Mountain areas are often rich in ecological diversity and recreational opportunities. Mountain tourism is thought to be an effective and important means for maintaining and expanding rural economies and, thus, improvi...Mountain areas are often rich in ecological diversity and recreational opportunities. Mountain tourism is thought to be an effective and important means for maintaining and expanding rural economies and, thus, improving the living conditions of rural societies. As mountain tourism service research is a professional field with several disciplines involved, a multi-disciplinary management platform is needed and it facilitates participation in sustainable mountain development by diverse stakeholders. With the source regions of the Yangtze and the Yellow River as a case study, this paper presents a conceptual framework for an adaptation management of mountain tourism services according to technical, policy, social and economic dimensions. The framework is based on a vulnerability assessment of mountain ecosystems, and can serve as a reference for the development of tourism service in other mountain areas.展开更多
Recreational Ecosystem Services(RES)are among the most frequently evaluated ecosystem services.RES are seen as a major opportunity for sustainable development in areas of high ecological value resulting from the prese...Recreational Ecosystem Services(RES)are among the most frequently evaluated ecosystem services.RES are seen as a major opportunity for sustainable development in areas of high ecological value resulting from the presence of emblematic species,habitats or scenery,often integrated in conservation areas,in particular in mountain areas affected by depopulation,rising environmental risks and poverty.Economically,the assessment of RES has been based on Contingent Valuation and Choice Experiments,methods with limitations related to their subjectivity.Alternatively,Input-Output(IO)models provide a very accurate and effective way of valuation of RES with regional information regarding interindustry transactions.Whilst data on nature tourist expenditure may be only available annually,tourism inflows have a strong seasonal behavior,which impacts the profitability of several local economic activities.In this paper,we firstly constructed a novel regionalized IO-model based on Cross-Industry Location Quotients using employment data and,secondly,based on Monte Carlo simulation,we estimated nature tourist expenditure monthly using data on nature tourism inflows.This method allowed for a more precise RES evaluation,estimating direct,indirect and induced monthly economic impacts of nature-based tourism.The method was applied to the Ordesa and Monte Perdido(OMP)National Park in the Spanish Pyrenees.To estimate the average tourist expenditure,we collected and analyzed spending on commerce,hospitality and restaurants,leisure,and transport of 385 visitors.Results suggest that using a regionalized IO model leads to a considerable reduction of over-estimation of the economic impact of tourist expenditure estimated by conventional methods.Taking into consideration the direct,indirect and induced effects of tourist expenditure in 2016-2018,the total annual output effect in the OMP National Park amounted to€208.8 million,while the total income effect amounted to€86.29 million.Also,a total of 2,429 jobs were created which indicates that for each thousand annual visitors to the National Park,3.8 jobs are created in the surrounding area.Overall,the proposed methodology can be easily applied to the remaining National Parks in Spain or other regions in the world,making it a valuable tool to estimate the value of RES in areas affects by strong seasonality,to set priorities and support regional policies for mountain sustainable development.展开更多
In recent years,leisure individual travel has become a trend of tourism development.Visitors are highly dependent on the public service system of scenic spots.The educational circles at home and abroad are paying more...In recent years,leisure individual travel has become a trend of tourism development.Visitors are highly dependent on the public service system of scenic spots.The educational circles at home and abroad are paying more and more attention to the study of tourism public services.Based on the theory of tourist satisfaction evaluation,this paper made an empirical study on the tourism public service system of Kunyu Mountain National Forest Park.It was found that there was a contradiction between the demand for tourism public services and the actual supply in Kunyu Mountain National Forest Park.Based on this,some measures were put forward,such as strengthening the construction of tourist information signs in scenic spots,strengthening the construction of communication facilities and convenient services for tourists,strengthening the training and supervision of service practitioners,and construction of organizations for protecting the legitimate rights and interests of tourists.展开更多
Background:Natural ecosystems,such as forests and grasslands,can mitigate heat waves,but research on heat wave mitigation in mountain ecosystems is lacking.Considering the upper reaches of the Yangtze River basin(URYB...Background:Natural ecosystems,such as forests and grasslands,can mitigate heat waves,but research on heat wave mitigation in mountain ecosystems is lacking.Considering the upper reaches of the Yangtze River basin(URYB)as the study area,we first divided the URYB into mountainous and non-mountainous areas based on a digital elevation model(DEM).Then,we used temperature to identify heat waves and used the temperature and humidity index to identify suitable days.Finally,the differences between mountainous and non-mountainous areas were compared,and regional development strategies are proposed.Result:(1)The frequency and duration of heat waves increased by 0.433/y(P<0.1),0.07/y(P<0.05),while the number of suitable days in June,July,and August gradually decreased slightly by 0.0096/y(P<0.1),0.0125/y(P<0.1),0.004/y(P<0.1),respectively from 1986 to 2015.(2)The average monthly number of suitable days was the highest in mountainous areas during the summer from 1986 to 2015.Mountainous areas have an advantage in mitigating heat waves owing to landform-based changes in the local climate.(3)In addition to the landform,altitude was the main factor responsible for mitigating heat waves in mountainous areas.Conclusion:Parts of the plateau and whole mountain areas were found to be best for avoiding extremely high temperatures based on the number of suitable summer days from 1986 to 2015.We suggest formulating tourism promotion strategies,and strengthening tourism infrastructure,considering landscape protection and creation to promote sustainable regional development.展开更多
基金supported by the grant from the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, No. 2007CB411507)Open Fund from the State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science (SKLCS 08-05)
文摘Mountain areas are often rich in ecological diversity and recreational opportunities. Mountain tourism is thought to be an effective and important means for maintaining and expanding rural economies and, thus, improving the living conditions of rural societies. As mountain tourism service research is a professional field with several disciplines involved, a multi-disciplinary management platform is needed and it facilitates participation in sustainable mountain development by diverse stakeholders. With the source regions of the Yangtze and the Yellow River as a case study, this paper presents a conceptual framework for an adaptation management of mountain tourism services according to technical, policy, social and economic dimensions. The framework is based on a vulnerability assessment of mountain ecosystems, and can serve as a reference for the development of tourism service in other mountain areas.
基金financial support from the Organismo Autónomo de Parques Nacionales(Project V09-Cátedra de Parques Nacionales)。
文摘Recreational Ecosystem Services(RES)are among the most frequently evaluated ecosystem services.RES are seen as a major opportunity for sustainable development in areas of high ecological value resulting from the presence of emblematic species,habitats or scenery,often integrated in conservation areas,in particular in mountain areas affected by depopulation,rising environmental risks and poverty.Economically,the assessment of RES has been based on Contingent Valuation and Choice Experiments,methods with limitations related to their subjectivity.Alternatively,Input-Output(IO)models provide a very accurate and effective way of valuation of RES with regional information regarding interindustry transactions.Whilst data on nature tourist expenditure may be only available annually,tourism inflows have a strong seasonal behavior,which impacts the profitability of several local economic activities.In this paper,we firstly constructed a novel regionalized IO-model based on Cross-Industry Location Quotients using employment data and,secondly,based on Monte Carlo simulation,we estimated nature tourist expenditure monthly using data on nature tourism inflows.This method allowed for a more precise RES evaluation,estimating direct,indirect and induced monthly economic impacts of nature-based tourism.The method was applied to the Ordesa and Monte Perdido(OMP)National Park in the Spanish Pyrenees.To estimate the average tourist expenditure,we collected and analyzed spending on commerce,hospitality and restaurants,leisure,and transport of 385 visitors.Results suggest that using a regionalized IO model leads to a considerable reduction of over-estimation of the economic impact of tourist expenditure estimated by conventional methods.Taking into consideration the direct,indirect and induced effects of tourist expenditure in 2016-2018,the total annual output effect in the OMP National Park amounted to€208.8 million,while the total income effect amounted to€86.29 million.Also,a total of 2,429 jobs were created which indicates that for each thousand annual visitors to the National Park,3.8 jobs are created in the surrounding area.Overall,the proposed methodology can be easily applied to the remaining National Parks in Spain or other regions in the world,making it a valuable tool to estimate the value of RES in areas affects by strong seasonality,to set priorities and support regional policies for mountain sustainable development.
基金Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(41907050)Natural Science Fundation of Shangdong Province(ZR2019MD031)+1 种基金Scientific Research Projects in Colleges and Universities in Shandong Province(J18KA197)Key Subject of Art Science in Shandong Province(201806512)
文摘In recent years,leisure individual travel has become a trend of tourism development.Visitors are highly dependent on the public service system of scenic spots.The educational circles at home and abroad are paying more and more attention to the study of tourism public services.Based on the theory of tourist satisfaction evaluation,this paper made an empirical study on the tourism public service system of Kunyu Mountain National Forest Park.It was found that there was a contradiction between the demand for tourism public services and the actual supply in Kunyu Mountain National Forest Park.Based on this,some measures were put forward,such as strengthening the construction of tourist information signs in scenic spots,strengthening the construction of communication facilities and convenient services for tourists,strengthening the training and supervision of service practitioners,and construction of organizations for protecting the legitimate rights and interests of tourists.
基金This work was supported by the Ecosystem Services Flow based on the Cascade Process,[32071664]Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(STEP)[2019QZKK0307]+1 种基金Major Scientific and Technological Special Program of Sichuan Province,China[2018SZDZX0027]Technology Program of China Quality Certification Centre[2021CQC21-stzx].
文摘Background:Natural ecosystems,such as forests and grasslands,can mitigate heat waves,but research on heat wave mitigation in mountain ecosystems is lacking.Considering the upper reaches of the Yangtze River basin(URYB)as the study area,we first divided the URYB into mountainous and non-mountainous areas based on a digital elevation model(DEM).Then,we used temperature to identify heat waves and used the temperature and humidity index to identify suitable days.Finally,the differences between mountainous and non-mountainous areas were compared,and regional development strategies are proposed.Result:(1)The frequency and duration of heat waves increased by 0.433/y(P<0.1),0.07/y(P<0.05),while the number of suitable days in June,July,and August gradually decreased slightly by 0.0096/y(P<0.1),0.0125/y(P<0.1),0.004/y(P<0.1),respectively from 1986 to 2015.(2)The average monthly number of suitable days was the highest in mountainous areas during the summer from 1986 to 2015.Mountainous areas have an advantage in mitigating heat waves owing to landform-based changes in the local climate.(3)In addition to the landform,altitude was the main factor responsible for mitigating heat waves in mountainous areas.Conclusion:Parts of the plateau and whole mountain areas were found to be best for avoiding extremely high temperatures based on the number of suitable summer days from 1986 to 2015.We suggest formulating tourism promotion strategies,and strengthening tourism infrastructure,considering landscape protection and creation to promote sustainable regional development.
