting functions of commensal bacteria and their transition towards biomimetics. The recent developments of biomimetics based on surface layer proteins have been summarized and also posited different challenges and future prospects.展开更多
From the perspective of grammatical features,English focuses on hypotaxis,while Chinese focuses on parataxis,which is the most important difference between the two languages.Taking the English version of Moonlight Ove...From the perspective of grammatical features,English focuses on hypotaxis,while Chinese focuses on parataxis,which is the most important difference between the two languages.Taking the English version of Moonlight Over the Lotus Pond translated by Mr.Zhu Chunshen as an example to compare the differences between hypotaxis and parataxis in terms of words and syntax,so as to deepen the understanding of English and Chinese and improve the translator's translation level.展开更多
Multiple enzymes perform moonlighting functions distinct from their main roles.UDP-glucose epimerases(UGEs),a subclass of isomerases,catalyze the interconversion of UDP-glucose(UDP-Glc)and UDP-galactose(UDP-Gal).We id...Multiple enzymes perform moonlighting functions distinct from their main roles.UDP-glucose epimerases(UGEs),a subclass of isomerases,catalyze the interconversion of UDP-glucose(UDP-Glc)and UDP-galactose(UDP-Gal).We identified a rice male-sterile mutant,osuge1,with delayed tapetum degradation and abortive pollen.The mutant osuge1 protein lacked UDP-glucose epimerase activity,resulting in higher UDP-Gal content and lower UDP-Glc levels in the osuge1 mutant compared with the wild type.Interestingly,we discovered that OsUGE1 participates in the TIP2/bHLH142–TDR–EAT1/DTD transcriptional regulatory cascade involved in tapetum degradation,in which TIP2 and TDR regulate the expression of OsUGE1 while OsUGE1 regulates the expression of EAT1.In addition,we found that OsUGE1 regulates the expression of its own gene by directly binding to an E-box element in the OsUGE1 promoter.Collectively,our results indicate that OsUGE1 not only functions as a UDP-glucose epimerase but also moonlights as a transcriptional activator to promote tapetum degradation,revealing a novel regulatory mechanism of rice reproductive development.展开更多
Cancer development is a complicated process controlled by the interplay of multiple signaling pathways and restrained by oxygen and nutrient accessibility in the tumor microenvironment.High plasticity in using diverse...Cancer development is a complicated process controlled by the interplay of multiple signaling pathways and restrained by oxygen and nutrient accessibility in the tumor microenvironment.High plasticity in using diverse nutrients to adapt to metabolic stress is one of the hallmarks of cancer cells.To respond to nutrient stress and to meet the requirements for rapid cell proliferation,cancer cells reprogram metabolic pathways to take up more glucose and coordinate the production of energy and intermediates for biosynthesis.Such actions involve gene expression and activity regulation by the moonlighting function of oncoproteins and metabolic enzymes.The signal−moonlighting protein−metabolism axis facilitates the adaptation of tumor cells under varying environment conditions and can be therapeutically targeted for cancer treatment.展开更多
Public school teachers in east China’s Shandong Province have been forbidden to tutor for payment beginning on January 1,2010.The decision,which makes Shandong the first area to forbid tuition for payment,was made af...Public school teachers in east China’s Shandong Province have been forbidden to tutor for payment beginning on January 1,2010.The decision,which makes Shandong the first area to forbid tuition for payment,was made after two rounds of deliberation.展开更多
Moonlight in a Snow Forest Along the stream in a snow covered forest comes a small boot. A little girl is sitting in it, as her boat flows foward the river of hope The scene features obscurity, revealing the integrati...Moonlight in a Snow Forest Along the stream in a snow covered forest comes a small boot. A little girl is sitting in it, as her boat flows foward the river of hope The scene features obscurity, revealing the integration of moonlight, stream. boat and frees. The little girl looks at us with pure, bright eyes, as if suggesting something to those of us who live a crowded and noisy展开更多
【选注者言:英语没有汉语那么优雅的意境。英语讲逻辑,更讲究语言的实用性。儿时学英语,发现crane(仙鹤)如此优美的单词,在英语中居然用作“起重机”！而本文标题中的Moonlight(月光)居然也用作动词,其含义是:to work at another job,of...【选注者言:英语没有汉语那么优雅的意境。英语讲逻辑,更讲究语言的实用性。儿时学英语,发现crane(仙鹤)如此优美的单词,在英语中居然用作“起重机”！而本文标题中的Moonlight(月光)居然也用作动词,其含义是:to work at another job,often at night,in addition to one’s full-time job(从事第二职业;作为某人全职工作的额外工作去做另一份工作)。另外,本文文末出现的unethical也值得学习,以后,“缺乏职业道德的”不必再译成lack of professional morality了,用unethical即可。】展开更多
文摘The landmark discovery of moonlighting proteins embarks the significant progress in understanding the biological complexity and their closed-circuit analysis. The growing continuum in the variety of moonlighting functions paved the way for further elucidation of structural-functional aspects of protein evolution and design of proteins with novel functions. Currently, the moonlighting functions in various adhesive properties of surface layer proteins, an essential component of cell surface architecture of archaea and all phylogenetic groups of eubacteria become more prominently recognized. The remarkable credentials of surface layer proteins to self-assemble into supramolecular structures at nano-scale dimension have been exploited for the production of smart biomaterials in the form of biomimetics has been thrust area of research. The finely tuned topological features in terms of shape, size, geometry and surface chemistry of surface layer proteins are crucial for the production of biomimetics. The current developments of biomimetic lipid bilayers and composite membranes find applicability in understanding the functional dynamism of evolutionary relationship of bacterial cell envelopes and vaccine development, drug development and drug delivery. Though the development of biomimetics embraces fascination but faces with technological challenges. The plethora of literature has been available for the moonlighting aspects and nano-technological applications separately but none of the review describes towards the rhythmic transition from moonlighting functions of surface layer proteins of bacteria to biomimetics development and applications. Therefore, this review describes certain basic aspects of moonlighting functions and their mechanism of action, surface layer proteins and their moonlighting functions of commensal bacteria and their transition towards biomimetics. The recent developments of biomimetics based on surface layer proteins have been summarized and also posited different challenges and future prospects.
文摘From the perspective of grammatical features,English focuses on hypotaxis,while Chinese focuses on parataxis,which is the most important difference between the two languages.Taking the English version of Moonlight Over the Lotus Pond translated by Mr.Zhu Chunshen as an example to compare the differences between hypotaxis and parataxis in terms of words and syntax,so as to deepen the understanding of English and Chinese and improve the translator's translation level.
基金The Science Fund for Creative Research Groups of the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing,China(cstc2021jcyi-cxttx0004)the Chongqing Outstanding Scientists Project(cstc2022ycjh-bgzxm0073)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072028,31730063).
文摘Multiple enzymes perform moonlighting functions distinct from their main roles.UDP-glucose epimerases(UGEs),a subclass of isomerases,catalyze the interconversion of UDP-glucose(UDP-Glc)and UDP-galactose(UDP-Gal).We identified a rice male-sterile mutant,osuge1,with delayed tapetum degradation and abortive pollen.The mutant osuge1 protein lacked UDP-glucose epimerase activity,resulting in higher UDP-Gal content and lower UDP-Glc levels in the osuge1 mutant compared with the wild type.Interestingly,we discovered that OsUGE1 participates in the TIP2/bHLH142–TDR–EAT1/DTD transcriptional regulatory cascade involved in tapetum degradation,in which TIP2 and TDR regulate the expression of OsUGE1 while OsUGE1 regulates the expression of EAT1.In addition,we found that OsUGE1 regulates the expression of its own gene by directly binding to an E-box element in the OsUGE1 promoter.Collectively,our results indicate that OsUGE1 not only functions as a UDP-glucose epimerase but also moonlights as a transcriptional activator to promote tapetum degradation,revealing a novel regulatory mechanism of rice reproductive development.
基金This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology(No.2019YFA0801703)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81790250,81790253,91959202,81902823,and 81972620)the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(No.N173606).
文摘Cancer development is a complicated process controlled by the interplay of multiple signaling pathways and restrained by oxygen and nutrient accessibility in the tumor microenvironment.High plasticity in using diverse nutrients to adapt to metabolic stress is one of the hallmarks of cancer cells.To respond to nutrient stress and to meet the requirements for rapid cell proliferation,cancer cells reprogram metabolic pathways to take up more glucose and coordinate the production of energy and intermediates for biosynthesis.Such actions involve gene expression and activity regulation by the moonlighting function of oncoproteins and metabolic enzymes.The signal−moonlighting protein−metabolism axis facilitates the adaptation of tumor cells under varying environment conditions and can be therapeutically targeted for cancer treatment.
文摘Public school teachers in east China’s Shandong Province have been forbidden to tutor for payment beginning on January 1,2010.The decision,which makes Shandong the first area to forbid tuition for payment,was made after two rounds of deliberation.
文摘Moonlight in a Snow Forest Along the stream in a snow covered forest comes a small boot. A little girl is sitting in it, as her boat flows foward the river of hope The scene features obscurity, revealing the integration of moonlight, stream. boat and frees. The little girl looks at us with pure, bright eyes, as if suggesting something to those of us who live a crowded and noisy
文摘【选注者言:英语没有汉语那么优雅的意境。英语讲逻辑,更讲究语言的实用性。儿时学英语,发现crane(仙鹤)如此优美的单词,在英语中居然用作“起重机”！而本文标题中的Moonlight(月光)居然也用作动词,其含义是:to work at another job,often at night,in addition to one’s full-time job(从事第二职业;作为某人全职工作的额外工作去做另一份工作)。另外,本文文末出现的unethical也值得学习,以后,“缺乏职业道德的”不必再译成lack of professional morality了,用unethical即可。】
