Morphological Comparison between Chinese Ayu and Japanese Ayu and Establishment of Plecoglossus altivelis chinensis Wu&Shan subsp.nov.

The countable characters of Qingdao, Zhejiang, Liaoning and Japanese Ayu arecompared. There are no substantial different characters among the former three Ayu, so thecomprehensive values of them are taken as representative of Chinese Ayu, which is in turn comparedwith Japanese Ayu ( Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis and Plecoglossus altivelis ryukyuensis). By thecoefficient of difference test, 3 and 4 characters are found to be beyond the subspecies levelbetween Chinese Ayu and nominate subspecies (Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis) and between ChineseAyu (Plecoglossus altivelis chinensis) and Ryukyus subspecies (Plecoglossus altivelis ryukyuensis),respectively, which shows that they belong to different subspecies. The China mainland Ayu is a newsubspecies, Plecoglossus altivelis chinensis Wu and Shan, the establishment of which and its formingcauses are discussed.

A Morphological Comparison Between Chinese and Japanese Abbreviations

This paper compares the Chinese and Japanese abbreviations from the perspective of morphology and analyzes the causes of the popularity of abbreviations in modern society.The study shows that there are similar types of abbreviation formation(direct omission of the original word,extraction and combination,and number abbreviation)in the two languages,while in addition to the English alphabet abbreviations,there are“Pinyin”acronyms in Chinese and Roman alphabet abbreviations in Japanese.This study may be helpful in assisting the learners of two languages to further understand the culture of two countries,so as to better promote cultural exchanges.

Morphological and molecular discrimination of green macroalgae Chaetomorpha aerea and C. linum

Green macroalgae Chaetomorpha aerea and C. linum are taxonomically confused. In this paper, we tried morphological and molecular analyses to separate these two species. C. aerea and C. linum can be distinguished from morphological characteritics, such as frond dimension, cells size and shape, their mean length/width ratios（LWR）, and cell walls constriction. Thalli of C. aerea attenuate basipetally, with diameter 270–500 μm at upper portion, 160–360 μm at middle portion, 100–160 μm at basal portion. For the upper part, the length of cells is less than their diameter. Cell walls usually constrict at the dissepiments, which are pellucid or colorless and give the filament beaded appearance. In contrast, thalli of C. linum often have a constant diameter of 90–300 μm within the same individual, cell walls usually do not constrict and cells are cylindrical or barrel shaped. The LWR is larger than that of C. aerea. Results show that the pairwise distance between two species is 3.6%–3.7% for 18 S r RNA gene and 53.5%–54.3% for ITS region. In phylogeny, they distribute at distant clades, which confirms a genetic divergence at molecular level. In addition, morphological data indicates that filament diameter of C. linum samples is highly variable, ranging from 90 μm to 300 μm. Then these two species can be considered as separate species.

A New Species of Genus Microhyla(Amphibia： Anura： Microhylidae) from Zhejiang Province, China

We described a new species, Microhyla beilunensis sp. nov., from Zhejiang Province of China. Phylogenetic analyses based on the mitochondrial 12 S, 16 S and CO1 gene sequences suggested that the new taxon was distinctly separated from its congeners and closed to M. mixtura and M. okinavensis. Morphologically, the new species could be identified from its congeners except M. mixtura by several characters：（1） rudimentary webs on toe base;（2） absence of disks and dorsal median longitudinal grooves on finger tips;（3） presence of disks and dorsal median longitudinal grooves on toe tips. As well, the new species could be identified from topotype M. mixtura by the combination of characters：（1） apart from the stripes, bar-shaped and oval-shaped patterns, the rounded spots present on the dorsum of body and legs;（2） the outer metacarpal tubercles prominently larger than the inner one;（3） of males, the ratios of HW, IND, UEW and LAW to SVL of the new species were significantly larger than those of M. mixtura（P 〈 0.01）, and the ratios of SL, IOD, LAHL, HLL, TL, TFL and FL to SVL of the new species were significantly less than those of M. mixtura（P 〈 0.05）.

Comparative morphological study of reproductive system between Tipulidae and Limoniidae(Diptera： Tipuloidea)

In present paper, the morphological descriptions of reproductive systems for Libnotes（Libnotes） pseudonohirai Men, 2015 in both sexes are provided, which represents the first description of the internal reproductive system in this genus. The female internal reproductive system of Libnotes（Libnotes） pseudonohirai is compared with that of the two presently examined species, Hexatoma（Eriocera） cleopatroides Men, 2015 and Holorusia sp., as well as some species previously documented. The morphological differences of internal reproductive organs for these species are listed. Additionally, the characteristic modes of internal reproductive systems for Tipulidae and Limoniidae are compared and summarized.

Comparison of Computed Tomography Imaging with Traditional Autopsy Results

The role of computed tomography(CT)images in forensic identification has been widely recognized.Such images can provide an important basis for identification of the cause of death in complicated and difficult cases,including falls from a height,drowning,explosion and gunshot cases,traffic accidents,and sudden death.However,few reports have focused on the application of CT images in cases of death caused by sharp object injuries.Therefore,the CT images and autopsy findings were compared in a case of death caused by sharp object injuries to the chest and abdomen,and the importance of CT images in cases of death from common sharp object injuries is herein discussed.