Analysis of debris flow control effect and hazard assessment in Xinqiao Gully,Wenchuan M_(s)8.0 earthquake area based on numerical simulation

Xinqiao Gully is located in the area of the 2008 Wenchuan M_(s)8.0 earthquake in Sichuan province,China.Based on the investigation of the 2023"6-26"Xinqiao Gully debris flow event,this study assessed the effectiveness of the debris flow control project and evaluated the debris flow hazards.Through field investigation and numerical simulation methods,the indicators of flow intensity reduction rate and storage capacity fullness were proposed to quantify the effectiveness of the engineering measures in the debris flow event.The simulation results show that the debris flow control project reduced the flow intensity by41.05%to 64.61%.The storage capacity of the dam decreases gradually from upstream to the mouth of the gully,thus effectively intercepting and controlling the debris flow.By evaluating the debris flow of different recurrence intervals,further measures are recommended for managing debris flow events.

Magnitude-frequency relationship of debris flows in the Jiangjia Gully, China

The magnitude-frequency(MF) relationship of debris flows is the basis for engineering designs and risk quantification. However, because of the lack of debris flow monitoring data, research progress in this area has been relatively slow. The MF relationship of debris flows in Jiangjia Gully, Yunnan Province was evaluated based on a regression analysis of 178 debris flow events that occurred from 1987-2004. The magnitude-cumulative frequency(MCF) relationship of the debris flows in the Jiangjia Gully is consistent with the linear logarithmic transformation function. Moreover, observed data for debris flows in Hunshui Gully of Yunnan Province and Huoshao Gully, Liuwan Gully, and Niwan Gully of Gansu Province were used to verify the function. The results showed that the MCF relationship of highfrequency debris flows is consistent with the power law equation, although the regression coefficients in the equation are considerably different. Further analysis showed a strong correlation between the differences in the constants and the drainage area and daily maximum precipitation.

Field observation of debris-flow activities in the initiation area of the Jiangjia Gully, Yunnan Province, China

The Jiangjia Gully, which is located in Dongchuan District, Yunnan Province, China, is a watershed prone to debris flows and has long-term recorded data of debris-flow occurrence. However, the initiation mechanism has mainly been studied by experiments in this watershed. To further reveal debris-flow formation mechanism in the Jiangjia Gully, debris-flow activities in the initiation zone were observed with hand-held video cameras in the summer of 2016 and 2017. In these two years, six debris-flow events were triggered in Menqian Gully, a major tributary of the Jiangjia Gully, while debrisflow activities in some sub-watersheds of Menqian Gully were recorded with video cameras in four events. The video recording shows that landslides constituted an important source for sediment supply in debris flow. Some landslides directly evolved into debris flows, while the others released sediment into rills and channels, where debris flows were generated for sediment entrainment by water flow. Therefore, debris-flow occurrence in the Jiangjia Gully is influenced both by infiltration-dominated processes and by runoff-dominated processes. In addition, rainfall data from four gauges installed in Menqian Gully were analyzed using mean intensity(I), duration(D), peak 10-minute rainfall(R10min) and antecedent rainfall(AR) up to 15 days prior to peak 10-minute rainfall. It reveals that debris-flow triggering events can be discriminated from nontriggering events either by an I-D threshold or by an R10min-AR threshold. However, false alarms can be greatly reduced if these two kinds of thresholds are used together. Moreover, behaviors including intermittency of debris flow, variance in moisture content and volume among surges, and coalescence of multiple surges by temporary damming were observed, indicating the complexity of debris-flow initiation processes. These findings are expected to enhance our knowledge on debris-flow formation mechanism in regions with similar environmental settings.

THE CATASTROPHE FORECAST OF THE ANNUAL SIDEMENT TRANSPORT BY DEBRIS FLOW IN JIANGJIA GULLY,YUNNAN PROVINCE, CHINA

On the basis of the observational data on the annual sediment transport by debris flow in recent 8 years, appling the catastrophe forecast method of Grey System Theory, this study has established the catastrophe model of the annual sediment transport by debris flow in Jiangjia Gully. It has forecasted the next potential catastrophic year in which the annual sediment transport will be over the catastrophic. threshold 2 million m3. Furthermore, it has introduced the 'equal dimension-new information model', which makes the forecast be done continuously.

Deposition Morphology of Non-homogeneous Debris Flow and Its Energy Characteristics

Non-homogeneous two-phase debris flows are widely found in the western mountainous regions of China. To investigate the characteristics of the debris flow deposition process related to the morphology and extent of the debris fan, a series of physical experiments were carried out using an experimental flume. Some useful relationships were obtained to link the flow velocity with the geometric characteristics of deposition morphology and the corresponding area or volume. Based on these, some expressions about energy dissipation process in both the transport-deposition zone and deposition zone are presented, and improved equations describing solidliquid two-phase energy transformations in the specific deposition zone are also established. These results provide a basis for further investigating the underlying mechanisms of non-homogeneous debris flows, based upon which effective disaster control measures can be undertaken.

Geomorphologic analysis and physico-dynamic characteristics of Zhatai-Gully debris flows in SW China

Zhatai gully is a typical debris flow channel in Butuo county of Sichuan province, southwestern China. The geomorphologic features are analyzed and the physical-dynamic characteristics are discussed on the basis of field investigation and laboratory tests. Geomorphologic analysis indicates that Zhatai-gully drainage in relation to debris flow can be divided into source area, transport area, and deposition area. The source area has a steep slope and has very limited vegetation cover, which favors runoff, allowing loose solid materials to be mobilized easily and rapidly. In the transport area, there are many small landslides, lateral lobes, and loose materials distributed on both banks. These landslides are active and constantly providing abundant source of soils for the debris flows. In the deposition area, three old debris-flow deposits of different ages can be observed. The dynamic calculation shows that within the recurrence intervals of 50 and lOO years, debris flow discharges are 155.77m^3/s and 178.19m^3/s and deposition volumes are 16.39 × 10^4 m^3 and 18.14 × 10^4 m^3, respectively. The depositional fan of an old debris flow in the outlet of the gully can be subdivided into six layers. There are three debris flow deposits on left and two on the right side of the gully. Grain-size tests of sediments from the soil, gulley bed deposits, and the fresh and old debris flow deposits showed that high amounts of clay and fine gravel were derived from the soil in the source area whereas much of the gravel fraction were sourced from the gully bed deposits. Comprehensive analysis indicates that Zhatai gully is viscous debris-flow gully with moderate to high frequency and moderate to large magnitude debris flows. The risk of a debris flow disaster in Zhatai-gully is moderate and poses a potential threat to the planned hydroelectric dam. Appropriate engineering measures are suggested in the construction and protection of the planned hydroelectric station.

Fine Root Distribution Pattern of Different Aged Leucaena leucocephala Trees in Debris Flow Source Area in Jiangjia Gully, China

Fine root is critical to restrain soil erosion and its distribution pattern is of great influence on the restraining effects. This study studied the fine root biomass （Br） distribution of different aged Leucaena leucocephala （5, 10, 15 years） in debris flow source area in Jiangjia Gully by digging downward to the bottom at different distances to stem in three directions on slope. The results showed the Br increased dramatically by 143% from 5 years to lO years and then rose slowly by 38% from to years to 15 years. The Br of 5 years was significantly asymmetric between uphill and alonghill directions, but there was little difference among directions for other ages, and a concentration trend appeared to exist in downhill and alonghill directions. Moreover, fine root （D≤1 mm） was significantly heavier than that of fine root （1mm〈D〈2 ram）, playing a leading role in the vertical distribution of the whole fine root, with a logarithmic or an exponential function. The results presented may shed light on fine root distribution pattern and evaluation of its effect on slope stability in debris flow source area.

Numerical Simulation of Debris Flow Runout Using Ramms:A Case Study of Luzhuang Gully in China

This study proposes a comprehensive method,which consists of field investigation,flume test and numerical simulation,to predict the velocity and sediment thickness of debris flow.The velocity and sediment thickness of the debris flow in mountainous areas can provide critical data to evaluate the geohazard,which will in turn help to understand the debris runout.The flume test of this debris prototype can provide friction coefficient and viscosity coefficient which are important for numerical simulation of debris flow.The relation between the key parameters in the numerical modelling using the Voellmy model and debris-flow rheology is discussed.Through simulation of a debris flow that occurred in Luzhuang gully,it is observed that the debris flow runout determined by the Voellmy model was well consistent with that obtained from field investigation and flume test,demonstrating the effectiveness of this study.The relationship between the Voellmy model and debris flow runout is also proposed.

Characteristics of gully bed scour and siltation between check dams

Check dams are the most commonly used engineering measure for debris flow control worldwide.The scour and siltation characteristics between dams are important factors affecting dam design.In this study,classical dimensional analysis of the variables that influence the development of gully bed scour and siltation was carried out.Flume experiments were conducted to examine the influence characteristics of opening width,flume slope,debris flow density,and opening rate on the characteristics of gully bed scour and siltation.The influential characteristics of variables on the dimensionless scour depth,scour length,siltation length,scour volume and siltation volume were obtained.The experiments showed that,with an increase in the relative opening from 1.5 to 2.5,scour depth increased by 7.4%,scour length decreased by 11.2%,siltation length increased by 22.0%,scour volume decreased by 4.7%and siltation volume increased by 22.0%.With an increase in flume gradient from 0.105 to 0.213,scour depth,siltation length and siltation volume increased by 40.0%,65.9%and 65.9%,respectively,and scour length decreased by 20.1%.With an increase in sediment concentration from 0.303 to 0.545,siltation length and siltation volume increased by 15.4%and 15.4%,respectively,and scour depth,scour length and scour volume decreased by 9.6%,9.1%and 17.8%,respectively.As opening rate increased from 0.08 to 0.32,siltation length and siltation volume increased by 33.3%and 33.3%,respectively,and scour depth,scour length and scour volume decreased by 5.4%,13.7%and 18.4%,respectively.The results showed that the flume gradient was the most influential factor on scour depth,scour length,siltation length and siltation volume,and the sediment concentration was the most influential factor on scour volume.Then,according to the experimental data,some empirical formulas predicting scour depth,scour length,siltation length,scour volume and siltation volume were obtained.The error between the computed values according to the formulas in this paper and the observed values was within±10%.These research results may provide a technological basis for window dam design in debris flow disaster prevention and mitigation.

Two-dimensional Numerical Model for Debris Flows in the Jiangjia Gully,Yunnan Province

Debris flows are recurrent natural hazards in many mountainous regions.This paper presents a numerical study on the propagation of debris flows in natural erodible open channels,in which the bed erosion and sedimentation processes are important.Based on the Bingham fluid theory,a mathematical model of the two-dimensional non-constant debris flow is developed.The governing equations include the continuity and momentum conservation equations of debris flow,the sediment convection-diffusion equation,the bed erosion-deposition equation and the bed-sediment size gradation adjustment equation.The yield stress and shear stress components are included to describe the dynamic rheological properties.The upwind control-volume Finite Volume Method (FVM) is applied to discretize the convection terms.The improved SIMPLE algorithm with velocity-free-surface coupled correction is developed to solve the equations on non-orthogonal,quadrilateral grids.The model is applied to simulate a debris flow event in Jiangjia Gully,Yunnan Province and to predict the flow pattern and bed erosion-deposition processes.The results show the effectiveness of the proposed numercial model in debris flow simulation and potential hazard analysis.

An Overview of Formation Mechanism and Disaster Characteristics of Post-seismic Debris Flows Triggered by Subsequent Rainstorms in Wenchuan Earthquake Extremely Stricken Areas

The Wenchuan earthquake induced large amounts of debris flows and catastrophic incidents triggered by subsequent rainstorms occurred frequently in the past 6 rainy seasons, and thus resulted in serious casualties, huge economic loss and long-term impact. In this paper, post-seismic debris flows distributed in 10 Wenchuan earthquake extremely stricken counties were verified and debris flow database consisting of 609 debris flows was established based on detailed investigation organized by Land and Resources Department of Sichuan Province. Combined with database and related studies, the impact of Wenchuan earthquake on debris flows was analyzed. And then variation of formation conditions including rainfall threshold and landform condition was analyzed by contrasting pre-seismic and post-seismic debris flows. Followed are some typical viewpoints on initiation mechanism of post-seismic debris flows. In the end of this paper, characteristics of postseismic debris flows triggered by subsequent rainstorms were comprehensively summarized, such as regional group occurrence, high frequency, high viscosity, chain effect, huge dynamics, large scale and long duration. We hope this paper will be helpful in understanding the formation mechanism, disaster characteristics and prevention countermeasures of post-seismic debris flows in Wenchuan earthquake extremely stricken areas.

Quantitative evaluation of eco-geotechnical measures for debris flow mitigation by improved vegetation-erosion model

Eco-geotechnical measures for debris flow mitigation and control have attracted wide attention,but the mitigation effect is lack of quantitative evaluation of coordinated measures.In order to evaluate the debris flow mitigation effect in the combinations of geotechnical engineering and ecological engineering,this study investigated the different trends of debris flows behaviour based on the sediment deposition on the gully bed and the loose material on the hillslope.Besides,this research proposed a new model involving vegetation coverage,source gravity energy and debris flow volume based on vegetation-erosion model.The new model validated that the debris flow volume was proportional to the gravity energy of gravel and rock fragments on the hillslope and inversely proportional to the vegetation coverage in a dry-hot valley setting.Furthermore,a typical area in the valley of the Xiaojiang River in Yunnan Province,China was quantified with the new model.The results showed that under different gravity energy conditions,the implementation order of check dam construction and afforestation was important for debris flow mitigation.

基于Massflow的达摩沟泥石流模拟与危险性分析

达摩沟小流域历史上曾发生泥石流灾害事件,造成较大人员伤亡和财产损失。目前,该小流域主沟堆积大量煤矸石,主沟两侧坡面堆积有较多崩、坡积物。为分析泥石流再次发生的可能性与危险性,在无人机摄影测量和野外现场调查的基础上,详细分析达摩沟小流域泥石流发育条件,基于改进MacCormack-TVD有限差分法,采用Massflow软件对10,20,50,100 a一遇4种降雨概率条件下达摩沟暴发泥石流的工况进行数值模拟,得到达摩沟小流域在不同降雨概率下的泥石流危险性。结果表明:①在此4种降雨概率下,大部分区域的泥石流流速维持在0~3 m/s,泥深保持在0~4 m的水平,而峰值流量最大可达19 m/s,泥深最大可达3.85 m;②在100 a一遇的降雨强度下,达摩沟高危险性地区占16.54%,中风险地区占49.27%,低风险地区占34.19%;③模拟结果较好地符合泥石流的时空发育特征,展现了降雨强度对泥石流运动的影响规律,可为泥石流的预警监测提供参考。

四川木里县项脚沟“7•5”特大型泥石流特征及发展趋势分析

2021年7月5日,凉山州木里县项脚沟暴发特大型泥石流灾害。文章通过野外调查和特征参数计算,研究了本次泥石流的形成条件、暴发过程和暴发特征。根据实地考察判断,泥石流主要在森林火灾、短时强降雨和沟道地形条件等因素共同作用下暴发,为暴雨径流冲刷引发的火后泥石流。暴雨形成的洪水冲刷坡面、侵蚀沟道,导致沟道两岸坍塌滑坡,堵溃效应明显,泥石流规模扩大。项脚沟过火面积达74.61%,高烈度火烧区面积达57.98%,泥石流临界降雨强度为77.84 mm/h,累计降雨达141.60 mm。根据泥石流特征参数计算结果,此次泥石流密度范围为1.83~1.93 g/cm^(3),属黏性泥石流,主沟下游出口流速为7.22 m/s,峰值流量759.08 m^(3)/s。结合雨洪法和形态调查法结果分析,此次泥石流重现周期为百年一遇。结合泥石流发育趋势,文章认为流域仍有可能暴发大型泥石流,提出了上游固坡、中游调控、下游排导的防治建议。

拦砂坝失效条件下泥石流潜在危险性分析

受极端降雨的影响,泥石流灾害呈现多发、频发、致灾严重的特点。而采用拦砂坝等措施来防治泥石流是保护山区城镇的有效手段之一。随着时间的推移,部分拦砂坝已达到设计使用年限,存在因破坏失效而潜在危险性增大的问题。为了探明拦砂坝失效条件下的不同频率泥石流潜在危险性,以四川省金川县沙耳沟为研究区域,利用FLO-2D数值模拟软件模拟了无工程措施、拦砂坝正常运行和拦砂坝失效3种工况下的泥石流运动和堆积特征,并对泥石流危险性进行了区划。结果表明:工程失效与自然条件相比,最大堆积深度相差较小,平均堆积深度增加了2.57%~5.77%;最大流速和平均流速分别增加了0.1%~35.98%、1.95%~6.55%;冲出距离变远,冲出方量增加了3.14%~6.65%。相比无工程措施和拦砂坝正常运行条件,拦砂坝失效工况下高危险区面积分别增加了0.93%~3.39%、8.91%~17.93%;堆积范围分别增加了0.39%~0.83%、11.50%~22.50%。若拦砂坝失效,将产生巨大的泥石流潜在危险性,在极端天气下应加强对老化拦砂坝的监测预警。研究成果可为该地区地质灾害防治提供参考。

大规模沟谷型泥石流成因与减灾启示——以黑水县谷汝沟“7·14”泥石流为例

沟谷型泥石流具有谷坡陡峻、相对高差大、沟道坡度大等特点,往往形成大规模的泥石流灾害。2021年7月14日20时许,黑水县谷汝沟发生大规模泥石流灾害,造成直接经济损失3300万元。为提高和完善泥石流灾害的预测预警手段与减灾水平,以沟谷型泥石流谷汝沟“7·14”泥石流为典型研究对象,通过现场勘察、模型计算、流域地貌信息熵和气象分析等方法,揭示谷汝沟“7·14”泥石流特征,分析其成因,预测其未来发展趋势。结果表明:谷汝沟“7·14”泥石流容重为1.83g/cm3,属于黏性石流,平均流速为11.2m/s,泥石流峰值流量达到991.2 m3/s;流域处于壮年偏幼期的地貌发育阶段,为谷汝沟“7·14”泥石流暴发提供了充足的动力势能条件,49.7mm的日降雨量是泥石流的激发因素;根据灰色灾变预测模型,谷汝沟将在2027年、2034年、2042年暴发泥石流灾害。研究成果有助于完善沟谷型泥石流的预测预警,可为其他地区泥石流防灾减灾提供参考。

泥石流承灾体群体效应特征反演——以7·12四川平武县黑水沟泥石流为例

群体建筑结构的分布格局、结构形式等因素影响泥石流冲击过程和致灾表现。泥石流冲击存在绕流现象、放大作用和遮蔽效应,泥石流与建筑群之间存在复杂的流固耦合模态,但针对这类泥石流承灾体群体效应的过程与机制仍不清晰。本研究通过野外调查、物理实验和数值模拟等方法,调查泥石流承灾体群体效应特征,反演泥石流冲击流场分布和建筑损伤过程,提出了一套建筑群对泥石流的承灾动力响应特征分析方法。研究结果表明:(1)泥石流流场存在放大作用。面对泥石流冲击,建筑群的破坏导致沟道区域流速增加20%,建筑群区域流速增加46%。(2)泥石流流场存在绕流现象。建筑群阻碍泥石流直进输运,导致建筑拐角之间存在局部压力高度集中现象。(3)在建筑群中存在明显的遮蔽效应。失去建筑的上游遮蔽保护可使下游建筑受到的泥石流冲击强度增加120%。(4)泥石流致灾过程中,建筑群周边与内部的泥石流冲击特征差异明显。在建筑群外围,受前排建筑破坏的影响,泥石流流线后排建筑受泥石流冲击时刻提前10 s,泥石流冲击强度增加速率达2.1倍;(5)泥石流对建筑群内建筑冲击强度分为冲击力急剧增加—缓慢增加—逐渐稳定三个阶段,对应泥石流流深增高、缓慢淤积过程。研究结果可以为泥石流易发区村落城镇的建筑规划布局和防灾减灾措施提供科学参考。

沟道堆积体失稳破坏引发泥石流的起动机理研究进展

地震引发的崩塌、滑坡等次生灾害在沟道中形成的松散堆积体,在强降雨作用下发生失稳破坏,引发规模庞大的泥石流。对该类泥石流进行系统地研究并揭示其起动机理和破坏规律,能够为我国西南地区泥石流防治工程提供一定的理论参考。因此,基于现阶段的国内外研究现状,重点分析了沟道堆积体稳定性影响因素,梳理了4种失稳破坏模式,凝练出了2种沟道堆积体的起动机理,并以水力类泥石流的观点归纳总结了三类沟道堆积体失稳破坏引发泥石流的临界起动模型。最后,由于沟道堆积体失稳破坏引发的泥石流起动过程本身的复杂性,基于对现有成果的不足分析,提出了该类泥石流涉及的3个重难点科学问题。

低频性沟谷型泥石流水动力学冲蚀启动机制及动态监控

位于浙江省西部衢北地区的杨家泥石流是典型的水体冲蚀形成的低频性沟谷型泥石流。结合杨家泥石流所处的地质环境背景,首先在分析其分区特征、类型和成因机制,评价泥石流易发性及危害程度的基础上,利用统计分析方法确立暴雨强度指标;然后采用力学计算和极限平衡分析理论,构建强降雨作用下冲沟水动力学冲蚀启动模型,确定临界径流深度;再构建降雨—泥水位—流量相结合的递进式分层次综合预警体系;最后于2012年10月在杨家泥石流冲沟开展单沟泥石流远程自动化监测网络体系建设,实施远程监测控制和预警。研究表明:杨家泥石流冲沟呈小流域封闭状,汇水区、形成—流通区和堆积区分区特征明显,杨家泥石流是由特大暴雨激发的、低频的、一次性爆发规模为小型的稀性水石流,为中易发泥石流;冲沟形成区松散物源地表径流深度超过1.0 m时,处于临失稳状态,松散物质易被冲刷侵蚀,可将此临界径流深度作为是否冲蚀启动泥石流的有效判据,并结合暴雨强度指标(R<2.8)和泥石流洪峰流量(Q_(d)=31.83 m^(3)/s)确定泥石流综合预警指标;监测期间(2012-10-26—2022-10-10)研究区最大降雨发生于2019-06-19,经计算R=2.4<2.8,冲沟区处于安全雨情,沟道泥水位未达到地表径流的警戒限值,不具备泥石流形成启动的水动力条件,沟内流量(最大值为1.70 m^(3)/s)正常,未达到洪峰流量,未有泥石流发生或沟道堵塞等不良现象,此期间冲沟区较为稳定,再次发生泥石流的可能性小。建立以水动力学冲蚀启动特征参数为主的综合监测网络体系,可作为低频性沟谷型泥石流系统防灾控制的技术方法。

川西北某泥石流沟发育特征及易发性评价

川西北某泥石流沟位于汶川“5.12”8级地震中心影响区域岷江河谷,该区域地质构造复杂,新构造运动强烈,强震频发,加之受岷江河谷深切,地形陡峻,出露地层以软质岩为主,沟道及两侧物源十分丰富,强降雨条件下易引发泥石流灾害。通过收集区域地质资料、遥感解译、现场地质勘察和力学计算等方法相结合,从地形、物源和水动力条件等方面,研究了该区域某泥石流沟的发育特征并开展易发性评价,提出了相应的工程防治对策。研究结果表明:(1)川西北某泥石流沟为暴雨崩滑沟谷型泥石流,泥石流沟流域面积20.8 km^(2),固体物质总储量约258.9×10^(4) m^(3),可能的动储量约64.5×10^(4) m^(3);(2)100年一遇的泥石流重度为1.74 t/m^(3),平均流速为5.12 m/s,最大峰值流量为535.4 m^(3)/s,泥石流最大冲起高度为1.34 m,预测100年一遇的泥石流淤积厚度为4.8 m,具有中度易发性风险;(3)针对工程区的泥石流发育特征及易发性程度,建议以桥梁工程形式并留足净空通过泥石流沟,提出了泥石流防治对策与建议。研究成果对川西北山区铁路勘察设计和施工建设具有一定借鉴价值。