Mosquito Control, Killing off the Females

In addition to causing discomfort, female mosquitoes introduce disease-carrying viruses and bacteria into the bloodstream of their victims. There are numerous publications describing the uses of sugary mosquito baits with promising results. Without temperature control measures however, these methods are mainly useful for only nectar-feeding insects, including male mosquitoes, because the warmth of the blood is a condition for the females to locate their meals. The efforts required to keep the baits fresh against the natural spoiling process make them less attractive or impractical to implement. These experiments address these issues by using warm baits of water, sugar, boric acid, and antibiotics. Overnight, the general areas became clear of blood-sucking female mosquitoes while in numbers, the harmless males concentrated into the immediate vicinities. Control vs. experiment protocol established no other logical explanation for this phenomenon other than that females were attracted and killed by the bait. As expected, there was no female mosquito’s activity in these areas. There weren’t many left to do the work.

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of “Electron Go out Mosquito Small Lamp” in Disease Vector Mosquito Control Benin West Africa

In the context of mosquito control, a plethora of devices have been put on the market. The effectiveness of these devices is not always proven, but some have interesting principles that have the potential to be a good means of mosquito control. Among these interesting devices are the photonic traps. We have carried out nightly captures of mosquitoes on human baits in the presence and absence of the device. These captures were made during the rainy season in the localities of Zogbadjè and Mènontin. The captures were made under the same atmospheric conditions at the same locations at 5-day intervals. These captures were made twice per house, indoors and outdoors, with one blank capture without the device and one capture with the device. The captured mosquitoes were identified and classified by genus and their aggressiveness determined by calculating the biting rate. A total of 845 mosquitoes were captured during these captures with 296 mosquitoes captured indoors without the device and 132 mosquitoes with the device present. This represents a decrease of 55.40% in culicidae density. Furthermore, a significant decrease was observed in aggressiveness, from 49 to 22 bites per man per night (b/m/n) with the use of the device. This decrease is even more important for nocturnal species such as Anopheles spp. whose aggressiveness decreased by 90%. The present study confirms the effectiveness of the “Electron go out mosquito small lamp” in reducing Culicidae density and mosquito aggression even in the presence of chemotactic interference. However, this study was limited in time and focused only on the ability of the device to reduce mosquito numbers and did not assess its epidemiological efficacy. It is therefore important to extend the work to examine the influence of the use of this device on population health and the occurrence of mosquito-borne diseases, particularly malaria.

Possible Mosquito Control by Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by Soil Fungus (<i>Aspergillus niger 2587</i>)

Here, we have synthesized the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using the soil fungus Aspergillus niger 2587. The results recorded from UV-vis spectrophotometer and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) support the biosynthesis and characterization of AgNPs. The synthesized silver nanoparticles have also been tested against the larvae and pupae of Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. The efficacy test was performed at different concentrations for a period of different hours by the probit analysis. The larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus have shown the 100% mortality to the synthesized AgNPs after 1 h of exposure, while the larvae of An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti were found less susceptible to the synthesized AgNPs. The pupa of Ae. aegypti has shown the efficacy LC50 4, LC90 12 and LC99 19 ppm after 2 h of exposure of the synthesized AgNPs, while, the pupae of Cx. quinquefasciatus and An. stephensi were found less susceptible to the synthesized AgNPs. By this approach, it is suggestive that this rapid synthesis of nanoparticles would be proper for developing a biological process for mosquito control.

Mathematical Modelling of Sterile Insect Technology for Mosquito Control

Reduction of mosquito populations will, at least, reduce substantially the transmission of malaria disease. One potential method of achieving this reduction is the environmentally-friendly population control method known as the Sterile Insect Control (SIT) method. The SIT method has so far not been widely used against insect disease vectors, such as mosquitoes, because of various practical difficulties in rearing, sterilization and distribution of the parasite population. For mosquitoes, male-only release is considered essential since sterile females will bite and so may transmit disease, whereas male mosquitoes do not bite. This work concerns the mathematical modelling of the effectiveness of Sterile Insect Technique for Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, when the female sexual preference is incorporated. We found that for a released value of the sterile male mosquito below 40,000, the wild mosquito population decreases over time while the sterile male mosquito population increases. Therefore, the transmission of malaria and dengue infection declines because the sterile male mosquitoes dominated the environment. We also found that for a released value of the sterile male mosquito above 40,000, the wild mosquito population decreases and the sterile male mosquito population decreases as well. Therefore, if the injection of sterile male mosquitoes is large enough, the environment will be rid of mosquitoes over time. The result also shows that if sexual selection is incorporated into a reaction diffusion system, modelling the spread of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) will still be a successful control measure.

Applications of nanomaterials in mosquito vector control:A review

The periodic outbreak of mosquito-borne diseases like dengue fever,zika fever,and yellow fever all over the world highlights the need for effective mosquito control methods targeting the biological system.Due to the lack of therapeutic measures,preventive treatments or vaccines against pathogens,insecticide resistance eventually lead the research focus towards novel technological applications in mosquito management.Nanomaterials with ovicidal,larvicidal,adulticidal,and repellent properties for controlling mosquito vectors are under research.A literature search was carried out for advancements in nanomaterials,insecticides,and mosquito control in PubMed/MEDLINE,Scopus,Google Scholar,ScienceDirect,and Web of Science.This paper aims to provide insights into various nanomaterials relevant to mosquito-borne diseases,in vivo and in vitro toxicity evaluation against mosquito species,mode of action,effect on non-target organisms,and ecological risks.Organic and inorganic materials that provide controlled release,target delivery,less dosage,prolonged efficacy,a reduction in the use of organic solvents and emulsifiers,and minimum pollution to the environment have already been explored.Indeed,further research on the ecological risk and economic feasibility of nanomaterials in mosquitocidal applications should be done prior to commercialization.

Mosquito vector management with botanicals-the most effective weapons in controlling mosquito-borne diseases

Dear editor,Mosquito-borne diseases,viz.,malaria,filariasis,dengue hemorrhagic fever,chikungunya,Japanese encephalitis etc.,created huge impact on humans over the world,and the chemical insecticides remain the mainstay of effective control.But,indiscriminate and rampant use of the chemical insecticides in controlling mosquito vectors,in order to prevent diseases vectored by them,has resulted problems related to the adverse environmental effects for their(insecticides)potential toxicity,high operational cost,community acceptance,and the development of insecticide resistance among the vectors.The factors mentioned above prompted the search for new means of control strategies.Currently,the botanicals(viz.,plant extracts,essential oils and phytochemicals)with mosquitocidal potential

Evaluation of biological control agents for mosquitoes control in artificial breeding places

Objective:To evaluate the entomological impact of chlorpyrifos-methyl,Bacillus thuringiensis, and Gambusia affinis on mosquitoes control in artificial breeding places.Methods:A Latin square design with 4 replicates was performed in order to evaluate the efficacy of chlorpyrifosmethyl, Bacillus thuringiensis,and Gambusia affinis on larva.The larvicide was applied at the dosage of 100 mg a.h/ha,Bacillus thuringiensis at the recommended dosage and 10 fishes per m^2 were applied at 1×1 m^2 artificial breeding sites.The larval densities for both anopheline and culicine were counted according to larvae /10 dippers prior and 24 h after application.Results: All three control agents are effective for mosquito density reduction,and the difference between the three agents and the control is significant(P【0.05).There is also significant difference among chlorpyrifos-methyl,Bacillus thuringiensis and Gambusia affinis.Bacillus thuringiensis exhibited more reduction on mosquito larval density than fish and larvicide(P【0.05).Conclusions: Bacillus thuringiensis in comparison with two other agents is the appropriate method for larviciding in the breeding places.Although long term assessing for biological activities as well as monitoring and mapping of resistance is required.

Citrus-based essential oils could be used for dengue vector mosquitoes control

Dear Editor The mosquitoes Aedes aegypli(I,) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse)(Diptera:Culicidae) are important vectors of dengue fever in tropical and subtropical parts of the world. Chemical control has been considered as an effective tool for their management in different areas of the world.However, injudicious use of the chemicals result in environmental pollution,ill effects to humans and other animals,and the development of insecticide resistance,which ultimately limits the efficacy of many insecticides!’].Essential oils can be used for mosquito control with no harmful effects to the ecosystem and non-target organisms.Essentials oils from different plants have been found very

上海市青浦区居民蚊虫防治知识态度行为现状分析

目的了解上海市青浦区居民蚊虫防治知识、态度及行为现状,为更好地制订蚊虫防治及宣传教育提供科学依据。方法随机抽取青浦区各街镇1个居民小区,以线上形式对年龄≥18岁的常住居民开展问卷调查。结果研究共回收有效问卷1604份。在蚊虫防治知晓方面,9713%的居民知道蚊虫会传播疾病,7887%的居民知道蚊虫孳生在水中,性别和文化程度对防蚊知晓差异影响显著(均P<005);行为方面,9308%的居民安装了纱窗或纱门,8491%的居民蚊虫高峰期外出采取防蚊措施,年龄和文化程度对防蚊行为差异影响显著(均P<005);防蚊态度方面,7369%的居民愿意配合小区蚊虫防治,7238%的居民愿意筹集资金开展居民小区蚊虫防治,配合小区蚊虫防治方面文化程度差异影响显著(P<005)。结论青浦区居民对防蚊知识、防蚊行为相关较为了解,对蚊虫防治较为支持,可针对不同性别、不同文化程度开展蚊虫相关知识健康教育,探索居民小区筹集资金开展蚊虫防治工作。

4种灭幼剂对广州市白纹伊蚊幼虫和蛹的杀灭效果

目的 了解常用灭蚊幼剂对广州市白纹伊蚊幼虫和蛹的杀灭效果,为登革热等蚊媒传染病媒介控制中合理使用杀虫剂提供参考依据。方法 采用《卫生杀虫剂现场药效测定与评价杀蚊幼剂》(GB/T 31711—2015)中容器实验法,分别测试4种灭蚊幼剂对白纹伊蚊幼虫和蛹的杀灭效果。结果 4种常用灭蚊幼剂对白纹伊蚊幼虫均有良好杀灭效果,96 h死亡率为95.00%~100.00%;对蚊蛹的杀灭效果差别较大,其中倍硫磷、高效氟氯氰菊酯对蚊蛹杀灭效果显著,72 h死亡率为88.33%~100.00%,吡虫啉对蚊蛹杀灭效果较差,72 h死亡率为16.67%,苏云金杆菌对蚊蛹几乎无效。结论 灭蚊工作中处置难以清除的孳生水体时,应当根据孳生蚊虫的生活史不同阶段合理投药。

Immatures of Lutzia fuscana(Wiedemann,1820)(Diptera:Culicidae) in ricefields:implications for biological control of vector mosquitoes

Objective:Rice fields are dynamic mosquito larval habitats with assemblage of different predator taxa,including the larva of the mosquitoes Lutzia.Entomological surveillance in the ricefields is essential to evaluate the potential of these predators as biological resource to regulate vector mosquito population.In view of this,a survey of ricefields for immatures of different mosquito species including Lutzia was conducted.Methods:Survey of selected ricefields was carried out to evaluate the species composition of mosquitoes.Laboratory evaluation of the immatures of Lutzia mosquitoes was carried out to assess its predation potential using mosquitoes and chironomid as preys.Results:The survey revealed the presence of five mosquito species belonging to the genera Anopheles and Culex and the predatory immatures of the mosquito Lutzia Juscana(Wiedemann,1820).The ratio of prey and predatory larva ranged between 1.46 and 4.78 during the study period,with a significant correlation on the relative abundance of the larval stages of Lt.Juscana and Anopheles and Culex larvae.Under laboratory conditions,a single IV instar larvae of Lt.fuscana was found to consume on an average 5 to 15 equivalent instars of Anopheles sp.and Culex sp.larvae per day depending on its age.The prey consumption reduced with the larval stage approaching pupation.When provided with equal numbers of chironomid and Anopheles or Culex larvae,larva of Lt.fuscana consumed mosquito larvae significantly more compared to chironomids.Conclusion: The survey results and the preliminary study on predation are suggestive of the role of Lt.Juscana in the regulation of vector mosquito populations naturally in the ricefields.Since Lt.Juscana is common in many Asian countries,further studies on bioecology will be helpful to justify their use in mosquito control programme.

紫苏精油纳米乳液对非成虫期淡色库蚊杀灭活性的初步探讨

目的探讨紫苏精油及紫苏精油纳米乳液对淡色库蚊Culex pipiens pallens幼虫、蛹的毒性活性,为开发安全有效的植物源杀蚊剂提供科学依据。方法测定紫苏精油和纳米乳液对淡色库蚊幼虫和蛹的杀灭活性、持效性以及对非靶标生物的毒性。结果紫苏精油对一龄、二龄、三龄幼虫LC_(50)分别为25.4、43.0、46.6 mg/L;紫苏精油纳米乳液对一龄、二龄、三龄幼虫的LC_(50)分别为<25.0、35.1、38.1 mg/L。在幼虫的各阶段中,同等浓度下,纳米乳液的杀灭活性明显强于纯精油;在蛹期,同一浓度下,24、48 h精油组死亡率分别为1.3%、2.0%,而精油纳米乳组分别为34.7%、40%。在高浓度下,精油杀蚊幼活性仅维持1~2 d,而纳米乳液的杀灭活性可延长至5 d;精油和纳米乳对于常见水生植物是无毒的;对于水中的鱼类,纳米乳包裹精油后毒性大幅度降低。结论与紫苏精油纯液相比,纳米乳液制剂更加稳定,对淡色库蚊幼虫、蛹的杀灭活性增高,对非靶标生物毒性减弱。紫苏精油纳米乳液有望作为一种绿色、可持续、有效的杀蚊剂,应用于现场非成虫期蚊媒控制。

基于声像融合信息检测的畜禽舍主动式灭蚊装置

蚊子不仅会传播各种疾病,对于人类是四害之一,而且对养殖业的牲畜也存在相同威胁。传统畜禽舍灭蚊存在适用范围有限、灭蚊效果差等问题,为此,研制一种基于声像融合信息检测的畜禽舍主动式灭蚊装置。采用声音、视觉及红外线热释电信号技术对蚊子进行识别定位,然后通过电信号控制电机带动电网转动,实现物理灭蚊,从而达到节能高效灭蚊的效果,改善畜禽的生长环境,这对于解决畜牧业的灭蚊问题具有一定意义。

蚊性别决定及其应用研究进展

蚊属于典型的性二态昆虫,两性在行为上有着巨大差异,雄性成蚊主要依靠植物汁液获取碳源,而雌性只有吸血后卵巢才能够正常发育,这也是蚊传播多种人类疾病的重要基础。蚊的性二态由复杂的性别决定基因通路调控,虽然通路中两个关键因子双性基因(doublesex,dsx)与fruitless(fru)在结构和功能上与其他昆虫具有高度保守性,通过性别可变剪切最终调控下游性别表型与性行为相关基因,但是其性别决定初始信号即雄性决定因子(Male-determining factor,M-factor)无论与其他昆虫相比还是属种间均具有巨大的差异,而从M-factor至dsx的调控通路亦尚未明确。目前,利用已知的蚊性别决定基因对蚊进行基因改造,在实验室已经初步达到了性别逆转或种群抑制的效果。本文综述了蚊性别决定调控通路中初始信号雄性决定因子的进化和作用机制,其下游信号通路的响应模式,以及以性别决定基因为靶点的转基因蚊防制策略,为深入理解蚊性别决定机制与探讨蚊媒防制提供新思路。

在“同一健康”下浙江省病媒生物可持续控制“无四害村”的实践

目的系统总结浙江省农村病媒生物可持续控制的实践经验。方法回顾“同一健康”(One Health)理念和媒介生物可持续控制策略的提出和变迁,阐述浙江实践的依据、前提、基础和发展历程。结果从“无蚊村”“无蝇村”“无蚊蝇村”“无四害村”再到“无蚊单位”建设,提出了农村病媒生物可持续控制创新理念,强调的是“环境—宿主媒介—人类健康”。结论浙江农村病媒生物可持续控制探索是媒介生物及相关传染病可持续控制策略的成功实践,在当前全球严峻的病媒生物性传染病防控形势下,需要全球各部门合作和统一行动。政府首先应该负起责任,整治健康环境。新时代爱国卫生运动应该从城市扩展到农村,进一步提高农村健康环境,为传染病防控服务。

Inhibition of the growth and development of mosquito larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus(Diptera:Culicidae) treated with extract from leaves of Pseudocalymma alliaceum(Bignonaceae)

Objective:To determine larvicidal activity of the essential oil,hydrolat and botanical extracts derived from leaves ol Pseudocalymma alliaceum an mosquito larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus.Methods:Groups of twenty lanae were used in the larvicidal assays.The mortality,relative growth rate,the larval and pupal duration and viability was estimated.The essential oil was analyzed by solid phase microextraction using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.Results:Essential oil at 800 ppm showed larvicidal activity at 24 h with lethal values of LC_(50) and LC_(90) of 267.33 and 493.63 ppm.The hvdrolat at 20% and 10% on 2nd stage larvae showed 100%effectiveness after 24 h.The aqueous extract at 10% had a relative growth index of 0.58.while the ethanolic and methanolic extract obtained values of 0.76 and 0.70 and control reached 0.99.Larvae treated with 10% of methanol,ethanol and aqueous extract showed a reduction in larval duration of 5.00,2.20 and 4.35 days;ethanol extract at 1% provoke decrease of 2.40 days in the development and exhibited an increment of 3.30 days when treated with 0.01%.Aqueous,ethanol and methanol extracts at 10%reduced in 6.15,3.42 and 5.57 days pupal development.The main compounds were diallyl disulfide(50.05%),diallyl sulfide(11.77%) and disulfide di-2-propenyl(10.37%).Conclusions:The study demonstrated for the first time,the larvicidal activity of the essential oil and hydrolat of Pseudocalymma alliaceum:aqueous,ethanol and methanol extracts inhibited the normal growth and development of mosquito larvae,prolonging and delaying larval and pupal duration.

Assessment of anti mosquito measures in households and resistance status of Culex species in urban areas in southern Ghana:Implications for the sustainability of ITN use

Objective:To determine resistance status of Culex species to different class of insecticides and assess the major anti-mosquito strategies employed by urban households and their possible effects on malaria acquisition.Methods:Structured questionnaires were randomly administered to obtain information on demographic characteristics,measures that people use to prevent mosquito bites and their perception of where mosquitoes breed in their communities.Adult susceptibility assays were also carried out using WHO discriminating dosages of four insecticides from different chemical classes against Culex species.Results:Majority of respondents(54.75%) preferred the use of domestic insecticides in the form of aerosols and coils.Among households that used domestic insecticides,the use of coil was most frequent(62.9%) with a mean(95%CI) of 9.18(8.99,9.37) coils per week.Strong level of pyrethroid-resistance and multiple insecticide resistance in Culex species were also detected in some of the study sites.Conclusions:The excessive use of domestic insecticides and high level of resistance in Culex species observed in the study area has implications for the ITN component of the nation's malaria control program in more subtle ways.People will lose interest in the use of ITN when it fails to protect users from bites of resistant Culex species.Excessive use of domestic insecticides may also select resistance in both malaria vectors and Culex species.On this account we recommend that nuisance mosquitoes must be controlled as part of malaria control programs to improve acceptance and utilization of ITN.

From control to eradication of malaria:the end of being stuck in second gear?

More than 2 billion people are at risk of malaria,which primarily affects poor populations in tropical and subtropical areas,including Southern Asia.As malaria incidence has been reduced strongly in some parts of endemic regions by combinations of interventions,including artemisinin-based therapies and insecticide-treated bed nets,a new goal has been established recently by charity foundations which support research on malaria:the worldwide eradication of the pathology.Doing away with control approaches which have been applied for the last 50 years and more focus on elimination objectives will deeply change priorities in the area of malaria treatment,chemoprevention,vector control,vaccine research and health system assessment.In this review,actual knowledge on pathogenesis and pharmacology is discussed,and new drugs, vaccines and insecticides are described.

Factors Affecting the Ovilarval Density of Aedes Spp. Mosquitoes in Selected Rice Fields of Mu^oz, Nueva Ecija

Variables among the macroclimate, microclimate and rice canopy categories and three other different farming systems were evaluated on their effects to the egg and larval density of Aedes spp. mosquitoes known as transmitters of animal and human diseases. No statistical difference in egg density （#eggs/mL） among farming systems （P = 0.345） were observed. However, there was significant difference in larval density （#1arvae/mL） among farming systems （P 〈 0.001） particularly between organic and conventional farms and between organic and mixed farms at （P 〈 0.05）. Among the variables in the macroclimate category, wind velocity and ambient temperature significantly influenced larval density in conventional farms. Among the variables in the microclimate category, water temperature significantly contributed to larval density in both the mixed and conventional farms whereas water turbidity, in conventional farms. Among the variables in the rice canopy category, the number of tillers per plant was a significant contributor to larval density in all farm types. No variable among the environmental exposure categories affected the larval density in organic farms.

我国重要蚊媒病流行现状和疫苗研究进展

蚊媒病是以蚊虫为传播媒介的一类传染病,严重危害人类健康和经济发展,是全球公共卫生的关切问题。近年来,我国在蚊媒传染病流行与控制研究方面不断取得进展。本文就我国疟疾、登革热、乙型脑炎3类重要蚊媒病的流行水平、媒介构成、感染来源、时空分布变化特征及疫苗的研究进展作一综述,以期为防治工作提供参考依据。