Design,delivery and efficacy testing of therapeutic nucleic acids used to inhibit hepatitis C virus gene expression in vitro and in vivo

Despite major achievements in the treatment ofchronic hepatitis C with the combination ofinterferons and the nucleoside analog ribavirin themajority of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection cannot be treated effectively.Toimprove this response rate we used antisensetechnologies to inhibit HCV translation as possibleadditional option for experimental treatment.Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides(ODN) are

Therapeutic and Medicinal Uses of <i>Aloe vera</i>: A Review

The plant Aloe vera is used in Ayurvedic, Homoeopathic and Allopathic streams of medicine, and not only tribal community but also most of the people for food and medicine. The plant leaves contains numerous vitamins, minerals, enzymes, amino acids, natural sugars and other bioactive compounds with emollient, purgative, anti-microbial, anti inflammatory, antioxidant, aphrodisiac, anti-helmenthic, antifungal, antiseptic and cosmetic values for health care. This plant has potential to cure sunburns, burns and minor cuts, and even skin cancer. The external use in cosmetic primarily acts as skin healer and prevents injury of epithelial tissues, cures acne and gives a youthful glow to skin, also acts as extremely powerful laxative.

Blastocystis hominis as a cause of chronic diarrhea in low-resource settings:A systematic review

BACKGROUND Blastocystis hominis(B.hominis),an anaerobic unicellular protist parasite,is known for its diverse clinical manifestations upon infecting the human gastrointestinal tract.Although globally distributed,it is particularly prevalent in developing nations.Examining the symptoms and treatment outcomes of B.hominis infection in low-resource settings holds immense significance,providing healthcare practi-tioners with valuable insights to enhance patient care.AIM To synthesize existing evidence on the symptomatology and treatment outcomes of B.hominis infection in low-resource settings.METHODS Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines,a systematic review was conducted.The search spanned electronic databases including PubMed,Scopus,and Google Scholar.After a comprehensive screening process,a thorough examination of the papers,adhering to inclusion and exclusion criteria,and data extraction from eligible studies was conducted.The findings underwent summarization through simple descriptive analysis.RESULTS The search yielded 1200 papers,with 17 meeting inclusion criteria.Chronic diarrhea due to B.hominis infection was reported in only two studies,while abdominal pain,diarrhea,flatulence,constipation,and nausea/vomiting emerged as the most commonly documented symptoms.Recovery rates after one week of treatment ranged from 71.8%to 100%,and after two weeks,from 60%to 100%.CONCLUSION In low-resource settings,chronic diarrhea resulting from B.hominis infection is infrequent.Common symptoms include abdominal pain,diarrhea,flatulence,constipation,and nausea/vomiting.Post-treatment,clinical outcomes are notably favorable,supporting the recommendation for treatment.Metronidazole is advocated as the first-line agent,with consideration for switching to a second-line option in cases of treatment failure or poor response.

Continuous Wear of Hydrogel Contact Lenses for Therapeutic Use

Purpose: To investigate the efficacy and complications of continuous wear of etafilcon A for therapeutic use. Materials and Methods: The subjects were 228 eyes of 219 outpatients prescribed contact lens (CL) for one week of continuous therapeutic wear during 10 years. The reason for prescription of CLs, the primary disease, the duration of CL wear and the complications were assessed retrospectively. Results: The predominant reason for prescription of CLs was relief of pain or a foreign-body sensation (62.3%) and protection of the corneal epithelium (20.6%). The primary disease was post-penetrating keratoplasty (36.8%), followed by corneal epithelial erosion (14.5%), post-lamellar keratoplasty (14.0%) and bullous keratopathy (12.2%). The average duration of wearing single lens was 6.5 ± 3.2 days. The average duration of wearing CLs in total was 9.2 ± 10.7 months. The most frequent problem associated with continuous wear of CLs was their dropping out of CLs (12.3%). The complications associated with CLs included conjunctivitis with papillary hyperplasia, corneal erosion and superficial punctate keratitis, but corneal ulcer and corneal infiltrates were not found. Conclusion: Serious complications were not shown changing the lenses every week to keep to the prescribed time limit for continuous therapeutic wear, even if corneal epithelial barrier function is impaired.

Comparison of long-lasting therapeutic effects between succimer and penicillamine on hepatolenticular degeneration

AIM To compare the long term effect of succimer (Suc) with that of penicillamine (Pen) in treating hepatolenticular degeneration (HLD). METHODS One hundred and twenty patients with HLD were divided into 2 groups. Group A ( n =60) received Suc 750mg , po. bid. Group B ( n =60) received Pen 250mg , po. qid. The period of maintenance treatment varied from 6 months to 3 years, averaging 1 5 years. Symptoms and therapeutic effects were evaluated by modified Goldstein scale. RESULTS The total effectiveness of group A in two different periods of treatment were 80% and 85% respectively, higher than those of group B (58% and 59% respectively) ( P <0 05). Suc also had obvious curative effects for the patients who failed in the use of Pen. There were fewer side effect in group A than in group B ( P <0 05). Suc and Pen could increase urinary copper excretion effectively and continually. CONCLUSION Suc is more effective and safer than Pen. Clinically, it can replace Pen as first choice drug for long term maintenance therapy of HLD.

Functional dyspepsia of ulcer-dysmotility type:clinical incidence and therapeutic strategy

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Therapeutic role of template-based lymphadenectomy in urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract

Lymphadenectomy for urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract has attracted the attention of physicians. The mapping study of lymphatic spread has shown that a relatively wide area should comprise the regional nodes for tumors of the right renal pelvis or the right upper two-thirds of the ureter. A prospective study showed that an anatomical templatebased lymphadenectomy significantly improved patient survival in tumors of the renal pelvis. This benefit was more evident for patients with p T2 stage tumors or higher. The risk of regional node recurrence is significant reduced by template-based lymphadenectomy,which is likely to be associated with improved patient survival. The removal of lymph node micrometastases is assumed to be the reason for therapeutic benefit following lymphadenectomy. The number of resected lymph nodes can be used to assess the quality of lymphadenectomy,but not to determine the extent of lymphadenectomy. The guidelines currently recommend lymphadenectomy for patients with muscle-invasive disease,even though the current recommendation grades are still low. The present limitation of lymphadenectomy is the lack of standardization of the extent of lymphadenectomy and the randomized trials. Further studies are warranted to collect the evidence to support lymphadenectomy.

Controversies regarding transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells

Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)have tantalized regenerative medicine with their therapeutic potential,yet a cloud of controversies looms over their clinical tran-splantation.This comprehensive review navigates the intricate landscape of MSC controversies,drawing upon 15 years of clinical experience and research.We delve into the fundamental properties of MSCs,exploring their unique immuno-modulatory capabilities and surface markers.The heart of our inquiry lies in the controversial applications of MSC transplantation,including the perennial debate between autologous and allogeneic sources,concerns about efficacy,and lingering safety apprehensions.Moreover,we unravel the enigmatic mechanisms surro-unding MSC transplantation,such as homing,integration,and the delicate balance between differentiation and paracrine effects.We also assess the current status of clinical trials and the ever-evolving regulatory landscape.As we peer into the future,we examine emerging trends,envisioning personalized medicine and innovative delivery methods.Our review provides a balanced and informed perspective on the controversies,offering readers a clear understanding of the complexities,challenges,and potential solutions in MSC transplantation.

Clinacanthus nutans:a review of the medicinal uses,pharmacology and phytochemistry

Clinacanthus nutans Lindau is known as snake grass belonging to the Acanlhaceae family.This plant has diverse and potential medicinal uses in traditional herbal medicine for treating skin rashes,insects and snake bites,lesions caused by herpes simplex virus,diabetes,and gout in Malaysia.Indonesia.Thailand and China.Phylochemieal investigations documented the varied contents of bioaclive compounds from litis plant namely flavonoids,glycosides,glycoglyeerolipids.cerebrosides and monoacylmonogalatosylglycerol.The pharmacological experiment proved that various types of extracts and pure compounds from this species exhibited a broad range of biological properties such as anti-inflammatory,antiviral,antioxidant,and anti-diabetic activities.The lindings of toxicity study showed that extracts from this plant did not show any toxicity thus it can be used as strong therapeutic agents for specific diseased conditions.However,further experiments on chemical components and their mode of action showing biological activities are required to elucidate the complete phytochemical profile and assess to confirm their suitability tor future drugs.This review summarizes the medicinal uses,phytochemistry and pharmacology of this plant in order to explore its therapeutic potential and gaps necessitating for prospected research work.

High-intensity focused ultrasound extracorporeal ablation of liver tissuesin rabbits

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The role of drug utilization evaluation in medical sciences

Background:Drug utilization evaluation(DUE)is defined by the World Health Organization(WHO)and focuses on the medical,social,and economic consequences of pharmaceutical marketing,distribution,prescribing,and usage in society.The WHO recommends a physician to every 1000 people.According to the recent data from the Health Ministry in 2019,in which 1.16 million doctors are of active population with just 80%,or 0.9 million,practicing.As a result,a ratio of 0.68 doctors for every 1000 people,which is much below as per the WHO reports.This article describes history,types,WHO guidelines,need and purpose of DUE.Objective:The main aim of this paper is to provide information about the rational use of medication in outpa­tient and inpatient department with special emphasis of DUEs.It also provides awareness directly to healthcare professionals,researchers,academicians,pharmacist and nurses to reduce the irrationality of medicines.Methods:The method used to compile this review information gathered from websites,Google scholar,PubMed,Research gate,and studies published on DUE from July 20 to Oct 22 were included as source of information.Results:We studied more than 35 published study on DUE,that reveals most of the physicians prescribed branded drugs not generic drugs,but WHO prescribing indicator allows to prescribe generic drugs in the hospital pharmacy to maintain better inventory control.It may also help to prevent pharmacist misunderstanding during dispensing.Conclusion:The use of generic prescription names avoids the possibility of medication product duplication and lowers patient costs.It is important to remember that incorrect medication prescriptions have impact on both patients and their family members.WHO indicators identify irrational prescribing behaviours to make therapy more rational and cost-effective.

USE OF CELL-BASED BIOASSAY FOR THE QUALITY CONTROL OF BOTANICAL THERAPEUTICS

The single most important factor in modernization efforts of traditional oriental medicines is the limited understanding of active compounds responsible for claimed therapeutic effects.Indeed,the unknown identity of biologically active molecules generates major difficulties associated with botanical therapeutics in general.This includes management of raw materials,poor understanding of

大鼠死后心血中吗啡浓度变化的HPLC检测

本文采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）分析技术检测了治疗量及中毒量吗啡肌注大鼠死后心血中吗啡浓度变化．结果表明．以治疗量吗啡肌注大鼠死后96h内，心血中吗啡浓度随死后时间增加而显著升高（P<0.01），吗啡浓度水平与死后时间呈显著正相关．以中毒量吗啡肌注大鼠死后12h内，心血中吗啡浓度无明显变化．死后24h、48h及96h．随死后时间延长，心血中吗啡浓度逐渐升高（P＞0.01），其递增强度不如治疗量吗啡组大鼠的明显．本研究证实死后尸体心血吗啡浓度明显受生前剂量的影响，且死后96h内，随死后时间延长心血中吗啡浓度不断增高．本文初步探讨了死后心血吗啡浓度变化发生的可能机制．为海洛因或吗啡中毒死亡的血液检测结果评判及死因分析提供理论依据．

大鼠死后心血吗啡浓度变化的HPLC检测

采用高效液相邑谱分析技术（HPLC）检测治疗量及中毒量吗啡肌注大鼠死后心血中吗啡浓度变化。结果表明，以治疗量吗啡肌往大鼠，在死后96h内，心血中吗啡浓度随死后时间增加而显著升高（P＜0．01），吗啡浓度水平与死后时间里显著正相关；以中毒量吗啡肌注大鼠，在死后12h内，心血吗啡浓度无明显变化；死后24h、48h及96h，随死后时间延长，心血中吗啡浓度逐渐升高（P＞0．01），其递增强度不如治疗量吗啡组大鼠的明显.本研究证实，死后尸体心血吗啡浓度明显受生前剂量的影响，且在死后96h内，随死后时间增加．心血中吗啡浓度少数不断增高。

胸部手术后硬膜外腔自控镇痛治疗的临床观察

目的：研究胸部手术病人术后有效的镇痛方式。方法：采用硬膜外腔自控镇痛技术（ＰＣＡ），观察吗啡０．１２ｍｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ）、芬太尼１０μｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ）硬膜外腔用药对胸科手术后镇痛效果。结果：吗啡和芬太尼在７２ｈ内硬膜外腔持续用药，镇痛效果满意，呼吸循环无明显变化。结论：吗啡和芬太尼硬膜外腔用药，能产生安全。

急性吗啡肌注大鼠死后体内吗啡再分布的免疫组化研究

本文采用免疫组化法对治疗量及中毒量吗啡注射大鼠死后体内吗啡的定位及分布变化分别进行研究。发现：⑴吗啡广泛分布于大脑皮质、海马回、基底核、丘脑、脑干、扣带回、嗅束、胼胝体及小脑神经细胞胞浆内及神经纤维；心、肝、肾、睾丸及血管平滑肌等也有吗啡分布，但胸腺、淋巴结等未发现吗啡存在；⑵治疗量吗啡注射鼠死后９６ｈ内，心、肝、肾、肾上腺等大部分实质器官组织细胞中吗啡含量随死后时间延长而明显减少（Ｐ＜０．０１）；中毒量吗啡注射鼠死后１２ｈ内，组织细胞中吗啡含量变化甚微，但死后２４－９６ｈ，吗啡量缓慢递减（Ｐ＜０．０５）。骨骼肌吗啡量随死后时间延长而明显增加，死后４８ｈ内脑组织吗啡量无明显变化。本研究证实死后尸体内吗啡再分布的客观存在，探讨了吗啡再分布发生机制。免疫组化法为海洛因或吗啡成瘾及中毒死亡的医学检测提供了新的手段。

芬太尼透皮贴剂与口服吗啡控释片治疗老年中重度癌痛疗效比较

目的比较芬太尼透皮贴剂与口服吗啡用于老年癌痛患者的疗效和不良反应。方法86例老年癌痛患者,随机分为两组。A组使用芬太尼透皮贴剂,B组口服吗啡控释片,比较两组的疗效和不良反应情况。结果两组用药后止痛效果明显,A组总缓解率90.70,B组总缓解率93.02,差异无显著性(P>0.05);A组不良反应明显低于B组,差异有显著性(P<0.05),尤其死两组便秘发生率有极显著差异(P<0.01)。结论芬太尼透皮贴剂镇痛安全方便,疗效确切,是治疗老年中重度癌痛的理想药物。

局部麻醉剂加小剂量吗啡臂丛神经阻滞在上肢术后镇痛效果的观察

目的:观察局部麻醉剂加小剂量吗啡臂丛神经阻滞在上肢术后镇痛的效果。方法:将52例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级在肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞下行上肢手术的患者,随机均分为A、B两组。A组在局麻药内加吗啡4mg;B组术毕将吗啡4 mg由臂丛神经注入。观察两组术后镇痛效果及不良反应。结果:A组综合镇痛质量优于B组,镇痛时间长于B组(P<0.05);A、B两组恶心发生率分别为12.5%和16.7%,皮肤瘙痒发生率分别为8.3%和12.5%,两组差异无显著性。结论:将局部麻醉剂加小剂量吗啡术前臂丛神经阻滞在上肢术后的镇痛效果明显优于术后注射吗啡者。

骨科术后病人不同自控镇痛方法的应用评价

为评价不同自控镇痛法 ( Patient controlled analgesia PCA)在骨科手术后的镇痛效能 ,将 90例骨科术后病人随机均分为3组 :A组采用硬膜外 PCA,药用布比卡因 -吗啡 ;B组也采用硬膜外 PCA,药用布比卡因 -芬太尼 ;C组采用静脉 PCA,药用吗啡。结果显示 ,全部病人术后恢复良好 ,无严重的并发症出现 ;三组病人镇痛效果相同 ( P>0 .0 5 ) ,但 C组病人术后 8～ 2 4h内镇静作用明显 ( P<0 .0 1)。 A组吗啡用量为 12 .5± 4.6 ( mg) ,B组芬太尼用量 5 35 .6± 2 0 5 .7(μg) ,C组吗啡用量 41.5± 15 .5 ( mg) ,A组、C组药物用量与 B组比较 ,有显著差异 ( P<0 .0 1)。A组病人术后尿潴留和低血压明显 ( P<0 .0 1) ;而 C组病人术后瞌睡、头昏明显 ( P<0 .0 5 ) ;肠功能恢复顺序为 B组 <A组 <C组 ,组间有明显差异 ( P<0 .0 5 )。表明三种 PCA法均可以用于术后镇痛 ,经综合比较 ,自控硬膜外布比卡因 -芬太尼 ( B组 )

小剂量分次静脉注射吗啡治疗晚期肿瘤患者呼吸困难的疗效及不良反应发生率分析

目的探究小剂量分次静脉注射吗啡治疗晚期肿瘤患者呼吸困难的疗效。方法选取2018年1月至2020年1月福建省立医院收治的晚期肿瘤呼吸困难患者46例,采用随机数字表法分为两组,每组各23例,对照组开展皮下注射吗啡药物治疗,研究组开展小剂量分次静脉注射吗啡治疗。比较两组患者疗效、不良反应及呼吸困难症状改善情况。结果用药30 min后,研究组患者VAS分值低于对照组,治疗总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者便秘、恶心呕吐、呼吸抑制等不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论采取小剂量分次静脉注射吗啡治疗晚期肿瘤患者呼吸困难,对提升治疗效果、快速改善患者呼吸困难症状有显著效果,且不会增加不良反应发生率,具有较高安全性。