Spatial Protection and Development of Traditional Mountain Settlements from the Perspective of Self-organization : A Case Study of Anju Ancient Town in Tongliang District, Chongqing

Through literature research, field research and urban design analysis methods, based on the self-organization theory, the evolution characteristics of the settlement space of Anju Ancient Town with significant characteristics of traditional mountain settlements were analyzed, and then its internal and external influencing factors were summarized. Finally, appropriate protection and development strategies were proposed, such as reasonably planning functional zones, breaking through the single structure, and creating a good living cultural environment. The innovation of this study is that it integrates the self-organization theory into the cognition of traditional mountain settlement space, and discusses the connection between the mountain settlement space and the traditional regional context under the modern development concept, so as to seek the benign protection and reasonable development of traditional mountain settlement space.

Naming and Distribution of Traditional Mountain Settlements in Mentougou in Western Beijing

Settlement naming is an important carrier of settlement society and culture,carries regional culture,historical information,beliefs and other information,and is an important clue to understand regional culture and development characteristics.In this paper,the naming of traditional mountain settlements in Mentougou in western Beijing was studied through literature review and field research,and the correlation between the naming and distribution characteristics of the settlements was discussed to provide reference for the protection and construction of mountain settlements in Mentougou.

A 3-D morphological approach on spatial form and cultural identity of ethnic mountain settlements:Case from Guizhou,China

Ethnic mountain settlements are living heritage of varied vernacular cultures.The preservation of both the built form and the intangible socio-cultural associations with them are global concern in process of urbanization,and in the notion of sustainable development.However,there is a lack of multi-dimensional and cross-cultural quantitative research in settlement morphology,making it difficult to guide practice effectively.Therefore,this study focuses on exploring an automatic or semi-automatic quantification and classification method for the morphological identity of ethnic mountain settlements.We introduce and combine 3-D morphological indicators with existing 2-D indicators to build and test three different sets of indication systems for semi-automatic classification for the settlements’ethnic attribute basing on spatial morphology.Taking the Miao,Dong,and Tunpu(Han)ethnic settlements in Guizhou province,southwest China as research samples,we applied factor analysis and hierarchical clustering methods to compare the classification accuracy under the three systems using data from topographic map,field investigation map,satellite imageries,and ethnography or local chronicle.The results showed that,the 3-D indication system has succeeded in semi-automatic quantification and classification of settlement morphology and ethnic identity by greatly increasing the classification accuracy to 96.30%,which is a huge improvement compared with the basic 2-D indication system(42.59%)and the advanced 2-D indication system(61.11%).The settlement samples are further divided into two sub-types with significant morphological differences in each major ethnic category under the 3-D indication system.We then discussed the potential improvement and future large-scale application of this method with the help of machine learning and other smart techniques.We hope to provide a comprehensive quantitative perspective and a more scientific reference for the future preservation and sustainable development of the massive and diverse vernacular heritages across the world.

Function of Rural Settlement Complex Ecosystem in Mountain Area:A Case Study of Raosi Village of Zuogong County,Tibet

Using energy analysis,the quantifying evaluation and study method on production, living and ecology functions and their sustainability of rural settlement ecosystem in mountain area is established with these energy index such as export of labor and products, export of water resource, internal energy reserve, energy consumption for human living, net energy of ecosystem function and net internal reserve. Taking rural settlement Raosi Village in Hengduan Mountains as a case study, and on the basis of the synthetic research into the ecological process of the complex ecosystem, the study shows that energy costs of production, human living and ecology functions are separately taking 1.36%, 13.59% and 85. 05% of the gross ecosystem functions, and the exertions of production and human living functions are close to a high-point state on the present using level of energy in the settlement. The study also shows that the most important function of a rural settlement in mountain area is its ecological rather productive function.

Coupling Mechanism of Rural Settlements and Mountain Disasters in the Upper Reaches of Min River

Human settlements are the place where human beings live,among which the rural settlements can be regarded as a reflection of human-land relationship in mountain areas because their vertical distribution is greatly influenced by the specific geographical environment and ecological conditions of mountains.Based on field investigation,this paper uses physical,geographical,and ecological theories to make a comprehensive study of rural settlements and mountain disasters in the upper Min River,which is an ecologically fragile area with high-frequency disasters(collapse,landslide,debris flow,etc.) and a minority inhabit district.By applying these modern scientific theories,this paper attempts to shed some light on the relationship between rural settlements and mountain disasters.Consequently,an in-depth understanding of this relationship was achieved as follows:(1) Rural settlements and mountain disasters are mainly distributed in the intercepted flows of water and soil; and both quantity and quality of arable lands in mountains are important indicators of these flows.(2) The Small Watershed Management Project is a complex system of rural settlements and mountain disasters that interacts with and constrains the ecological system.By this project,the human survival will be better guaranteed.Being fundamental for the ecological reconstruction,the coupling mechanism of rural settlements and mountain disasters is not only an engine to promote harmonious development between human and nature,but also a bridge to link them.

Survey on Settlement Forms of Ethnic Groups in Mountainous Regions—A Case Study of Ancient Village of Gelao Nationality in Wuchuan

Taking ancient village of Gelao Nationality in Wuchuan for example,theories of settlement geography were used to analyze settlement landscapes of ethnic groups with cultural peculiarity in certain regions from the perspectives of geographical and humanistic environment,distribution form,internal structure and settlement characteristics. Regional and national cultural characteristics were demonstrated to promote the inheritance,promotion and protection of such old and traditional civilization in terms of landscape,and provide valuable references for relevant researches.

Scattered Rural Settlements and Development of Mountainous Regions in Western Sichuan,China

Making rural settlements of Mountainous Regions in Western Sichuan as the study objects and using symbolic statistical methods, then combining the case study of Daofu County, the paper analyzes the negative impact of the scattered rural settlements on infrastructure construction, farmers＇ income increase and mountain ecological reconstruction in mountainous regions of western Sichuan. The results indicate that economic density is positively related to both rural settlements density （R^2=0.73） and rural population density （R^2=0.77）, and it is the same for relationship between towns density and rural settlements density （R^2=0.88） and between towns density and economic density （R^2=0.71）, and the scattered distribution pattern of the rural settlements and shortage of economic centers is a major factor to the lagged socioeconomic development. On the eco-economic zoning to Daofu County, the paper indicates the spatial distribution model and the industrial development model of the rural settlements need to be changed, and rural population should be concentrated in larger rural settlements with development of off-farm industries while infrastructure construction is to reinforced.

Street Space in Traditional Settlements in Mountainous Area of North China

With mountainous area of North China as the research objective,the study analyzed street space in traditional settlements in mountainous area of North China from the perspective of form,structure and culture,hoping to find some methods and laws that could be served as the reference for the design of living environment in future.

Water Adaptability of Traditional Mountainous Human Settlements in Mentougou of West Beijing

The climatic environment,landscape environment and settlement environment of traditional mountainous human settlements in Mentougou of west Beijing are summarized.Based on the analysis from the perspective of water adaptability,the spatial database of water adaptability of traditional mountainous human settlements in Mentougou of west Beijing is constructed,and the experience of water adaptability construction of settlement location,irrigation and water conservancy,flood control and soil fixation in river beach and gully areas is summarized.The landscape system of water adaptability of traditional mountainous human settlements in Mentougou of west Beijing embodies the typical wisdom of water adaptability construction contained in traditional mountainous human settlements,and has high reference value in the related research of water adaptability.

东秦岭传统村落的景观基因与意象表达——基于11个村落的调研

基于对东秦岭地区11个传统村落的实地考察,研究了该地区传统村落的形成与演化、景观基因及其意象表达,讨论了传统村落所蕴含的古人对人地关系的认识,以及传统村落对乡村振兴与乡村现代化的意义。得到:东秦岭传统村落有世居型和移居型两类,以移居型为主,移居型传统村落按成因不同可分为避乱型、军转型、明志型、生产型4种。东秦岭传统村落的演化受外族群迁入、匪寇侵扰、生产生活方式转变等因素影响,至今仍在发展演化中。东秦岭传统村落的景观基因包括自然景观基因和人文景观基因,其在宏观上依赖自然,在微观上改造自然,呈现因山就势、依水而建、四面围合、家族维系的特征。对应于中国传统村落的基本意象,其中的山水意象和生态意象本质上是古人自然观、生态观的反映,宗族意象和趋吉意象本质上是古人对生存与发展问题思考的反映,而东秦岭传统村落的基本意象为“崇文向善一围落,掩映青山绿水间”。

闽东丘陵山区乡村聚落空间格局演变及其影响因素——以福建省屏南县为例

[目的]研究闽东丘陵山区乡村聚落空间格局演变及其影响因素,为其乡村聚落空间布局优化与重构提供科学依据。[方法]以闽东地区的屏南县为例,综合运用核密度分析、景观格局指数和GIS空间分析方法,分析2009—2019年屏南县乡村聚落空间格局的时空演变特征,并运用地理探测器揭示其演变影响因素。[结果](1) 10年间屏南县乡村聚落数量与规模仅有小幅增加,不同等级聚落中以大型聚落的面积占比最大,但数量增加与规模扩张均以小型聚落为主,聚落空间整体上变化不大。(2)乡村聚落整体形态演变由规则趋向复杂和破碎化,但在县城周边地区存在聚落连片的趋势;乡村聚落单体形态以点状为主,数量占67.84%。(3)乡村聚落空间呈弱集聚分布,整体为中部集中,四周稀疏的分布格局,但10年间县域中南部聚落分布日趋集中;受地形控制,乡村聚落多分布在山间盆地,并具有低缓坡度指向性。(4)地形起伏是控制屏南县乡村聚落空间格局与规模演化的主要自然因素,但近10年来县域经济的发展与交通通达度的提高成为新时期驱动屏南县乡村聚落规模扩张的重要因素。[结论]屏南的自然因素塑造了乡村聚落基本空间格局,区位与社会经济因素是推动乡村聚落规模持续扩张的动力,自然、区位、经济因素相互作用推动乡村聚落的进一步演化。

长白山地区乡村聚落空间格局及影响因素

[目的]探究长白山地区乡村聚落空间分布特征和影响因素,理解近代大量移民背景下中高纬度山区乡村居民点空间格局的形成过程和机制。[方法]综合运用核密度分析、空间自相关分析、空间回归分析和地理探测器等方法,解析长白山地区乡村聚落的空间格局并揭示其影响因素。[结果]长白山地区的乡村聚落呈现出明显的集聚分布特征,存在东北和西南两个聚集区域;各类空间回归方法中,空间杜宾误差模型的拟合效果最佳,结果表明耕地资源和高程是影响长白山地区乡村聚落格局最重要的因素,且对于邻域居民点的布局存在“推拉”效应,潜在未知变量(如土壤质量、文化因素等)也是导致乡村聚落表现出空间自相关的因素;地理探测器分析的结果进一步证实了耕地资源和高程的重要性,同时也表明与县级以上城市、建制镇、主要交通线、主要河流的距离等区位因素以及地形坡度同样对乡村聚落分布有显著影响,且彼此间均呈现出交互增强的特点。[结论]主要由移民形成的中高纬度山区乡村聚落的空间格局是多因素综合作用的结果,其中耕地资源和高程的影响更为显著;空间回归杜宾(误差)模型能够同时探测自变量和因变量的空间自相关问题,在乡村聚落空间格局的研究中具有一定的适用性。

基于生态智慧的徐家寨山水林田空间保护设计研究

文章通过对湖北省恩施州来凤县徐家寨的山势格局、理水机制、林木资源、农田资源四个方面进行探究,解析恩施地区传统聚落的生态智慧要素构成,旨在通过科学规划与合理布局,实现传统聚落自然生态资源的可持续利用与保护,促进当地社会经济与生态环境的和谐共生。研究采用文献分析、田野调查和实证研究等方法,深入探讨在恩施土家族传统聚落的景观环境中,山、水、林、田空间格局蕴含的生态智慧,以及其形成的内在逻辑与形态表征。研究得出,徐家寨拥有丰富的山水林田资源,以及独特的生态资源利用智慧,但面临着资源碎片化、生态环境退化及开发利用不合理等问题。据此,提出科学修复山体、构建生态水景、发展绿色林地产业、转型农旅融合乡村等措施。以期有效保护自然生态资源,提升人居环境质量,助力落实乡村振兴战略,推动传统聚落的可持续发展。

Gradient Effect on Farmers' Income in the Mountain Areas and its Implication for Poverty Alleviation Strategies:Empirical Analysis from the Upper Reach of Minjiang River,China

Using four types of settlements in the upper reach of Minjiang River as case,we establish structural models in farmers' income of different settlement patterns based on rural household panel data to reveal the gradient effect on farmers' income and determinants.The results indicate that:(1) except the resettlement area,the incomes for farmers living in river valley,semi-mountain,and high-mountain settlements present a decreasing trend with the elevation increasing;on the contrary,their nonfarm earnings show an increasing trend with the elevation decreasing;(2) from the effect on farmers' income,there is a common feature that the nonfarm earnings and farming incomes have significant positive effects,and family size and productive expenditure have significant negative effects.One exception to this is the productive expenditure,which becomes insignificant in the model of resettlement area;(3) from the way of increasing farmers' income and alleviating poverty,there are great differences for four types of settlements in mountain areas,however,the improvement of agricultural product sales,agricultural production subsidies,the expansion for nonfarm employment,and the control of the family's size are the most effective approaches for poverty alleviation.

基于行政和几何中心的山区聚落空间结构对比: 以岷江上游为例

为了优化山区聚落空间格局与合理规划国土空间,进一步推进乡村振兴的进程,探究山区聚落的空间结构特征是重要目标之一。以岷江上游山区聚落为研究对象,基于城市位序-规模原理、聚集维数和关联维数方法对岷江上游聚落行政和聚落几何中心的空间结构特征进行分析和对比,并总结其造成误差的原因。结果表明:岷江上游首位分布城镇体系结构特征明显,县域人口的累积百分比曲线符合位序-规模的特征。岷江上游聚落空间结构分形特征显著,受经济因素的重要影响,聚落在空间上聚集分布,并以各首位城镇为中心向周边逐渐衰减。岷江上游关联维数和牛鸦维数比所揭示的城镇相互作用强度和交通通达性特征与实际情况一致。行政中心造成的误差与研究区平均海拔关系密切,聚落行政中心在平均海拔高的区域相对几何中心的偏离较大,应重视其偏离对研究结果的影响。

屏南县坡地聚落生态智慧研究

在个案分析的基础上,分析总结屏南县坡地聚落因山就水、趋吉避凶的选址智慧,随形就势、因势利导的布局智慧,因地(时)制宜、就地取材的营建智慧和多元文化共融的人文生态智慧。相对稳定的自然生态智慧与动态发展的人文生态智慧相互作用,相互影响,成就了人-自然-建筑和谐共生、共融的传统生态经验。这些经验对城镇与乡村实现高质量的建设与发展具有一定的启发与借鉴意义。

天山北坡绿洲乡村聚落空间基因解析及影响机制研究

空间基因蕴含着聚落与环境互动形成的空间信息,在空间特色传承上有着重要作用。由于新疆天山北坡地区聚落在独特的自然环境中形成了互动演化的聚落空间形态,因此以其为研究对象,通过卫星影像图和三维数据采集其中的12个典型聚落样本,在从自然环境、空间片段形态、聚落形态、路网形态和拓扑连接五方面提取空间基因的基础上,构建聚落空间基因图谱,运用因子分析与聚类分析方法,对聚落进行分类,阐释其背后蕴含的环境-空间互动影响模式,并提出保护与改造建议,以期为不同地区乡村聚落空间基因研究提供借鉴,为聚落类型划分、乡村特色保护与发展提供研究思路。

安第斯山脉的绿色基础设施:高山人居的合作性景观设计策略

以“绿色基础设施”为核心概念,剖析了拉丁美洲的安第斯山脉地区的城市化不同历史进程中孕育出的传统绿色基础设施要素和体系。以秘鲁卡奇河流域的阿亚库乔的城乡结合区域为例,具体展现了在气候变化和政府规划职能不完全的情况下,当代高山人居需要基于传统智慧、与社区内外的多主体联动,在知识生产和转化过程中进行多维合作,才能推动绿色基础设施体系成型和运作,以应对人地和城乡发展不平衡的挑战。分析指出,绿色基础设施与高山聚落的空间社会文化密不可分。借助《安第斯城市化》项目,探讨了宏观流域、中观城乡一体化和微观社区尺度各自对应但相互耦合的的三种景观设计策略。上述设计研究和景观策略在安第斯山脉语境中展现了绿色基础设施的多样构成、综合作用和合作意义,并为中国的绿色基础设施体系建设提供借鉴。

武夷山传统聚落景观基因图谱研究

福建武夷山古村落类型多样,然而传统文化生态环境的改变,使武夷山区域景观的现状和发展面临着前所未有的影响和冲击。文章基于田野调查得出的研究成果,利用平面图和立面图的图示表达方法,以1000 m、500 m、200 m、1 m、1 dm五种长度为尺度单位,从外在环境特征的角度出发,对环境基因、布局基因及建筑基因进行识别及特征解读,从而构建出武夷山传统聚落景观基因图谱;并结合具体的典型案例,构建景观基因组合图谱,为该地区地域景观营造与保护提供更加系统科学、直观清晰的指导和依据。

山地型海岛乡村聚落空间形态三维量化研究——以宁波象山县南田岛为例

海岛聚落的形态反映了在独特人居环境下的组织方式和演化规律,其成长驱动因素仍需科学研究。本文以浙江省宁波市象山县南田岛的53个乡村聚落为研究对象,其中山地聚落由于地形复杂性,展现了与平原聚落显著不同的竖向形态特征。然而,目前的研究普遍缺乏针对聚落三维形态的综合量化方法。为填补这一研究空白,本文在传统聚落二维平面空间形态研究的基础上,创新性地引入了竖向空间指标,构建了海岛山地聚落三维形态量化指标体系。同时,运用聚类分析方法对聚落空间形态进行了类型划分,深入探究了自然地理和人文社会因素对海岛山地聚落形态特征的影响。在此基础上,提出了聚落格局保护的空间发展策略,为海岛山地类型的乡村聚落保护和可持续发展提供了新的视角和方向。