Scale dependence of forest fragmentation and its climate sensitivity in a semi-arid mountain:Comparing Landsat,Sentinel and Google Earth data

Landscape fragmentation is generally viewed as an indicator of environmental stresses or risks,but the fragmentation intensity assessment also depends on the scale of data and the definition of spatial unit.This study aimed to explore the scale-dependence of forest fragmentation intensity along a moisture gradient in Yinshan Mountain of North China,and to estimate environmental sensitivity of forest fragmentation in this semi-arid landscape.We developed an automatic classification algorithm using simple linear iterative clustering(SLIC)and Gaussian mixture model(GMM),and extracted tree canopy patches from Google Earth images(GEI),with an accuracy of 89.2%in the study area.Then we convert the tree canopy patches to forest category according to definition of forest that tree density greater than 10%,and compared it with forest categories from global land use datasets,FROM-GLC10 and GlobeLand30,with spatial resolutions of 10 m and 30 m,respectively.We found that the FROM-GLC10 and GlobeLand30 datasets underestimated the forest area in Yinshan Mountain by 16.88%and 21.06%,respectively;and the ratio of open forest(OF,10%<tree coverage<40%)to closed forest(CF,tree coverage>40%)areas in the underestimated part was 2:1.The underestimations concentrated in warmer and drier areas occupied mostly by large coverage of OFs with severely fragmented canopies.Fragmentation intensity of canopies positively correlated with spring temperature while negatively correlated with summer precipitation and terrain slope.When summer precipitation was less than 300 mm or spring temperature higher than 4℃,canopy fragmentation intensity rose drastically,while the forest area percentage kept stable.Our study suggested that the spatial configuration,e.g.,sparseness,is more sensitive to drought stress than area percentage.This highlights the importance of data resolution and proper fragmentation measurements for forest patterns and environmental interpretation,which is the base of reliable ecosystem predictions with regard to the future climate scenarios.

Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements of Mesozoic-Cenozoic Sandstones in North Margin of Dabie Mountains and Adjacent Areas: Constraints to Source Rocks

Based on the study of REE in Mesozoic-Cenozoic sandstones, the paper indicates that Jurassic Fanghushan and Yuantongshan Formations and Lower Cretaceous Zhougongshan Formation have ∑REE of 157 μg·g^(-1), δ_(Eu) of 0.69 and (La/Yb)_N of 11.1, which are similar to the Foziling and Luzhenguan Groups, and it implies that the latter may be the source rocks of the former. The Sanjianpu and Heishidu Formations have high REE concentrations (∑REE=264.8 μg·g^(-1), 328.2 μg·g^(-1) respectively), high Eu anomaly (δ_(Eu)=0.57, 0.67 respectively) and lower Eu/Sm ratios (0.18～0.19), which differs from existent metamorphic rocks in the Dabie Mountains, so where their source rocks came from remains to be studied. The REE features of the Zhengyangguan Formation can be comparable to the Dabie complex and Luzhenguan Group, which shows that the Dabie complex had suffered unroofing in Neocene and constituted the source rocks. Mesozoic sandstones in Huainan area have lower REE concentrations (∑REE=80.9 μg·g^(-1)), high Eu anomaly (δ_(Eu)=0.66) and (La/Yb)_N of 5.7, and it indicates that their source rocks may not come from the Dabie Mountains.

Comparing mineral weathering and elemental transport between earth's critical zone with different parent rocks in Yanshan Mountain,Hebei province,China

Bedrock weathering performs a significant influence on the evolution of Earth’s critical zone.Carbonate rock(dolostone),metamorphic rock(gneiss),and sedimentary rock(sandstone)geological formations in Yanshan Mountain,Hebei Province,are taken as objects to probe the controlling of geological formations on weathering characteristics,migration,and enrichment of elements as well as structure of Earth’s critical zone under the identical climate conditions through geological field survey,analysis on minerals component,element distribution in the weathering profile.The dolostone geological formation(DGF)is lithologically dominated by dolostone,characterized by the strongest and predominant chemical weathering.During bedrock weathering and pedogenesis,DGF is marked by significant depletion of CaO,Mg O,S,Mn,Mo and enrichment of N,K,Fe_(2)O_(3),and Zn with concentrations of P,Cu,and B keeping stable.Shortage of soil-forming materials and significant loss are driven by soil erosion,which results in thin regolith and soil.The soil thickness is less than 10 cm,and the regolith thickness is less than 30 cm.The vegetation community is predominantly rock arbor or brush,which is calcivorous and tolerant of barrenness.Plagiogneiss is a dominant rock type of gneiss geological formation(GGF),characterized by the weakest weathering and fast chemical and physical weathering rate.GGF is masked by significant depletion of P,K,CaO,MgO,Fe_(2)O_(3),Mn,Cu and enrichment of N,S,Mo,and B,with contents of Zn keeping stable.Both soil and regolith developed in GGF are relatively thick for one of the reasons that biotite expands during weathering.The soil thickness is more than 50 cm,and the regolith thickness ranges from 100 to 200 cm.The vegetation community is predominantly high-quality economic forests and various arbors because of the enrichment of nutrients in GGF.Sandstone is primarily a rock type of sandstone geological formation(SGF),characterized by moderate weathering degree and slow chemical weathering rate.SGF is marked by significant depletion of P,K,CaO,MgO,Fe_(2)O_(3),and enrichment of N,S,Mn,Cu,Zn,and Mo,with fluctuant changes of Zn and B.The thickness of soil developed in SGF varies between that of DGF and GGF.The soil thickness ranges from 30 to 50 cm,and the regolith thickness ranges from 50 to 100 cm.Chinese pines are widely spread on the shady slopes of SGF.Research provides theoretical support for screening dominant ecological resource areas,ecological industry development and ecological protection and restoration for Yanshan Mountain,Hebei Province.

中国科学技术大学-中国科学院紫金山天文台2.5米大视场巡天望远镜(墨子巡天望远镜)

中国科学技术大学-中国科学院紫金山天文台2.5米大视场巡天望远镜(即墨子巡天望远镜,WFST)是中国科学技术大学“双一流”学科平台建设项目,双方于2018年3月1日召开望远镜项目预研启动会,2019年7月正式开展望远镜建设,2023年8月望远镜建成并开展调试观测,2023年9月17日望远镜首光仪式暨科学战略研讨会召开,并成功发布仙女座星系图片,标志着望远镜设备基本达到设计标准,已经可以开展天文观测研究。墨子巡天望远镜口径2.5米,采用国际先进的主焦光学系统设计和主镜主动光学矫正技术,可实现3度视场范围内均匀高像质和极低像场畸变成像,配备7.65亿像素大靶面主焦相机,具备大视场、高像质、宽波段的特点。墨子巡天望远镜安置于青海省海西州茫崖市冷湖镇赛什腾山海拔4200米的天文台址,是冷湖天文观测基地首个投入运行并开展天文观测研究的大型设备。墨子巡天望远镜通过获取天体高精度位置和多波段亮度观测数据,监测移动天体和光变天体,高效搜寻和监测天文动态事件,可以在高能时域天文、太阳系天体普查、银河系结构和近场宇宙学等研究领域取得突破性原始创新成果。同时,墨子巡天望远镜将面向国家航天强国战略,开展太阳系近地天体等搜寻与监测研究,服务航天安全和深空探测战略需求。

《雪山大地》的藏地书写与中华民族共同体建构

《雪山大地》以“父亲”强巴与藏民角巴两个家族的交往和阿尼玛卿草原的发展为中心,集中呈现了时代洪流中汉、藏中华民族共同体建构的历史风貌。丰富的地方性知识展现了藏地独特的自然景观、生活风俗和精神信仰,夯实了中华民族共同体建设的精神基础;藏地作为方法摒弃了汉、藏“中心—边缘”的对立和“汉—藏”互为中心的缺陷,构建了崭新的中华民族共同体;“异域”置换与“共情”机制的巧妙运用,使得信仰之“理”,汉、藏之“情”,发展之“利”三者有机融合,铸牢了中华民族共同体,支撑起了《雪山大地》宏阔的文本世界。《雪山大地》真切而深刻地表现了半个世纪来阿尼玛卿草原汉、藏两个民族携手共进,谱写中华民族共同体建设的新时代乐章,堪称杨志军小说创作与精神探索的总结性作品。

中国西南山地城市生态环境质量长时序变化及其评价——以重庆市为例

为研究中国西南地区山地城市的生态环境质量,选择以重庆市为例,利用遥感技术和Google Earth Engine(GEE)平台,构建遥感生态指数(RSEI,remote sensing ecological index),评价重庆市2000年~2021年的生态环境质量及其长时序变化。为探讨山地城市生态环境质量的主要影响因素,选取海拔、坡度、气温和降水四个影响因子,得到RSEI的海拔依赖性与坡度依赖性以及RSEI与气候因子的响应关系。结果表明:①遥感生态指数RSEI总体呈上升趋势,生态质量为“优”的面积增加了130.27%,生态质量为“差”的面积减少了65.68%,生态环境有明显的改善;②从RSEI随海拔、坡度变化曲线可以看出,0 m~1800 m范围内RSEI缓慢增加,1800 m~2800 m范围内开始减小,RSEI随坡度增加而增长,坡度>40°之后RSEI趋于平稳;③从RSEI与气候因子的响应曲线可以看出,温度和RSEI呈负相关,温度越高,RSEI越低;随着降水的增加,RSEI指数逐渐上升。研究表明,使用GEE平台可以对多云雾、植被覆盖度高的西南山地城市的生态环境质量进行长时序的监测和评价。研究结果可为中国西南地区山地城市的生态环境保护提供精细化管理,从而根据区域特色进行环境治理,实现生态环境与经济的协调发展。

Effect of phase transition during roasting of Mountain Pass rare earth concentrate on leaching efficiency of rare earths

To find a greener and more economical approach for treating the Mountain Pass rare earth concentrate(MPREC),a novel "Combination Method",including the processes of oxidizing roasting,HCI leaching and sulfuric acid roasting,is proposed in this research.In this paper,the effect of phase transition behavior in hydrochloric acid leaching during oxidative roasting at 450-600℃ was studied.During roasting,the bastnasite in MPREC is decomposed into CeLa_(2)O_(3)F_(3) and(Ce_(0.33),La_(0.33),Ca_(0.33))O_(1.5).As the CeLa_(2)O_(3)F_(3) phase has the fluorine-fixation effect,the generated CeLa_(2)O_(3)F_(3) phase can not be dissolved by HCI after roasting at 500 and 550℃,but it can be decomposed by HCI after roasting at over 600℃,resulting in the improvement of the leaching rate of total F element.The maximum leaching efficiency of rare earth elements(REEs) can reach 70.32 wt% at the roasting temperature of 550℃.After roasting at over 600℃,some F^-ions in the solution combined with RE^(3+) to form REF_(3) precipitate and enter the leaching residue,and the others are in the form of [CeF_(3)]^+ in the leaching solution during leaching,therefore,the leaching efficiency of non-ce rium REEs decreases while that of cerium element increases.This work provides basic research for optimizing the actual production process of MPREC.

基于Google Earth影像的横断山区沟蚀及侵蚀沟类型调查研究

[目的]探讨横断山区侵蚀沟的类型、分布特征及影响因素,为研究沟蚀对横断山区土壤侵蚀及土地退化的影响提供依据。[方法]基于Google Earth高清影像结合GIS的方法,基于可见性的基本原则,对横断山区开展侵蚀沟的抽样调查。共布设调查单元2 242个,每个单元尺寸1km×1km。[结果]共有571个调查单元发现有侵蚀沟分布,占调查单元总数的25.5%,平均沟壑密度为2.20km/km2。沟蚀在海拔低于<1 500m的区域发育显著,沟壑密度随坡度增加而增长,与年降雨相关性较弱。草地是沟蚀发育的主要土地利用类型,燥红土的沟蚀分布率及平均沟壑密度显著高于其他土壤类型。通过总结国内外现有的侵蚀沟分类体系及其异同,结合调查结果,判定该次调查的横断山区侵蚀沟类型主要为切沟和冲沟(包括有泥石流事件的冲沟)。[结论]横断山区切沟和冲沟分布广泛,发育强烈,其分布受海拔、坡度、土地利用及土壤类型等因素的影响较为显著。

基于Google Earth的“地理野外实习基地”数字化教学模型研究

因特网技术把数字化技术的成果带到了千家万户的电脑面前,而Web2.0则是把这种操作的主动权交给了用户,仿真、高效、直观、多角度等的需求推动了数字化技术的不断进步和更新.在数字化平台和技术都极大提高的基础上,论文计划建立一种基于3D桌面地图软件的地理野外实习基地进行数字化教学模型,希望能为我国地理野外实习基地建设提供一种高效、逼真的数字化方法,推进地理野外实习基地成果的共享和普及.

基于Google Earth的仰天岗实习基地的数字化教学模型研究

运用Google Earth免费提供的高分辨率卫星影像,对仰天岗实习基地进行了数字化教学模型研究,详细阐述了数字化教学模型的建立,其中包括仰天岗的数字化数学模型建立的特点、实习教学路线的数字化设计、实习教学点数字化设计、实习教学内容目录管理的数字化设计。

基于Landsat时间序列数据的火烧迹地识别与恢复效果评价

为研究大兴安岭地区火烧迹地识别和火后植被恢复状况,基于2006—2020年Landsat TM遥感影像,利用Google Earth Engine编写代码,以2006年大兴安岭地区松岭区那源林场森林火灾为研究背景,以差分归一化燃烧指数(dNBR)为基础数据进行火烧迹地识别,并对火烧烈度进行轻度、中度、重度和极重的等级划分;基于火烧迹地的增强型植被指数(EVI)值,采用一元线性回归分析、用于气候诊断与预测的Mann-Kendall突变检验法和用于做趋势分析的Theil-Sen median趋势分析等方法分析火烧迹地2006—2020年的植被恢复特征,探究大兴安岭地区火烧迹地植被恢复进程。结果表明,1)基于dNBR得到研究区过火面积为2488.7 hm^(2),其中轻度、中度、重度和极重火烧迹地面积占比分别为23.5%、9.6%、35.2%和31.7%,重度和极重过火区分布于火烧迹地西部和东部,过火强度从中部向南部和北部逐渐降低,其EVI值与火烧前相比分别下降了约30%、40%、58%和67%;2)不同烈度林地火烧迹地EVI恢复速率由大到小表现为极重、重度、中度、轻度,植被恢复过程中,迹地EVI值逐渐增加,其中,轻度和中度火烧迹地可在火后6~8 a恢复,而重度火烧迹地的恢复则需14 a;3)火烧迹地恢复过程中,林地EVI突变点较灌草地少,说明森林生态系统较灌草地稳定性强。不同烈度林地火烧迹地的突变情况也存在一定差异,且对照区的突变时间点滞后于火烧迹地。

川东北山地农村夯土民居建筑空间形态解析

川东北夯土民居拥有强烈的山地地域特色和浓厚的山水环境乡土气息,体现了巴蜀传统建筑文化品格,民居建筑空间是巴蜀文化传承和发展的重要载体。川东北山地农村地区夯土民居建筑空间在发展演变过程中形成了具有巴蜀文化特征的典型性空间范式和巴蜀历史文化特征元素,但未被系统地分析和归纳。通过对川东北山地农村夯土民居70余户进行调研和测绘,本文从民居建筑不同尺度层级下分别分析夯土民居建筑空间形态特征,总结川东北山地农村夯土民居建筑空间形态的基本特征。

蒙古国地利山岩刻所见唐与漠北交通及交往

蒙古国中戈壁省额勒济特苏木地利山地区发现的唐代汉文摩崖岩刻表明,该处彼时为草原交通线上的重要节点,《新唐书·地理志》所载出塞北渡碛至回鹘牙帐城的路线“回鹘道东道”(即“参天可汗道”)就经过此地。岩刻文字为麟德二年唐羁縻漠北时期所刻,证实了传世史料中该年唐高宗封禅泰山并邀请漠北铁勒诸部首领前来的历史事件,可以反映唐朝与北方游牧民族的交流互动以及唐政府对漠北羁縻州府的管控情况。

基于Google Earth影像的平潭岛土地利用类型及地形分布遥感分析

为获取平潭岛各土地利用类型状况的分布数据,采用Google Earth的历史影像库数据对平潭岛中东部的土地利用类型和坡度、坡向等地形因子进行了提取分析。结果表明:平潭岛中东部地区主要土地利用类型有耕地、建设用地、林地、沙滩、裸露山地、水产养殖地和水域等7种类型,总面积约18 541hm2,其中基岩海岸裸露山地主要分布在澳前镇、东庠岛、流水镇和敖东镇等地区,中东部地区地形以平坡和缓坡为主;坡向以平面坡为主,其次为东南向、西北向、东向和西向,南向和北向的坡面面积较少。

基于GEE云计算的祁连山国家自然保护区生态环境质量评价

为客观评价祁连山国家自然保护区生态环境质量,本研究选取Google Earth Engine(GEE)云计算平台2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年和2020年5期MODIS数据集,通过构建遥感生态指数(RSEI)对其进行动态监测。结果表明:在时间上,保护区内生态环境呈现先恶化后改善的趋势。2000-2010年期间,RSEI均值从0.56下降到0.43,生态环境质量呈现恶化趋势;2010-2020年期间,RSEI均值从0.43上升到0.47,生态环境质量呈现改善趋势。在空间上,从西北到东南保护区内生态环境质量逐渐提高,生态环境差和较差区域的数量呈现先增加后减少的趋势,生态环境中等的区域整体上呈现持续增加的趋势。上述结果反映出祁连山整治行动起到了明显的成效,建议根据祁连山环境质量等级进一步采取不同的保护和治理措施。

基于Google Earth的龙门山中北段区域传统聚落地学区划研究

文章运用Google Earth软件,从地理区位、地理地貌角度对龙门山中北段区域传统聚落进行归类区划,并有针对性将传统聚落总体平面布局剔除场地红线控制线以及道路关系,仅将聚落建筑平面提炼出来,直观地反应出聚落内部的空间秩序,揭示出汉族平原聚落民族特色的浅根性原因正在于其缺乏领域中心性的形态布局,为5.12地震灾后重建区域制定修建详细规划以及区域可持续发展规划提供依据。

Monitoring crustal movements in northern Tianshan Mountain based on GPS technology

Monitoring results for the period 2009-2014 by ten standard GPS stations allowed to determine the crustal movements of seismically active region in south-eastern Kazakhstan. Maps of movement velocity were made in geocentric coordinate system and in reference system of the Eurasian continent. GPS points displacements reflect the features of modern deformation processes that are notable in the high seismic activity region. The structure of the velocity field divergence qualitatively confirms major deformation in the sublatitudinal direction which is parallel to the main ridge of the northern Tianshan Mountain. The epicenters of earthquakes are in agreement with the border areas of compression -tension, as well as the allocated areas of multidirectional rotary motion. The conclusion is that GPS monitoring of the movements of the Earth＇s crust can be used to evaluate the territory＇s stress-strain state for the purpose of seismic zoning and seismic risk assessment.

Remarkably Consistent Rare Earth Element Grades at Round Top Yttrofluorite Deposit

The peraluminous rhyolite that forms Round Top Mountain (approximately 375 m high × nearly 2 km in diameter), near Sierra Blanca, Hudspeth County, west Texas, USA, is enriched in yttrium and heavy rare earth elements (YHREEs), as well as Li, Be, U, Th, Sn, F, Rb, Cs, Nb, and Ta. Texas Mineral Resources Corp. (USA) proposes to release the YHREEs from their unique yttrofluorite host via heap leaching with dilute sulfuric acid. The inexpensive process also releases portions of valuable byproduct Be, Li, and U from accessory minerals amid the insoluble feldspars and quartz that comprise 90% - 95% of the surface-exposed rhyolite mountain. The objective of this study is to determine the consistency of mineralization grade, an important consideration in mine planning and preliminary economic analysis. The method is to plot elemental analyses of Y, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Gd, Tb, U, and Nb from more than 1400 reverse circulation cuttings taken from 64 exploration drill holes against sample depth. The result of inspection of the plots reveals a remarkably homogeneous distribution of minor and trace elements throughout the sampled portion of the massive, 1.6-billion-tonne laccolith. The plots drive the conclusion that Round Top mine feedstock should remain constant for the life of the mine (multiple decades). Thus mining mechanics could be optimized at the start of operations and not require expensive later changes. The physical and chemical design of the heap leach and recovery and purification of target elements from pregnant leach solution also could be perfected during early development.

1981~2020年昆仑山-阿尔金山草地NDVI时空变化及其对气温、降水的响应

基于NOAA-AVHRR NDVI数据,采用最大值合成法、回归分析法与相关分析法,探讨了1981~2020年昆仑山-阿尔金山草地归一化植被指数(NDVI)时空变化及其对气温、降水的响应。结果显示:1981~2020年,昆仑山-阿尔金山草地NDVI具有时序波动,在1989~1994年、1995~2000年与2006~2020年草地NDVI表现为显著增加。草地NDVI自西向东逐渐递减,多年均值为0.227(±0.037),相较于1981年(0.213),2020年(0.257)增加了0.044;过去40年,占昆仑山-阿尔金山草地总面积15.00%的草地NDVI呈显著增加,13.00%为显著减少。1981~2020年,昆仑山-阿尔金山气候变化以“暖湿化”(面积占比为48.02%)为主,草地NDVI与气温表现为正相关,与降水呈负相关,与气温、降水呈显著正相关的草地面积占比分别为18.00%、2.00%,呈显著负相关的面积占比分别为2.00%、11.00%。高寒草原类、温性荒漠类呈“暖湿化”的面积占比分别为18.06%、11.04%,相应的草地NDVI呈显著增加的面积占比分别为14.18%、16.82%;温性荒漠类对气温、降水呈显著正响应的面积占比分别为3.28%、0.60%;高寒草原类与气温呈显著正相关的面积占比为6.77%,与降水呈显著负相关的面积占比为4.94%。昆仑山北坡气温上升与适度的降水增加有利于草地植被生长,但降水的过度增加可能导致滑坡、泥石流,破坏草地生境,影响草地植被生长。

西南山区生态地质调查技术方法研究

生态地质调查以区域地质调查成果为基础,查明调查区生态地质现状和主要生态地质问题,研究生态环境与地质条件之间的联系,并开展生态地质综合评价。笔者利用在大凉山区和三峡库区生态地质调查的探索经验,总结了西南山区生态地质调查与评价思路和技术方法,主要取得以下认识:(1)地质条件是生态系统的物质基础和孕育环境,地质条件通过制约土壤、水文、地形地貌、动力作用、地质灾害等生态地质条件,而制约生态系统质量和生态环境发展差异。(2)西南山区成土母质主要是下伏基岩原地风化或风化后近距离迁移形成的,存在明显的岩石-土壤-植被物质传导链条,地质条件是制约该地区生态环境质量的重要因素。(3)对地质建造和地质构造等地质条件的分析和研究,是在该地区进行生态地质调查的基础。(4)提出了西南山区生态地质调查的目的任务、工作思路、工作内容、技术路线和主要技术方法。该成果可为西南山区开展生态地质调查提供借鉴案例,同时对生态地质学科的建设和全国生态地质调查方法体系的建立也具有一定支撑作用。