Assessment of Diversity in the Genus Ficus L. (Moraceae) of Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh, India

The paper deals with the taxonomy and diversity within the genus Ficus occurring in Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary based on extensive field and herbarium studies. The genus comprises 11 species in the study area contrary to the earlier report of 8 species. Out of which, one species each belongs to herbs (F. assamica) and straggling shrubs (F. hetero- phylla) and the remaining species to shrub to big free standing trees (F. benghalensis, F. hispida, F. palmata subsp. virgata, F. racemosa, F. religiosa, F. retusa var. nitida, F. rumphii, F. semicordata and F. squamosa). F. microcarpa and F. carica have been excluded as they do not occur in the sanctuary but reported in the previous work due to mis- identification. F. repens has been segregated from F. heterophylla and reinstated as a distinct species with a correct name F. assamica. F. retusa var. nitida forms a new record for the sanctuary. In overall gross morphology, F. hispida, F. palmata subsp. virgata, F. assamica and F. heterophylla exhibit maximum diversity especially in their leaves, pe- duncles and figs. Among all species F. hispida has been found more common especially in low land and moist areas in mixed forest whereas F. retusa var. nitida has been seen with only two plants. All species have been critically examined and provided with correct nomenclature, vernacular name, description, phenology, ecology, uses and reference to voucher specimens. A dichotomous bracketed key to the species along with line drawings has also been included for identification.

¹³C-NMR Data from Coumarins from Moraceae Family

Species from Moraceae family stand out in popular medicine and phytotherapy, have been for example used as expectorants, bronchodilators, anthelmintics and treatment of skin diseases, such as vitiligo, due to the presence of compounds with proven biological activity, as the coumarins. Coumarins are lactones with 1,2-benzopyrone basic structure, and are widely distributed in the plant kingdom, both in free form, and in glycosylated form. This work reports a literature review, describing the data of 13C NMR from 53 coumarins isolated from the family Moraceae, and data comparison between genera who presented photochemical studies, in order to contribute to the chemotaxonomy of this family.

Spatial patterns and determinants of Moraceae richness in China

Understanding large-scale patterns of biodiversity and their drivers remains central in ecology.Many hypotheses have been proposed,including hydrothermal dynamic hypothesis,tropical niche conservatism hypothesis,Janzen’s hypothesis and a combination model containing energy,water,seasonality and habitat heterogeneity.Yet,their relative contributions to groups with different lifeforms and range sizes remain controversial,which have limited our ability to understand the general mechanisms underlying species richness patterns.Here we evaluated how lifeforms and species range sizes influenced the relative contributions of these three hypotheses to species richness patterns of a tropical family Moraceae.The distribution data of Moraceae species at a spatial resolution of 50 km×50 km and their lifeforms(i.e.shrubs,small trees and large trees)were compiled.The species richness patterns were estimated for the entire family,different life forms and species with different range sizes separately.The effects of environmental variables on species richness were analyzed,and relative contributions of different hypotheses were evaluated across life forms and species range size groups.The species richness patterns were consistent across different species groups and the species richness was the highest in Sichuan,Guangzhou and Hainan provinces,making these provinces the hotspots of this family.Climate seasonality is the primary factor in determining richness variation of Moraceae.The best combination model gave the largest explanatory power for Moraceae species richness across each group of range size and life forms followed by the hydrothermal dynamic hypothesis,Janzen’s hypothesis and tropical niche conservatism hypothesis.All these models has a large shared effects but a low independent effect(<5%),except rare species.These findings suggest unique patterns and mechanisms underlying rare species richness and provide a theoretical basis for protection of the Moraceae species in China.

Anatomical and Molecular Identification of Ornamental Plant Ficus L.Species

This present study includes twelve species that represent the Ficus genus,namely;aspera,carica,tinctoria subsp.gibbosa,hirta,hispida,neriifolia,palmata,pumila,racemosa,septica,sur,and sycomorus,belonging to the Moraceae family.The species samples were collected from various locations in Egypt.The study focused on the anatomical and molecular characteristics of mature foliage leaves.Since the identification and classification of taxa are highly dependent on the anatomical features of leaves,the anatomical characteristics were recorded in the form of a comparison between the examined plants in the data matrix.This study aims to contribute to the identification of the studied species based on the anatomical details of the matured leaves.Anatomical characterization includes the variations in upper and lower epidermal layers that are covered by a thin or thick cuticle;the number of palisade and spongy layers;crystals;secretory elements;lithocysts;the midrib zone has parenchyma associated with mechanical tissue,vascular system,and investigation of trichomes;on the other hand,in the current study,the phylogenetic analysis was conducted by using the ITS and 5.8 S sequences.From the analysis of all the available data,it could be stated that there is an overall agreement with the anatomical character dendrogram.

Phytopharmacological potential of different species of Morus alba and their bioactive phytochemicals:A review

Medicinal plants of Moraceae family have been well-recognized traditionally due to their versatile applications in various fields including agriculture, cosmetic and food as well as in pharmaceutical industries. Their biomedical and medicinal importance is reflected from their broad range of pharmacological activities for treatment of various inflammatory conditions, cancer, infectious diseases, and gastrointestinal disorders. The present review was aimed to summarize and critically discuss the biomedical implications of Morus species, their bioactive compounds, and phytochemicals. Bioactivity guided fractionation of these medicinal plants revealed that different types of bioactive phytochemicals and secondary metabolites such as steroids, saponins, alkaloids, glycosides and phenolic compounds including terpenoids, flavonoids, anthocyanins and tannins were present. The critical analysis of the literature revealed that the aqueous, methanolic, and ethanolic extracts of Morus species and their bioactive compounds exhibit remarkable anti-oxidative,anti-diabetic, anti-stress, nephroprotective, antimicrobial, anti-mutagenic, anticancer,anxiolytic, hepatoprotective, anthelmintic, antimicrobial, immune-modulatory and cholesterol lowering effects. Based on the literature review and bioactivity guided investigation of Morus species and their phytomedicinal effects, we anticipate that these herbal products hold excellent potential for future research.

Two new prenylflavonoids from Morus nigra L.

Two new prenylflavonoids, momigrol E（1） and mornigrol F（2） were isolated from Morus nigra L. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods, especially 2D-NMR techniques.

A New Isoprenylated flavonol from the Leaves of Broussonetia kazinoki

A new isoprenylated flavonol, named broussonol A (1) was isolated from the leaves of Broussonetia kazinoki Sieb. The structure of broussonol A was characterized by chemical and spectral methods.

Morphometry of leaf and shoot variables to assess aboveground biomass structure and carbon sequestration by different varieties of white mulberry(Morus alba L.)

Mulberry is economically important and can also play a pivotal role in mitigating greenhouse gases.Leaf and shoot traits were measured for Morus alba var.Kanmasi,M.alba var.Karyansuban,M.alba var.Latifolia,and M.alba var.PFI-1 to assess aboveground biomass(AGB)and carbon sequestration.Variety-specific and multivariety allometric AGB models were developed using the equivalent diameter at breast height(EDBH)and plant height(H).The completeharvest method was used to measure leaf and shoot traits and biomass,and the ash method was used to measure organic carbon content.The results showed significant(p<0.01)varietal differences in leaf and shoot traits,AGB and carbon sequestration.PFI-1 variety had the greatest leaf density(mean±SE:1828.3±0.3 leaves tree^(-1)),Karyansuban had the largest mean leaf area(185.94±8.95 cm^(2)).A diminishing return was found between leaf area and leaf density.Latifolia had the highest shoot density per tree(46.6±1.83 shoots tree^(-1)),total shoot length(264.1±2.32 m),dry biomass(16.69±0.58 kg tree^(-1)),carbon sequestration(9.99±0.32 kg tree^(-1))and CO_(2) mitigation(36.67±1.16 kg).The variety-specific AGB models b(EDBH)and b(EDBH)2 showed good fit and reasonable accuracy with a coefficient of determination(R^(2))=0.98-0.99,standard error of estimates(SEE)=0.1125-0.3130 and root mean square error(RMSE)=0.1084-0.3017.The multivariety models bln(EDBH)and(EDBH)0.756 showed good-fitness and accuracy with R^(2)=0.85-0.86,SEE=1.6231-1.6445 and RMSE=1.609-1.630.On the basis of these findings,variety Latifolia has good potential for biomass production,and allometric equations based on EDBH can be used to estimate AGB with a reasonable accuracy.

A new cytotoxic cardenolide from the latex of Antiaris toxicaria

A new cardenolide, toxicarioside E （1）, was isolated from the latex ofAntiaris toxicaria （Pers.） Lesch （Moraceae）. Its structure was elucidated on the basis of spectral data and chemical evidence. Compound 1 showed significant cytotoxicity against K562 and SGC-7901 cell lines in vitro by MTT method with the IC50 value of 0.026 and 0.027 μg/mL, respectively.

The chloroplast genome comparative characteristic of artificial breeding tree,a case about Broussonetia kazinoki×Broussonetia papyrifera

Broussonetia kazinoki×Broussonetia papyrifera(ZJGS)is a hybrid species in Moraceae family,which has a very complicated hybrid origin.The excellent characteristics of fast growth,strong soil and water conservation ability,high leaf protein content and stem fiber content in ZJGS make it both ecological benefits in the mining area and economically valuable.This study aims to further understand ZJGS and other Moraceae taxa through the ZJGS chloroplast(cp)genome structure and the comparison with 12 closely related Moraceae species.Among the 13 Moraceae species,the cp genome length of seven Broussonetia species(ranges from 160,239 bp to 162,594 bp)is larger than that of six Morus species(ranges from 158,459 bp to 159,265 bp).Among the 77 shared protein-coding genes(PCGs)in Moraceae species,the obvious positive selection of Ka/Ks ratios acted on petD and rpl16 genes of B.kazinoki and B.papyrifera,respectively.Phylogenetic analysis based on shared PCGs from 28 species shows that ZJGS is closely related to maternal B.kazinoki.These findings provide data support for the origin of ZJGS hybridization and provide genomic resources for future ZJGS resource development and molecular breeding.

Phytochemical profiling of Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. leaf methanol extract and its antioxidant, antimicrobial and antioxidative activities

Objective:To explore the phytochemical profile of Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb.leaves both qualitatively and quantitatively,and validate its role as a potent antioxidant and antimicrobial agent.Methods:Extraction and isolation of different compounds were done from the leaves of Artocarpus lakoocha based on solvent fractionation method.Subsequently,quantitative and qualitative phytochemical profiling along with antioxidant,antimicrobial and antioxidative activities were tested following standard protocols.Results:Among the five fractions,methanol fraction of Artocarpus lakoocha exhibited higher content of phytochemical compounds[phenols=(3175.21±290.43)mg GAE/g dry extract,flavonoids=(1173.15±47.52)mg QE/g dry extract and tannins=(923.53±95.21)mg TAE/g dry extract]as compared to other fractions.The methanol fraction showed the highest antioxidant activity in DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays with IC50 of(111.98±34.20)μg/mL and(138.26±0.66)μg/mL,respectively,and the best reduction potential with a value of(316.81±2.96)mg QE/g dry extract in reducing power assay.There was significant correlation between the amount of phytochemicals and antioxidant activities.Moreover,the extract successfully protected Lambda phage DNA from damage at 5 and 6 mg/mL concentration and exhibited substantial bactericidal as well as fungicidal activity.The GC-MS analysis of methanol fraction of Artocarpus lakoocha revealed diethyl phthalate as the main phytochemical compound,along with 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid,9-octyl eicosane and 7,8-didehydro-3-methoxy-17-methyl-6-methylene morphinan.Conclusions:The methanol fraction of Artocarpus lakoocha could be used as a potent antioxidant and antimicrobial agent for sustainable agriculture and pharmaceutical purposes.

Alkaloid Constituents of Ficus hispida and Their Antiinfammatory Activity

Four new alkaloids,fcuhismines A-D(1-4),together with three known ones,were isolated from Ficus hispida.Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and chemical method.The new compounds represent the frst amine alkaloids with a rhamnosyl moiety(1-2)or with a N-oxide motif(2-4)from the genus Ficus.Compound 2 showed potent inhibitory efect in nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)pathway luciferase assay with IC_(50) value of 0.52±0.11μM.

System Position and Divergent Time of Based on ITS Sequence <i>Humulus scandens</i>

This article mainly studied Humulus scandens’ ITS sequence, its system position and its divergent time. ITS is 624 bp with a GC percentage content of 57.21%. It only has the variation in 585 (C changes T), systematic position in Humulus lupulus (GenBank: EF136401) and Humulus scandens (GenBank: FJ980285), Humulus lupulus (GenBank: DQ005990), with Humulus scandens (GenBank: FJ980285), Humulus lupulus (GenBank: DQ005990) has the near sibship. Humulus in Moraceae family system position between Cudrania tricuspidata and Artocarpeae, support the Cannabiodeae promotion for Cannabinaceae. The divergent time of Humulus is 70.88 mya in Moraceae, Humulus scandens and Humulus lupulus (GenBank: EF136401) is 12.78 mya, with Humulus scandens (GenBank: FJ980285), Humulus lupulus (GenBank: DQ005990) is 1.10 mya. In the Moraceae branch’s molecular systematics research, the suitable choice is to choose Humulus scandens as Moraceae’s outgroup.

Characterization of Volatile Components of African Breadfruit (Treculia africana) Seed Oil

Volatile oil was isolated from the seed of Treculia africana (Moraceae) by solvent extraction and the chemical constituents were identified by means of GC and GC-MS. A total of twelve (12) components were characterized in the volatile oil. Constituents found inherent were methane;2H-pyran-2-one, 6-[2-E-(3-107491000159-82-745nyl)ethenyl]-4-methoxy-;S-indacen-1(2H)-one, 3,5,6,7-tetrahydro-3,3,4,5,5,8-hexamethyl;7H-Dinaphtho[2,3-b:2.3’-h]carbazole;1,2-Bis[1-(2-hydroxye- thyl)-3,6-diazahomoadamantanty dene-9]hydrazine;3-Nor-3,7-secodichotine,2,7-didehydro-2-deoxy-14-hydroxy-11-methoxy 25-oxo-, (14.alpha.)-;tirucallol;beta-sitosterol;6-Acetyl-3-chloro-2,4-decanobenzoquinoline;Adenosine, N-(3-methyl-3-butenyl)-2’,3’,5’-tris-O-(trime-thylsilyl);Zirconium,dichloro-[dimethylbis-methyl-3H-benz[e]indenyl)silane];Chromone, 7-(3-chloropropoxy)-3-phenyl.

荨麻目植物的系统

荨麻目(Urticales)共有5个科,主要是一些风媒植物.它的特征为:木本或草本;单叶互生或对生,一般具托叶;花单性,稀为两性,雌雄异株,单被或无被,5—3数,穗状或聚伞花序;雄蕊少数或多数;心皮1—2枚;子房上位或下位,1—2室,胚珠1—2枚;核果或坚果。5个科是:(1)杜仲科(Eucommiaceae);(2)榆科(Ulmaceae);3)桑科(Moraceae);(4)大麻科(Cannabinaceae);(5)荨麻科(Urticaceae)。

Seed and Wasp Production in the Mutualism of Figs and Fig Wasps

Figs (Moracea: Ficus) and fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chlocloids: Agaonideae) depend on each other to complete their reproduction. Monoecious fig species and their pollinating wasps are in conflict over the use of fig ovaries which can either produce one seed or one wasp. From observation on Ficus virens Ait., we showed that female flowers with outer layer of ovaries (near to the wall of syconium) had no significant difference from that with inner and interval layer of ovaries (near to the syconium cavity), in which most seeds and wasps were produced. This meant that fig tree provided the same potential resource for seed and wasps production. Observation indicated that there was usually only one foundress in syconium at female flower phase and no com- petition pollinators. Measurement of the style length of female flowers and the ovipositor of pollinators indicated that most ovaries could be reached by pollinator’s ovipositor. However, at the male flower phase, production of seeds was significantly more than that of wasps including non-pollinating wasps but there was no significant difference between seed and pollinating wasp production when without non-pollinating wasps produced. This result indicated that non-pollinating wasps competed ovaries not with seeds but with pollinating wasps for ovipositing. Bagged experiment showed that the sampling fig species was not self-sterile which was important for figs and wasps to survive bad season. Seed production in self-pollinated figs was not significantly different from total wasps in- cluding non-pollinating ones. This might be related with the weaker competition among wasps since bagged figs were not easy to reach by wasps from outside.

Inhibition of Sanggenon G Isolated from Morus alba on the Metastasis of Cancer Cell

Objective An organic layer prepared from the cortex of Morus alba(Moraceae)was studied in order to identify the active compounds for heparinase.Methods Bioassay-guided fractionation resulted in the isolation of sanggenon G.Results The compound showed inhibitory activity with IC50 of 3.7μmol/L on heparinase in vitro as well as 24μmol/L in invasion assay using MDA-MB231 cells.Sanggenon G also had the moderate cytotoxicity at SW 620(colon)and ACHN(kidney)cancer cell lines with IC50 of 10.96 and 13.44μmol/L,respectively.Conclusion This is the first time that prenylated flavonoid sanggenon G is described as heparinase inhibitor.Besides,this flavonoid would be expected to be a metastasis inhibitor of cancer cells and also a valuable reagent to explore the mechanism of heparinase/heparanase-mediated metastasis.

Phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Ficus carica latex: a systematic review

Ficus carica tree produces a white sap that is traditionally used for the treatment of skin conditions,such as warts.Ficus carica latex is considered a rich source of proteins and metabolites that have various pharmacological activities.Most of the latex pharmacological activities are attributed to its phenolic content,such as anticancer,antiviral,antioxidant,anti-angiogenic,hepatoprotective,and wound-healing activities.Moreover,Ficus carica latex contains proteases that are involved in the treatments of skin conditions,such as warts,and display antiparasitic activity.Additionally,chitinase enzymes and coumarins are isolated from Ficus carica latex and involved in the antimicrobial activities of latex.

Two New Isoprenylated Stilbenes from Artocarpus chama

Two new stllbenes with two Isoprenoid groups, namely artostllbenes A （compound 1） and B （compound 2）, were Isolated from the stems of Arfocarpus chama Buch.-Ham. by repeated column chromatography. The＆ structures were elucldated as （E）-4-[2-（7-meth-xy-2-2-d-methy-6-（3-methy-but-2-eny-）-2H-1-benz-pyran-5-y-）v-ny-]benzene-1- 2-dlol （compound 1） and （Z）-4-[2-（7-meth-xy-2-2-dimethy--6-（3-methy-but-2-eny-）-2H-1-benz-pyran-5-y-）v-ny-]ben- zene-l,2-dlol （compound 2） by spectroscopic methods, mainly by 1D-, 2D-NMR and MS spectra. Compounds 1 and 2 are two cls- and trans-lsomers and compound 2 is the flrst cis-stllbene isolated from Moraceous plants.