Characteristics of Organizational Leadership and Motivation as a Factor of Change in the Public Health System

The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of organizational leaders in the health system and the factors that motivate health workers, in order to improve health care. The research was conducted in the public health institutions in Montenegro. The objectives of the research were to investigate whether leaders affect the motivation of employees in order to implement changes in the health system. The study was implemented through the interview method on the representative sample of 603 employees in public health institutions. The factor analysis revealed the latent characteristics of the organizational leader and the factors that motivate employees in public health institutions. The result of study indicates that employees in public health perceive organizational leadership to have a good quality. Result also exposes that the strongest motivation factor is a financial incentive. Financial incentive is the main motivator for employees in the public health sector, while the participation in decision-making was the least important motivational factor. The results obtained indicate that employees are primarily focused on individual goals, which influence the acceptance of change within the health system. The role of organizational leaders in motivating is poor because obtained factor scores are not correlated. The research has shown that organizational leaders do not have a great impact on the motivation of employees in the public health sector. This has effect on the process of accepting changes, where the roles of leaders are very important, especially in providing support to employees.

Public health nurse observations of behavioral characteristics of fathers who contribute to the emotional instability of mothers, as presented in cases of infant abuse

The objective of this study is to look at the understanding and perceptions of public health nurses (PHNs) related to behavioral characteristics of fathers that contribute to emotional instability in mothers by reviewing abuse cases involving infants and very young children. A qualitative descriptive design was applied to the data analysis, based on a semi-structured interview administered to three experienced PHNs who had been in charge of maternal and child health services for at least five years at a public health department or health center;with the data obtained in the interview narratives analyzed. In the observations of the experienced PHNs, the behavioral characteristics of fathers who are instigators of child abuse can be classified into five categories, fathers who are: “Talking to others about marital problems without attempting to solve these by themselves”, “Working on learning about childcare seeking to correct childcare methods”, “Taking the initiative in childcare at cross purposes with mothers”, “Stressing the effort they (the fathers) put into childcare”, and “Failing to notice the own family situation and problems”. The findings of the study suggest the necessity for PHNs to understand fathers, to be aware of the difficulty of building a supportive relationship with fathers, and to improve skills enabling the PHNs to help fathers form good relationships with other family members.

The behavioral characteristics of slow-mover in urban waterfront space

The waterfront space is a specific and perfect open space for people to experience the city.Daily entertainment,leisure,shopping,sports and other activities can be carried out in the waterfront slow-motility space.There are three types of slow-mover in urban waterfront space namely walking,stop or stay,and riding.Analysis of their behavioral characteristics and the difference of different people can help to clarify the design requirements and produce a waterfront space that will better meets people’s functional needs.

Effect of Teaching Behavior on Study Motivation in Generative Teaching

Teaching behavior plays a vital role in students’study and has a great effect on their academic achievement.Study motivation is one of key essentials for students to focus themselves on their study.As a teacher,how to arouse students’motivation and inspire students to study actively is a critical teaching behavior.How to change default teaching into generative teaching is also one of necessary teaching behaviors in English teaching.This paper will illustrate what measures should be taken and what principles should be followed in generative teaching.

The Influence of Second-Language Self-Orientation on Learning Motivation of Medium Level EFL Proficiency

EFL motivation is a hot research field of second language learners.In recent years,many researchers have focused on Dornyei’s second language self-system as a theoretical framework.The purpose of this study is to examine the predictive power of self-orientation of college medium level English learners to EFL learners’motivation,and to find ways to enhance their motivation and EFL proficiency.The subject of this paper is a medium level students of an ordinary college.Using linear regression analysis to collect data through questionnaires,it is found that the self-orientation of the subjects can explain the predictive effect on the actu⁃al learning behavior is not ideal.Ideal L2 self and L2 self-confidence are insufficient,and corresponding learning strategies are lacking,which limits self-directed ability to predict L2 motivation.

The Impact of Dominant Predictors on University Students’Creativity through Creative Self-efficacy in Shaanxi China:The Moderating Role of Motivation

Studies on creativity have identified critical individual and contextual variables that contribute to individuals’creative performance.Ceative self-efficacy has also served as a critical mediating mechanism linking a variety of individual and contexual factors to people’s creative performance.However,the factors influence the relationship between creative selfefficacy and creativity have not yet been systematically investigated.In this study,the author explores potential processes that motivation moderate the relationship between creative self-efficacy and university students creativity under the effects of three dominant predictors like openness to experience,learning goal orientation and team learning behavior.

Sex Work, Motivations for Entry, and the Combined Impact of Both on Mental Health: A Case Report of Japanese Female Patients within Therapeutic Relationships

The purpose of this study was to explore the motivations for entry into the sex industry. The narratives of four Japanese female psychiatric patients with a past experience of sex work were used for analysis. I identified not only practical factors such as financial difficulties or lack of job skills, but also various psycho-social factors, namely: weak emotional ties with their mothers since infancy, their mothers’ tendency to prioritize sons over daughters, unremitting needs for maternal care, fear of rejection and object-seeking behavior, desire to control others, envy and aggressive self-destructive behavior, difficulties in establishing female peer relationships during adolescence, proneness to dependency on male objects through sexual relationships, past histories of crime and delinquency, weak internal motivation, frequent acting out, and addictive behaviors. In this article I discussed whether their mental maladjustment was purely the product of their past experiences as sex workers, or whether in fact both the maladjustment and the motivations for entry were derived from personality characteristics developed since infancy. Although not applicable to every Japanese sex worker, this article presents a preliminary hypothesis regarding the contribution of the above multi-dimensional factors to the motivations for entry, and the following mental maladjustment.

Consumption Motivation and Behavior of College Students in Western-style Fast Food Restaurants on Campus

Based on the questionnaire survey data of college students in Wuhan,this paper studied the motivation of consumption behavior of college students in western-style fast food restaurants on campus,and built a relationship model for consumption motivation and behavior. The results indicate that the consumption motivation of college students in western-style fast food restaurants includes six types: social motivation,conformity motivation,show-off motivation,self-hedonic motivation,quality-pursuing motivation,and self-gift giving motivation. The overall characteristics of college students' consumption behavior in western-style fast food restaurants include six characteristics: consumption period,consumption frequency,ways of information access,consumption amount,product preference,and consumption willingness. There are significant differences in the consumption behavior between different college students. Different college students are different in consumption period,consumption frequency,ways of information access,consumption amount,product preference,and consumption willingness. Based on the above results,it came up with pertinent marketing recommendations.

Factors That Promote Autonomous and Controlled Motivation in Self-management Behavior of Hemodialysis Patients

This study examined the differences and primary factors from the impact of autonomous motivation and controlled motivation on the self-management behavior of hemodialysis patients.Anonymous,self-describing questionnaires were used for research on nine different dialysis facilities of 413 people who regularly visit.From using the primary factor results of multiple regression analysis,that took autonomous motivation and controlled motivation as the dependent variable,a path diagram was created that led to each motivation.The acknowledgement of autonomy support facilitated whether it was autonomous motivation or controlled motivation(The standardized coefficient was 0.385,0.346,p<0.0001).Positive evaluation coping skills were a primary factor that promoted autonomous motivation,while trait anxiety,disorders of social activities,and lack of motivation were primary factors that promoted controlled motivation.In order to raise the autonomous motivation to promote self-management behavior in patients with hemodialysis treatment,situations that easily cause amotivation and anxiety,as well as tendencies for depression should be assessed.Also the encouragement to attain positive evaluation coping skills to support patient autonomy appears to be effective.

Threat Perceptions, Avoidance Motivation and Security Behaviors Correlations

As the economy increases its dependence on the internet to increase efficiency and productivity in all aspects of society, close attention has been directed to solve the challenges related to internet security. Despite the large amount of resource invested so far in this area, cybersecurity challenges are still great as the media frequently report new cyber breaches. Although researchers acknowledge that great progress has been made in protecting digital assets, cybercriminals are still successful in their operations which are no longer limited to government entities and corporations but also individual computer users. To improve users’ security posture, the researcher examined the relationship between Millennials’ perceptions of cybersecurity threat, users’ online security behaviors and avoidance motivation. The study focused on three constructs which are Perceived Threat (PTH), Online Security Behaviors (OSB) and Avoidance Motivation (AMO). The researcher administered a survey to 109 participants randomly selected in the United States. The Spearman’s correlation test performed supported the analysis of the strength of the relationship and the level of significance between the independent variable and the dependent variables. The results from the statistical test provided enough evidence to fail to reject the null hypothesis related to relationships between PTH and OSB and to reject the null hypothesis regarding the relationship between PTH and AMO.

Motivation dimensions for running a marathon:A new model emerging from the Motivation of Marathon Scale(MOMS)

Purpose：The aim of this study was to test and expand the Motivation of Marathoners Scale（MOMS） model（Masters et al.,1993）.Methods：The MOMS questionnaire was distributed to 306 male and female marathon runners（age range：20–77 years） with experience in marathon running（range：1–44 runs）.A confirmatory factor analysis（CFA） revealed that the original Purpose：The aim of this study was to test and expand the Motivation of Marathoners Scale（MOMS） model（Masters et al.,1993）.Methods：The MOMS questionnaire was distributed to 306 male and female marathon runners（age range：20-77 years） with experience in marathon running（range：1-44 runs）.A confirmatory factor analysis（CFA） revealed that the original model failed to fit the data.Hence,exploratory factor analysis（EFA） was performed to test the best factorial solution for the current data,and a subsequent CFA was performed on the revised factorial structure.Then,a series of EFAs using maximum likelihood factor extraction method were performed.Results：The best structure solution for model-data fit resulted in 11 factors：psychological coping-emotional-related coping,psychological coping-everyday-life management,life meaning,self-esteem,recognition,affiliation,weight concerns,general health orientation-reduced disease prevalence and longevity,general health orientation-keep fit,competition,and personal goal achievement.Conclusion：This study provides a sound and solid framework for studying motivation for physically demanding tasks such as marathon runs,and needs to be similarly applied and tested in studies incorporating physical tasks which vary in mental demands.

Travel Motivation of Domestic Tourists to the Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve in Northeastern China: A Comparative Study

This article seeks to develop a fuller understanding of the social and attraction motives of domestic tourists who visit the Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve(CMBR) in Northeastern China. To do so, ecotourists are compared to general travelers visiting this area. A questionnaire was employed to collect data on visitor characteristics and motivations, responses to which were then analyzed via descriptive statistics, T-tests and principal component factor analysis. Results showed that 16% of the visitors to this area were classified as ecotourists, while the remainder general travelers. Five motivations displayed significant differences(P<0.05) between these two types of tourists. Three social motives – boosting self-confidence, feeling at home away from home and being together with family – and two attraction motives – indoor sports and viewing unique landscapes of the CMBR(crater lake, waterfall, gorge and hot spring) – were significantly more important for general travelers(P<0.05); while two social motives of experiencing the tranquility of the natural setting and the natural beauty of the landscape were relatively more important for ecotourists(P<0.1). Results suggest that ecotourists have distinct and complicated attraction and social motives compared to general travelers visiting the CMBR. Results have useful implications for researchers interested in tourist motivations and behavior, as well as for managers who wish to focus their marketing strategies more effectively. National Park of South Africa. Uysal et al.(1994) assessed the travel motives of Australian tourists to U.S. national parks and nature areas and formed five groupings including ‘relaxation/hobbies', ‘novelty', ‘enhancement of kinship relationship', ‘escape', and ‘prestige'. Tao et al.(2004) analyzed motivations of Asian tourists travelling to Taiwan's Taroko National Park using a self-defined approach and found that the most significant benefits sought by self-defined ecotourists are ‘learning about nature' and ‘participating in recreation activities'. Beh and Bruyere(2007) analyzed visitor motivations in three Kenyan national reserves, identifying the three most prominent kinds of tourists as escapers, learners and spiritualists. Pan and Ryan(2007) used factor analysis to reveal five motivational dimensions –‘relaxation', ‘social needs', ‘a sense of belonging', ‘mastery skills', and ‘intellectual needs' – of visitors to the Pirongia Forest Park in New Zealand. Kruger and Saayman(2010) did a comparative study on travel motivations of tourists to Kruger and Tsitsikamma National Parks in South Africa and found that common motives of tourists were ‘escape and relaxation' as well as ‘knowledge seeking', ‘nostalgia' and ‘park attributes'. Despite these efforts, on an overall basis past literature on why visitors travel to national parks and nature areas is still rather limited. In China, a number of empirical studies on tourist motivations have been conducted since the early 1990s(Chen and Miao 2006; Dong 2011; Huang et al. 2011; Jeffrey and Xie 1994; Lu 1997; Ma et al. 2013; Zhang 2012). Some studies have focused on motivations of visitors to nature reserves(Li 2007), geological parks(Chen and Qiao 2010), world heritage sites(Su et al. 2005), and seismic memorial sites(Tang 2014). However, most previous research findings on tourist motivations are not comparable, reflecting the fact that visitors to different parks have quite different motives due to the attributes of particular destinations, the geographic locations of these parks, types of available activities, marketing strategies, and the complexity of travel motives(Chen and Qiao 2010; Pan and Ryan 2007). While it is true that certain motivations were shared in varying degrees by most tourists to these places – i.e., ‘appreciating natural landscapes', ‘family and education', ‘social needs', and ‘perceived prestige of visit' – most previous research has not focused on natural settings as destinations. Thus travel motivations of tourists to these areas must be further explored and clarified in relation to impacts on particular natural areas and patterns of market segmentation. As one of the earliest and largest natural reserves established in China, the Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve(CMBR) has long been a draw not only for domestic tourists but also for international visitors, and tourism to the area has been growing steadily since 1980. With the number of visitors to the reserve having climbed to 2.44 million in 2010(Statistical Communiqué of the Changbai Mountain Protection and Development Zone of Jilin Province 2011), it has become imperative for local government officials and reserve wardens to understand tourists' desires and interests when identifying tourism development opportunities. However, the existing literature still suffers from a lack of empirical studies that investigate why people travel to the CMBR and whether tourist motives differ between groups such as ecotourists and general travelers. The target population for this study consists of domestic visitors to the CMBR. The goals of this research include:(1) to identify the social and attraction motives of domestic tourists that influence decisions to visit the CMBR;(2) to explore whether there are any differences between the motivations of these two types of tourists; and(3) to provide some useful management implications for local government and tourism marketers.

Characteristics of In-Situ Soil Water Hysteresis Observed through Multiple-Years Monitoring

A soil water retention curve (SWRC) is an essential soil physical property for analyzing transport and retention of water in a soil layer. A SWRC is often described as a single-valued function that relates the soil water potential ψ to volumetric water content θ of the soil. However, an in-situ ψ − θ relation should show soil water hysteresis, though this fact is often neglected in analyses of field soil water regimes while long-term in-situ soil water hysteresis is not well characterized. This study aimed at probing and characterizing in-situ ψ − θ relations. The developments of large hysteresis in the in-situ ψ − θ relations were observed only a few times during the study period of 82 months. Any of the large hysteretic behaviors in the ψ − θ relations began with an unusually strong continual reduction in ψ. The completion of a hysteresis loop required a recorded maximum rainfall. Because the study field had very small chances to meet such strong rainfall events, it took multiple years to restore the fraction of soil water depleted by the unusually strong continual reduction in ψ. While wetting-drying cycles had occurred within a certain domain of ψ, hysteretic behaviors tended to be so small that the in-situ ψ − θ relation can be approximated as a single-valued function of θ(ψ). These observed patterns of the in-situ ψ − θ relations were characterized by kinds of difference in dθ/dψ between a drying process and a wetting process at a given ψ. Thus, more amounts of experimental facts about wetting SWRCs in parallel with drying SWRCs should be needed for correct modelling, analyzing, and predicting soil water regimes in fields. It is also necessary to increase our understandings about the long-term trends of occurrences of extreme weather conditions associated with possible change in climate.

The Characteristics, Motivations and Organizational Outcomes of Collective Turnover in China： An Analysis of 65 Collective Turnover Events

This paper analyzes sixty-five influential collective turnover events that occurred from year 2000 to 2011. The first finding is that collective turnover is most likely to take place at the departmental level because staff in the same department tend to reach collective consensus more easily. The second finding is that collective turnover takes place more frequently in industries such as IT, retailing and banking. The third finding is that collective turnover often begins with the turnover of managers at the departmental or higher levels. With further exploration of collective turnover, we notice that the institutional environment during China＇s economic transition is the external constraint on collective turnover, and improper management policies is the internal driving factor. We also find that motivations vary for employees at different levels in the organization. Finally, we conclude that organizational outcomes of collective turnover are not only linked with the absolute level of turnover, but ＂quality＂ factors of collective turnover such as relative turnover ratio, occurrence frequency, employee type, rank and work experience should also be taken into consideration.

A Cross-sectional Study Assessing Predictors of Essential Medicines Prescribing Behavior Based on Information-motivation-behavioral Skills Model among County Hospitals in Anhui, China

Background： The self-consciousness and practicality of preferentially prescribed essential medicines （EMs） are not high enough in county hospitals. The purposes of this study were to use the information-motivation-behavioral skills （IM B） model to identify the predictors of essential medicines prescribing behavior （EMPB） among doctors and to examine the association between demographic variables, IMB, and EMPB. Methods： A cross-sectional study was carried out to assess predictive relationships among demographic variables and IM B model variables using an anonymous questionnaire administered in nine county hospitals of Anhui province. A structural equation model was constructed for the I MB model to test the instruments using analysis of moment structures 17.0. Results： A total of 732 participants completed the survey. The average age of the participants was 37.7 ± 8.9 years old （range： 22-67 years old）. The correct rate of information was 90.64%. The average scores of the motivation and behavioral skills were 45.46 a： 7.34 （hundred mark system： 75.77） and 19.92 ± 3.44 （hundred mark system： 79.68）, respectively. Approximately half（50.8%） of respondents reported that the proportion of EM prescription was below 60%. The final revised model indicated a good fit to the data （x^2/df= 4.146, goodness of fit index = 0.948, comparative fit index = 0.938, root mean square error of approximation = 0.066）. More work experience （β = 0.153, P 〈 0.001 ） and behavioral skills （β = 0.449, P 〈 0.001 ） predicted more EMPB. Higher income predicted less information （β = -0.197, P 〈 0.001） and motivation （β =0.204, P 〈 0.001 ）. Behavioral skills were positively predicted by information （β = 0.135, P 〈 0.001 ） and motivation （β = 0.742, P 〈 0.001 ）. Conclusion： The present study predicted some factors of EMPB, and specified the relationships among the model variables. The utilization rate of EM was not high enough. Motivation and behavior skills were crucial factors affecting EMPB. The influence of demographic variables, such as income and work experience, on EMPB should be fully appreciated. Comprehensive intervention measures should be implemented from multiple perspectives.

Cognitive behavioral therapy on personality characteristics of cancer patients

BACKGROUND The main treatment methods for cancer include surgery,radiotherapy,chemotherapy,targeted drug therapy and so on.Patients often feel anger,anxiety,depression,and other negative psychological reactions in the process of treatment.AIM To explore the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy on the personality characteristics of cancer patients.METHODS According to the matching design requirements,150 cancer patients were divided into 3 groups based on sex,age,condition,and cultural background.Patients in the control group received conventional treatment.Patients in experimental group 1 received an intervention based on conventional treatment combined with cognitive behavioral therapy.Patients in experimental group 2 received family members'participation in addition to the treatment given in experimental group 1.An Eysenck personality questionnaire was used to investigate all the patients before and after the intervention,and the scores for psychosis,introversion,neuroticism,and concealment degree were analyzed.RESULTS Compared with the control group,for experimental group 1 and experimental group 2 before and after the intervention,the four dimensions of mental quality,neuroticism,introversion and concealment degree all decreased,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).After the intervention,there were no obvious or statistically significant differences(P>0.05)among the control group,experimental group 1,and experimental group 2 for two personality traits,psychoticism and neuroticism,both inside and outside degree and all four dimensions.CONCLUSION Simple cognitive behavioral therapy could not change the personality characteristics of cancer patients quickly,but the patients’personality characteristics were significantly improved after treatment.

Behavior Characteristics of Asphalt Components during the Process of Nano-cracks Temperature Self-healing

In order to investigate the behavior characteristics of asphalt components during the process of nano-cracks temperature self-healing(NTS),molecular simulation technology was used to simulate the temperature self-healing of asphalt.Based on the determination of asphalts(virgin asphalt and aged asphalt),the proportional changes of asphalt components were confirmed.The distribution characteristics of asphalt components were obtained by marking different components in the process of NTS.At the same time,the rationality of the micro simulation findings was confirmed by asphalt performance tests and infrared spectroscopy results.The results show that different asphalt components have different behavior characteristics in the process of NTS.The content of asphaltene and resin plays a key role in the process of NTS,while saturation and aromatics play an active role in the temperature self-healing before and after aging.The NTS is the result of the comprehensive action of different components,and the self-healing efficiency is proportional to the relative molecular mass.The effect of aging on the NTS is also realized by changing the proportion of asphalt components.

Anisotropic characteristics of layered backfill:Mechanical properties and energy dissipation

Layered backfill is commonly used in mining operations,and its mechanical behavior is strongly influenced by delamination parameters.In this study,13 specimens with different numbers of delamination and delamination angle were prepared to investigate the anisotropic mechanical behavior,energy dissipation characteristics and crack development of backfill.P-wave velocity,uniaxial compression,scanning electron microscope(SEM),and acoustic emission(AE)experiments were conducted.The results indicate that:(1)The P-wave velocity has linear and elliptical relationships with the number of delamination surface and delamination angle,respectively;the strength,delamination parameters and P-wave velocity show a high degree of coincidence in terms of their function relationship,which can realize the rapid prediction of strength.(2)The microstructure of the delaminated surface is looser than that of the matrix,leading to a decrease in strength and an increase at the pore-fissure compaction stage.The number and angle of delamination increase linearly with the anisotropy coefficient.(3)The energy evolution in angle-cut backfill can be divided into four stages,with a decrease in the proportion of elastic energy at the initiation stress and peak stress with increasing number of delamination planes and delamination angle.(4)Crack development increases with the number of delamination surface and delamination angle,resulting in a decrease in energy dissipation coefficient and peak AE energy.These findings provide valuable insights for the design of filling materials and processes in mining operations.

质点到网络:公共服务动机、行为、绩效三元交互发展逻辑体系构建

公共服务动机的研究不断发展繁荣,理论研究成果颇丰,是公共管理研究的前沿热点。但公共服务动机如何转化为公共服务绩效在理论机制方面尚未清晰,遑论纳入公共管理人力资源实践中。基于Apriori算法对相关主题文献进行了无监督机器学习挖掘,发现公共服务动机转化的研究不足之处。基于此,在社会认知理论视角下系统性厘清了公共服务动机、公共服务行为、公共服务绩效三者关系,打通了三者相互链接转化的逻辑框架。并以逻辑转化路径为基础,基于系统网络层面搭建起“公共服务动机—公共服务行为—公共服务绩效”三元交互发展的逻辑分析模型,以期发展和完善公共服务动机理论,从而达到将公共服务动机理论成功转化为实践的目的。

现代学徒制视域下企业参与动机、行为及收益的影响机制及效应研究

深入探讨企业参与现代学徒制动机、行为及收益之间的作用机制,对更好地开展具有中国特色现代学徒制意义重大。基于对浙江省97家参与学徒制合作企业开展的结构性访谈和问卷调查,在明确企业参与现代学徒制动机、行为及收益观测指标的基础上构建了相应的假设关系模型,并采用AMOS软件对三者的关系进行模型拟合。研究结果显示:企业参与现代学徒制动机对采取的行为及收益均有着显著的正向影响;企业行为对收益以及在“动机—收益”间的中介效应不够显著;“动机—行为—收益”间的作用关系在企业规模、所有权性质、所属行业以及科研&技术人员占比等方面表现出异质性。对此建议,进一步提升企业参与现代学徒制的积极性,一要强化制度保障,增加企业的参与收益;二要增强校企交流,提高校企合作匹配度;三要完善合作机制,提升学徒培养质量。