Immunolocalization assessment of metastasis-associated protein I in human and mouse mature testes and its association with spermatogenesis

Aim： To investigate the stage-specific localization of metastasis-associated protein 1 （MTA1） during spermatogenesis in adult human and mouse testis. Methods： The immunolocalization of MTA1 was studied by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. The distribution pattern of MTA1 in mouse testis was confirmed by using quantitative analysis of purified spermatogenic cells. Results： The specificity of polyclonal antibody was confirmed by Western blot analysis. MTA1 was found expressed in the nucleus of germ cells, except elongate spermatids, and in the cytoplasm of Sertoli cells; Leydig cells did not show any specific reactivity. MTA1 possessed different distribution patterns in the two species： in humans, the most intensive staining was found in the nucleus of round spermatids and of primary spermatocytes while in mice, the most intense MTA 1 staining was in the nucleus of leptotene, zygotene and pachytene spermatocytes. In both species the staining exhibited a cyclic pattern. Conclusion： The present communication initially provides new evidence for the potential role of MTA1 in mature testis. In addition, its distinctive expression in germ cells suggests a regulatory role of the peptide during spermatogenesis.

Metastasis-associated protein 1 induces VEGF-C and facilitates lymphangiogenesis in colorectal cancer

AIM:To study the correlation between high metastasisassociated protein 1(MTA1)expression and lymphangiogenesis in colorectal cancer(CRC)and its role in production of vascular endothelial growth factor-C(VEGF-C). METHODS:Impact of high MTA1 and VEGF-C expression levels on disease progression and lymphovasculardensity(LVD,D2-40-immunolabeled)in 81 cases of human CRC was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. VEGF-C mRNA and protein expressions in human LoVo and HCT116 cell lines were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting,respectively,with a stable expression vector or siRNA. RESULTS:The elevated MTA1 and VEGF-C expression levels were correlated with lymph node metastasis and Dukes stages(P<0.05).Additionally,high MTA1 expression level was correlated with a large tumor size(P< 0.05).A significant correlation was found between MTA1 and VEGF-C protein expressions in tumor cells(r=0.371, P<0.05).Similar to the VEGF-C expression level,high MTA1 expression level was correlated with high LVD in CRC(P<0.05).Furthermore,over-expression of MTA1 significantly enhanced the VEGF-C mRNA and protein expression levels,whereas siRNAs-knocked down MTA1 decreased the VEGF-C expression level. CONCLUSION:MTA1,as a regulator of tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis,promotes lymphangiogenesis in CRC by mediating the VEGF-C expression.

Lower Concentrations of Glucose or Insulin Decrease the Risk of Various Types of Cancer in the Long-Lived Ames Dwarf Mouse by Increasing the Expression of p27Kip1, a Cell-Cycle Repressor Protein

Introduction. The molecular biological mechanism of the increased incidence of the various types of cancer in obesity or type 2 diabetes in rodents or humans has largely been resolved in recent years. By contrast, the molecular biological mechanism of the decreased, not increased, incidence of the various types of cancer in the homozygous long-lived Ames dwarf mice still remains unresolved. Objective. The first objective of the present study was to investigate whether the decrease in the incidence of cancer in the homozygous long-lived Ames dwarf mice is due to the increase, not decrease, in the expression of p27Kip1, a cell cycle repressor protein. The second objective was to investigate whether the decrease in the incidence of cancer in the homozygous long-lived Ames dwarf mice is due to the decrease, not increase, in the levels of glucose or insulin. Methods. To achieve these objectives, we first performed western immunoblot analysis of the hepatic expression of p27Kip1 protein. We then performed, using a human breast cancer cell line in vitro, the luciferase reporter plasmid assay to determine whether the translation initiation activity of the p27Kip1 mRNA is increased when the concentrations of either glucose or insulin are decreased. Results and Conclusion. The results of the first objective indicated that the hepatic expression of p27Kip1 protein was up-regulated in the homozygous long-lived Ames dwarf mice as expected. We also found that the lower concentrations of glucose or insulin increased the translation initiation activity of the p27Kip1 mRNA.

抑制lncRNA TUG1下调核苷酸结合寡聚结构域样受体蛋白1炎症小体在延缓阿尔茨海默病进展的作用

目的探讨敲低长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)牛磺酸上调基因1(TUG1)抑制核苷酸结合寡聚结构域样受体蛋白1(NLRP1)炎症小体在缓解阿尔茨海默病进展中的作用。方法选取9~10周龄遗传背景为C57/BL6的野生型小鼠(WT组,10只)或淀粉样前体蛋白(APP)/早老素1(PS1)转基因小鼠(30只)。APP/PS1转基因小鼠随机分为模型(model)组,模型+敲低lncRNA TUG1组[model+lncRNA TUG1短发夹RNA(shRNA)组]和model+shRNA非靶标(NT)组,每组10只。分别采集12周龄第1天(3月龄)和32周龄第1天(8月龄)小鼠外周血和脑皮质组织,并分离皮质中的原代小胶质细胞和原代星形胶质细胞,每个时间点每组5只小鼠。Real-time PCR分别测定3月龄和8月龄上述4个分组小鼠脑皮质组织和原代小胶质细胞中lncRNA TUG1和巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)mRNA的水平,以及原代星形胶质细胞中补体蛋白C1r和C1s mRNA的水平。ELISA法测定其外周血浆中MIF含量。对3月龄和8月龄小鼠脑皮质原代小胶质细胞和原代星形胶质细胞共培养。CCK-8法测定上述2种细胞的增殖能力。Western blotting分别测定3月龄和8月龄上述4个分组小鼠脑皮质组织中MIF、白细胞介素1β前体(pro-IL-1β)、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(ASC)、Caspase-1(p20)、Caspase-1(full)、NLRP1及NLRP3蛋白的表达水平。采用免疫荧光染色法测定8月龄各分组小鼠脑皮质组织中β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)表达。结果3月龄和8月龄时,与WT组小鼠相比,model组小鼠脑皮质组织和原代小胶质细胞中lncRNA TUG1和MIF相对表达水平显著上调,原代小胶质细胞和原代星形胶质细胞增殖能力增强(P<0.05)。与model组相比,model+lncRNA TUG1 shRNA组小鼠脑皮质组织和原代小胶质细胞中lncRNA TUG1和MIF的相对表达水平显著降低,原代小胶质细胞和原代星形胶质细胞增殖能力降低(P<0.05)。与WT组相比,model组小鼠外周血浆中MIF含量显著升高;小鼠脑皮质组织中pro-IL-1β、ASC、Caspase-1(p20)、Caspase-1(full)、NLRP1以及NLRP3的蛋白表达水平显著升高;Aβ免疫荧光强度明显增强(P<0.05)。与model组相比,model+lncRNA TUG1 shRNA组小鼠外周血浆中MIF含量显著降低;小鼠脑皮质组织中pro-IL-1β、ASC、Caspase-1(p20)、Caspase-1(full)和NLRP1的蛋白表达水平显著降低,Aβ免疫荧光强度明显降低(P<0.05),而NLRP3蛋白质的表达水平无明显变化(P>0.05)。与model组相比,model+shRNA NT组小鼠上述所有检测指标差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。结论APP/PS1转基因小鼠脑皮质组织和原代小胶质细胞中lncRNA TUG1和MIF因子表达上调与脑皮质内NLRP1炎症小体激活成正相关,敲低lncRNA TUG1可缓解阿尔茨海默病的进展。

Calcitriol attenuates liver fibrosis through hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 3-transactivated protein 1-mediated TGF β1/Smad3 and NF-κB signaling pathways

BACKGROUND Hepatic fibrosis is a serious condition,and the development of hepatic fibrosis can lead to a series of complications.However,the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis remains unclear,and effective therapy options are still lacking.Our group identified hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 3-transactivated protein 1(NS3TP1) by suppressive subtractive hybridization and bioinformatics analysis,but its role in diseases including hepatic fibrosis remains undefined.Therefore,additional studies on the function of NS3TP1 in hepatic fibrosis are urgently needed to provide new targets for treatment.AIM To elucidate the mechanism of NS3TP1 in hepatic fibrosis and the regulatory effects of calcitriol on NS3TP1.METHODS Twenty-four male C57BL/6 mice were randomized and separated into three groups,comprising the normal,fibrosis,and calcitriol treatment groups,and liver fibrosis was modeled by carbon tetrachloride(CCl4).To evaluate the level of hepatic fibrosis in every group,serological and pathological examinations of the liver were conducted.TGF-β1 was administered to boost the in vitro cultivation of LX-2 cells.NS3TP1,α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA),collagen I,and collagen Ⅲ in every group were examined using a Western blot and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.The activity of the transforming growth factor beta 1(TGFβ1)/Smad3 and NF-κB signaling pathways in each group of cells transfected with pcDNA-NS3TP1 or siRNA-NS3TP1 was detected.The statistical analysis of the data was performed using the Student’s t test.RESULTS NS3TP1 promoted the activation,proliferation,and differentiation of hepatic stellate cells(HSCs)and enhanced hepatic fibrosis via the TGFβ1/Smad3 and NF-κB signaling pathways,as evidenced by the presence of α-SMA,collagen I,collagen Ⅲ,p-smad3,and p-p65 in LX-2 cells,which were upregulated after NS3TP1 overexpression and downregulated after NS3TP1 interference.The proliferation of HSCs was lowered after NS3TP1 interference and elevated after NS3TP1 overexpression,as shown by the luciferase assay.NS3TP1 inhibited the apoptosis of HSCs.Moreover,both Smad3 and p65 could bind to NS3TP1,and p65 increased the promoter activity of NS3TP1,while NS3TP1 increased the promoter activity of TGFβ1 receptor I,as indicated by coimmunoprecipitation and luciferase assay results.Both in vivo and in vitro,treatment with calcitriol dramatically reduced the expression of NS3TP1.Calcitriol therapy-controlled HSCs activation,proliferation,and differentiation and substantially suppressed CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice.Furthermore,calcitriol modulated the activities of the above signaling pathways via downregulation of NS3TP1.CONCLUSION Our results suggest that calcitriol may be employed as an adjuvant therapy for hepatic fibrosis and that NS3TP1 is a unique,prospective therapeutic target in hepatic fibrosis.

微小RNA-103a-3p通过肿瘤蛋白53调控凋亡抑制剂1/P53对骨质疏松症的影响

目的探讨微小RNA(miR)-103a-3p调控细胞肿瘤蛋白53调控凋亡抑制剂1(TRIAP1)对成骨细胞分化以及去卵巢小鼠骨量的影响。方法MC3T3-E1细胞分为正常对照(NC)组、miR-103a-3p-NC组、miR-103a-3p模拟(mimc)组、miR-103a-3p mimic+TRIAP1-NC组、miR-103a-3p mimic+TRIAP1 mimic组。Real-time PCR检测细胞miR-103a-3p、TRIAP1、P53的mRNA表达,MTT法和流式细胞术检测细胞增殖及凋亡,免疫荧光染色和茜红素染色检测细胞骨架F-actin表达和矿化情况,ELISA检测细胞碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性。24只雌性小鼠设为sham组、骨质疏松症(OP)组、miR-103a-3p antagonist-NC组和miR-103a-3p antagonist组,每组6只摘取双侧卵巢制备OP模型,sham组仅分离卵巢组织周围脂肪。测定骨组织miR-103a-3p、TRIAP1、P53、ALP、骨钙素(OCN)、骨桥蛋白(OPN)的mRNA表达,microCT测定骨密度(BMD)、骨矿物质含量(BMC),HE染色观察骨组织病理改变。结果细胞转染miR-103a-3p mimic后,miR-103a-3p及P53表达升高、TRIAP1表达降低,细胞增殖降低、凋亡增加,F-actin表达减弱,钙结节数量减少,ALP活性降低(P<0.01);而在增加转染TRIAP1 mimic后,以上miR-103a-3p mimics导致的结果均得到显著逆转(P<0.01)。OP组小鼠骨组织miR-103a-3p、P53表达升高,TRIAP1、ALP、OCN、OPN基因表达降低,BMD、BMC降低,骨组织结构破坏(P<0.05);miR-103a-3p antagonist组小鼠骨组织miR-103a-3p及P53表达降低,TRIAP1、ALP、OCN、OPN基因表达升高,BMD、BMC升高,骨组织结构改善(P<0.05)。结论MiR-103a-3p可介导TRIAP1/P53抑制成骨细胞增殖及矿化,而miR-103a-3p拮抗治疗可减少OP小鼠骨量丢失。

TLR4-HMGB1-, MyD88- and TRIF-dependent signaling in mouse intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury

AIM: To characterize high-mobility group protein 1-toll-like receptor 4(HMGB1-TLR4) and downstream signaling pathways in intestinal ischemia/reperfusion(I/R) injury.METHODS: Forty specific-pathogen-free male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into five groups(n = 8 per group): sham, control, anti-HMGB1, anti-myeloid differentiation gene 88(My D88), and anti-translocatingchain-associating membrane protein(TRIF) antibody groups. Vehicle with the control Ig G antibody, antiHMGB1, anti-My D88, or anti-TRIF antibodies(all 1 mg/kg, 0.025%) were injected via the caudal vein 30 min prior to ischemia. After anesthetization, the abdominal wall was opened and the superior mesenteric artery was exposed, followed by 60 min mesenteric ischemia and then 60 min reperfusion. For the sham group, the abdominal wall was opened for 120 min without I/R. Levels of serum nuclear factor(NF)-κB p65, interleukin(IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α were measured, along with myeloperoxidase activity in the lung and liver. Inaddition,morphologic changes that occurred in the lung and intestinal tissues were evaluated. Levels of m RNA transcripts encoding HMGB1 and NF-κB were measured by real-time quantitative PCR, and levels of HMGB1 and NF-κB protein were measured by Western blot. Results were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance.RESULTS: Blocking HMGB 1, MyD 8 8, and TRIF expression by injecting anti-HMGB1, anti-My D88, or anti-TRIF antibodies prior to ischemia reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines in serum; NF-κB p65: 104.64 ± 11.89, 228.53 ± 24.85, 145.00 ± 33.63, 191.12 ± 13.22, and 183.73 ± 10.81(P < 0.05); IL-6: 50.02 ± 6.33, 104.91 ± 31.18, 62.28 ± 6.73, 85.90 ± 17.37, and 78.14 ± 7.38(P < 0.05); TNF-α, 43.79 ± 4.18, 70.81 ± 6.97, 52.76 ± 5.71, 63.19 ± 5.47, and 59.70 ± 4.63(P < 0.05) for the sham, control, anti-HMGB1, anti-My D88, and anti-TRIF groups, respectively(all in pg/m L).Antibodies also alleviated tissue injury in the lung and small intestine compared with the control group in the mouse intestinal I/R model. The administration of antiHMGB1, anti-My D88, and anti-TRIF antibodies markedly reduced damage caused by I/R, for which anti-HMGB1 antibody had the most obvious effect.CONCLUSION: HMGB1 and its downstream signaling pathway play important roles in the mouse intestinal I/R injury, and the effect of the TRIF-dependent pathway is slightly greater.

HSF1/AMPK信号通路在铁死亡参与糖尿病心肌病发病的机制研究

目的:探讨热休克因子1(heat shock factor 1,HSF1)/5′-单磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶(adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase,AMPK)信号通路调控铁死亡对糖尿病心肌病(diabetic cardiomyopathy,DCM)发病的影响。方法:本研究为实验研究,采用空白对照与多组实验对照。H9c2细胞随机分为4组:低葡萄糖组(control,Con)、高葡萄糖组(high glucose,HG)、HG+HSF1组、HG+HSF1+化合物C(compound C,CC)组。分别对细胞进行罗丹明胶质蛋白染色、细胞线粒体(reactive oxygen species,ROS)检测和细胞脂质ROS检测,并通过Western blot分析AMPK信号表达。雄性C57/BL6小鼠随机分为4组:NC组、NC+HSF1组、DM组和DM+HSF1组,每组12只。通过超声心动图评估了小鼠心血管功能参数。结果:与Con组相比,HG组HSF1、pAMPK/AMPK水平明显下调(P=0.005、0.002),和相对细胞表面积、线粒体Fe2+水平、线粒体ROS水平、细胞脂质ROS水平明显增加(P=0.001、0.003、0.006、0.002)。与HG组相比,HG+HSF1组明显逆转了这些变化(P=0.001、0.001、0.002、0.006、0.007、0.003),但加入CC时HSF1的逆转作用明显减弱(P<0.05)。与NC组相比,DM组EF%、FS%、E/A、E′/A′和心脏组织中HSF1、pAMPK/AMPK表达明显降低(均P<0.01),和心脏组织中Fe2+、ROS、丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)水平和4-羟基壬烯酸(4-Hydroxynonenal,4-HNE)蛋白水平明显增加(P=0.004、0.003、0.001、0.004),DM+HSF1组明显逆转了这些变化。结论:HSF1在DCM病理过程中发挥心脏保护作用,其抗铁死亡作用可能与AMPK依赖性的脂质代谢和线粒体稳态调节有关。

肝细胞DEP结构域蛋白5/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合物1信号轴在非酒精性脂肪肝形成中的作用

目的建立肝细胞Dishevelled/Egl-10/pleckstrin(DEP)结构域蛋白5(DEPDC5)基因(Depdc5)肝细胞特异性敲除小鼠高脂喂养模型,探讨DEPDC5/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合物1(mTORC1)信号轴对非酒精性脂肪肝的调控。方法构建肝细胞特异性敲除Depdc5^(flox/flox)模型;Alb-Cre小鼠(LKO),Depdc5^(flox/flox)小鼠(Loxp)作为对照。32只2~3月龄雄性小鼠随机分为高脂LKO组、高脂Loxp对照组、高脂+雷帕霉素LKO组及高脂+雷帕霉素Loxp对照组,每组8只。检测肝脏血清生物化学指标、脂质含量、蛋白、mRNA及病理切片,采用GraphPad Prism 8软件进行统计学分析。结果高脂喂养导致LoxP小鼠肝脏脂肪变性,LKO小鼠肝脏脂肪变性减轻但合并出现肝损伤;雷帕霉素抑制了Depdc5敲除引起的mTORC1通路激活,显著改善Loxp小鼠肝脏脂肪变性,并改善LKO小鼠的肝损伤。结论Depdc5基因敲除能够保护高脂喂养小鼠肝脏脂肪变性,雷帕霉素可以改善DEPDC5缺失诱发的肝损伤。

Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activation enhances embryonic neural stem cell apoptosis in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Alterations in embryonic neural stem cells play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We hypothesized that embryonic neural stem cells from SOD1G93A individuals might be more susceptible to oxidative injury, resulting in a propensity for neurodegeneration at later stages. In this study, embryonic neural stem cells obtained from human superoxide dis- mutase 1 mutant （SOD1G93A） and wild-type （SOD1wv） mouse models were exposed to H202. We assayed cell viability with mitochondrial succinic dehydrogenase colorimetric reagent, and measured cell apoptosis by flow cytometry. Moreover, we evaluated the expression of the adenos- ine monophosphate-activated protein kinase （AMPK） ct-subunit, paired box 3 （Pax3） protein, and p53 in western blot analyses. Compared with SOD1wr cells, SOD1~93A embryonic neural stem cells were more likely to undergo H202-induced apoptosis. Phosphorylation of AMPKct in SOD1G93A cells was higher than that in SOD1wr cells. Pax3 expression was inversely correlated with the phosphorylation levels of AMPKct. p53 protein levels were also correlated with AMPKct phosphorylation levels. Compound C, an inhibitor of AMPKa, attenuated the effects of H20~. These results suggest that embryonic neural stem cells from SOD1C93A mice are more susceptible to apoptosis in the presence of oxidative stress compared with those from wild-type controls, and the effects are mainly mediated by Pax3 and p53 in the AMPKa pathway.

Effect of Panax notoginseng saponins on the expression of beta-amyloid protein in the cortex of the parietal lobe and hippocampus, and spatial learning and memory in a mouse model of senile dementia

BACKGROUND： The pharmacological actions of Panax notoginseng saponins （PNS） lie in removing free radicals, anti-inflammation and anti-oxygenation. It can also improve memory and behavior in rat models of Alzheimer＇s disease. OBJECTIVE： Using the Morris water maze, immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR and RT-PCR, this study aimed to measure improvement in spatial learning, memory, expression of amyloid precursor protein （App） and β -amyloid （A β ）, to investigate the mechanism of action of PNS in the treatment of AD in the senescence accelerated mouse-prone 8 （SAMP8） and compare the effects with huperzine A. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A completely randomized grouping design, controlled animal experiment was performed in the Center for Research ＆ Development of New Drugs, Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medical University from July 2005 to April 2007. MATERIALS： Sixty male SAMP8 mice, aged 3 months, purchased from Tianjin Chinese Traditional Medical University of China, were divided into four groups： PNS high-dosage group, PNS low-dosage group, huperzine A group and control group. PNS was provided by Weihe Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. （batch No.： Z53021485, Yuxi, Yunan Province, China）. Huperzine A was provided by Zhenyuan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. （batch No.： 20040801, Zhejiang, China）. METHODS： The high-dosage group and low-dosage group were treated with 93.50 and 23.38 mg/kg PNS respectively per day and the huperzine A group was treated with 0.038 6 mg/kg huperzine A per day, all by intragastric administration, for 8 consecutive weeks. The same volume of double distilled water was given to the control group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： After drug administration, learning and memory abilities were assessed by place navigation and spatial probe tests. The recording indices consisted of escape latency （time-to-platform）, and the percentage of swimming time spent in each quadrant. The number of A β 1-40, A β 1-42 and App immunopositive neurons in the brains of SAMP8 mice was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The mRNA content ofApp, tau, acetylcholinesterase, and synaptophysin （Syp） was tested by real time PCR and RT-PCR. RESULTS： The PCR results show that PNS can downregulate the expression of the App gene and upregulate the expression of the Syp gene in the parietal cortex and hippocampus of SAMP8 mice. The therapeutic effects of the PNS high-dosage group were greater than those of the PNS low-dosage group and the huperzine A group （P 〈 0.05）. The results of the Morris water maze and immunohistochemistry indicated that PNS can improve the capacity for spatial learning and memory in SAMP8 mice, and reduce the content of A β 1-40, A β 1-42 and expression of App in the brains of SAMP8 mice. The therapeutic effects of the PNS high-dosage group were greater than that of the PNS low-dosage group and the huperzine A group （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： These results support the hypothesis that PNS plays a therapeutic and protective role on the pathological lesions and learning dysfunction of Alzheimer＇s disease. The therapeutic effects of PNS for Alzheimer＇s disease are possibly achieved through downregulating the expression of the App gene and upregulating the expression of the Syp gene. The therapeutic effects of PNS are dose-dependent and are greater than the effect of huperzine A.

靶向抑制黑质网状部GABA能神经元的DRP1改善肝性脑病小鼠运动功能

目的:探讨黑质网状部(SNr)的GABA能神经元中线粒体分裂对急性肝性脑病(AHE)小鼠运动障碍的影响。方法:利用硫代乙酰胺(TAA)腹腔注射制备AHE小鼠模型,通过苏木精-伊红(HE)染色观察AHE小鼠肝小叶的变化,利用生化检测试剂盒检测AHE小鼠血清天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)和血氨的变化。接下来通过转棒疲劳实验、高架十字迷宫实验、旷场实验观察AHE小鼠运动功能。进一步利用透射电镜观察分析AHE小鼠SNr的线粒体面积、周长、圆率等形态学指标的变化,Western Blot观察AHE小鼠SNr的线粒体分裂融合相关分子的表达变化。接下来,利用重组腺相关病毒(AAV)靶向调控AHE小鼠SNr的线粒体动力相关蛋白1(DRP1)的表达,在荧光酶标仪上检测SNr的线粒体膜电位(MMP)、细胞的ATP和活性氧(ROS),并观察小鼠运动功能的变化。结果:较对照组,AHE小鼠运动功能明显降低,SNr的线粒体分裂明显增强,线粒体分裂相关蛋白表达显著升高;AHE小鼠SNr的MMP显著下降,细胞的ATP下降,ROS升高。靶向抑制AHE小鼠SNr的DRP1表达后,运动改善;进一步观察发现,AHE小鼠SNr的线粒体分裂被抑制后,MMP显著升高,细胞的ATP升高,ROS下降,证明线粒体功能明显改善。结论:靶向抑制AHE小鼠黑质网状部GABA能神经元的线粒体分裂,可以改善线粒体形态和功能,从而缓解其运动障碍。

黄芪多糖对H22荷瘤小鼠PD-1抑制剂抗癌能力的影响

目的:以H22荷瘤小鼠为模型,观察黄芪多糖(APS)对PD-1抑制剂抗癌能力的增强效果并探讨其机制。方法:建立H22荷瘤小鼠模型,分别给予PD-1抑制剂和/或不同浓度APS处理,记录肿瘤生长情况,ELISA法检测肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白介素1β(IL-1β)、白介素2(IL-2)、干扰素γ(IFN-γ)、白介素4(IL-4)、白介素10(IL-10)、转化生长因子(TGF-β)等血浆细胞因子浓度,Western Blot法检测肿瘤及脾脏组织PD-1表达,流式细胞术检测肿瘤浸润细胞类型。结果:(1)APS及PD-1抑制剂均能抑制H22荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤生长,联合用药效果更为显著,且抑制强度随APS浓度上升而增加。(2)APS联合PD-1抑制剂作用后,血浆TNF-α、IL-1β、IFN-γ、IL-10、TGF-β浓度上升,IL-2、IL-4血浆浓度下降,肿瘤及脾脏组织PD-1蛋白表达下降,肿瘤组织CD_(4)^(+)CD-8细胞和CD_(4)^(+)CD_(8)^(+)细胞浸润比例增加。结论:APS能增强PD-1抑制剂抗H22肝癌能力,可能与调节细胞因子分泌、抑制PD-1表达、增加肿瘤组织淋巴细胞浸润相关。

无毛基因敲除小鼠PPARγ-PGC1α-UCP1信号通路蛋白的表达及棕色脂肪组织能量代谢状态的变化

目的:探讨无毛(Hr)基因缺陷对小鼠能量代谢的影响及机制。方法:雄性Hr基因敲除(Hr^(-/-))小鼠和同窝野生型(Hr^(+/+))小鼠各10只,记录小鼠从出生后10周内的体重;于第10周,使用代谢监测系统对小鼠的耗氧量、产热量、活动量以及24 h进食量和饮水量进行监测,测量肛温,ELISA法检测血清游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(fT3)浓度,HE染色观察棕色脂肪组织(BAT),Western blot法检测BAT中过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)、PPARγ共激活因子1α(PGC1α)、解偶联蛋白1(UCP1)蛋白的表达。结果:出生后第1周至第10周,两组小鼠体重差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。第10周,两组小鼠血清fT3浓度和活动量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与Hr^(+/+)小鼠比较,Hr^(-/-)小鼠的肛温、24 h进食量和饮水量、耗氧量和产热量升高(P<0.05),BAT内较多小空泡脂滴和较少大空泡脂滴,BAT中PPARγ、PGC1α、UCP1蛋白表达增加(P<0.05)。结论:Hr基因缺陷可能通过激活PPARγ-PGC1α-UCP1信号通路,调节BAT能量代谢,从而使小鼠处于高能量代谢和高体温状态。

PTPN22 and islet-specific autoimmunity:What have the mouse models taught us?

An allelic variant of the protein tyrosin phosphatase non-receptor 22(PTPN22) gene, PTPN22 R620 W, constitutes the strongest non-HLA genetic risk factor for the development of type 1 diabetes(T1D). A numberstudies using mouse models have addressed how PTPN22 predisposes to T1D. PTPN22 downmodulation, overexpression or expression of the variant gene in genetically manipulated mice has generated controversial results. These discrepancies probably derive from the fact that PTPN22 has differential effects on innate and adaptive immune responses. Moreover, the effects of PTPN22 are dependent on other genetic variables. Here we discuss these findings and try to explain the discrepancies. Exploring the mechanism by which PTPN22 contributes to islet-specific autoimmunity could help us understand its role in T1D pathogenesis and exploit it as a potential therapeutic target to prevent the disease.

CHI3L1在川崎病样血管炎小鼠模型冠状动脉损伤中的作用及机制研究

目的探究壳多糖酶3样蛋白1(chitinase-3-like protein 1,CHI3L1)在川崎病(Kawasaki disease,KD)样血管炎小鼠模型冠状动脉损伤中的作用及其潜在机制。方法将4周龄雄性SPF级C57BL/6小鼠随机分为正常对照组和模型组,每组10只。模型组小鼠通过腹腔注射干酪乳杆菌细胞壁提取物(lactobacilluscaseicell wall extract,LCWE)0.5 mL构建KD样血管炎小鼠模型,对照组腹腔注射等量的生理盐水。注射后第3天、第7天和第14天观察小鼠的一般情况。采用苏木精-伊红染色法观察冠状动脉组织病理学变化。采用酶联免疫吸附法检测小鼠血清中CHI3L1水平。采用免疫荧光染色法检测CHI3L1、血管性血友病因子(von Willebrand factor,vWF)、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin,α-SMA)在冠状动脉组织中的表达及定位。采用Western blot法检测冠状动脉组织中CHI3L1、vWF、血管内皮钙黏蛋白(vascular endothelial cadherin,VE cadherin)、半胱天冬酶-3(Caspase-3)、B细胞淋巴瘤-2(B cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bcl-2 associated X protein,Bax)、核转录因子κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)及磷酸化NF-κB(p-NF-κB)表达情况。结果模型组小鼠血清中CHI3L1含量较对照组明显升高(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,模型组小鼠冠状动脉组织中CHI3L1表达高于对照组,vWF表达低于对照组。模型组小鼠CHI3L1、Bax、Caspase-3、NF-κB及p-NF-κB蛋白相对表达量明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。模型组vWF、VE cadherin和Bcl-2蛋白相对表达量低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论LCWE诱导的KD样血管炎小鼠模型中,血清及冠状动脉CHI3L1的表达水平升高,可能通过炎性反应介导血管内皮细胞凋亡在冠状动脉损伤中发挥作用。

肾康丸通过p38/NF-κB通路抑制AOPP诱导的足细胞炎症因子MCP-1的表达

目的探讨肾康丸含药血清对晚期氧化蛋白产物(AOPP)诱导的体外培养足细胞(MPC5)单核细胞趋化蛋白1(MCP-1)表达的影响及其机制。方法制备肾康丸含药血清和AOPP;体外培养MPC5,用不同浓度的肾康丸含药血清刺激不同时间,MTT法检测细胞增殖;用肾康丸含药血清干预AOPP处理的MPC5,Western blot法检测p38MAPK、IκBα蛋白表达,免疫荧光法观察NF-κB p65核转移,ELISA法检测细胞培养上清中MCP-1表达。结果 (1)肾康丸含药血清呈时间和浓度依赖性促进MPC5增殖,最佳作用浓度和时间分别是5%、24 h;(2)AOPP呈浓度和时间依赖性诱导MPC5分泌MCP-1;p38抑制剂SB203580或NF-κB抑制剂小白菊内酯预孵育能使细胞上清中MCP-1分泌减少;肾康丸含药血清能抑制AOPP诱导MPC5分泌MCP-1;(3)AOPP以浓度依赖的方式增加P-p38蛋白的表达、降低IκBα蛋白的表达;与AOPP组相比,AOPP+肾康丸组MPC5 IκBα蛋白表达增加;AOPP+SB203580组IκBα蛋白表达亦增加,但不及AOPP+肾康丸组;(4)肾康丸含药血清减少AOPP诱导的NF-κB p65核转移。结论肾康丸含药血清能通过p38MAPK/NF-κB途径下调MCP-1表达而发挥抗炎作用,为应用其防治糖尿病肾病提供了新的理论依据。

小鼠PD-1胞外段的克隆、原核表达及活性分析

目的小鼠PD-1胞外段(ePD-1)原核表达载体的构建、表达、纯化及其生物学效应初步研究。方法应用小鼠脾细胞总RNA,采用RT-PCR克隆PD-1胞外段基因,将其重组到原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1中,构建原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1-ePD-1,转化至E.coli DH5α,筛选阳性菌落,进行酶切及测序鉴定。将测序正确的重组表达质粒pGEX-4T-1-ePD-1转化至E.coli BL21(DE3)中,经IPTG诱导表达后,对表达产物进行SDS-PAGE和Western blot检测,同时通过蛋白质纯化仪纯化GST-ePD-1融合蛋白。利用流式细胞术和Alamar Blue法,检测纯化的PD-1胞外段融合蛋白对淋巴细胞增殖的影响,评价其生物学活性。结果成功构建重组质粒pGEX-4T-1-ePD-1,并在E.coli BL21(DE3)中获得了成功表达,利用蛋白质纯化仪得到纯化的GST-ePD-1融合蛋白。流式细胞术和Alamar Blue法结果均显示,不同浓度的融合蛋白作用于混合淋巴细胞,与阴性对照相比,可明显促进淋巴细胞的增殖。结论成功地克隆、表达和纯化了小鼠ePD-1蛋白,纯化的重组蛋白可有效促进淋巴细胞增殖,为进一步研究其功能和临床应用提供了条件。

AP-1蛋白在胚胎着床前后小鼠子宫内膜的表达

目的 :研究子宫内膜原癌基因AP 1蛋白在小鼠胚胎着床前后的动态变化 ,了解AP 1在胚泡着床中的作用。方法 :采用Immuno blot和Western blot方法检测AP 1蛋白的表达。结果 :AP 1蛋白的表达高峰出现在小鼠早孕的第 4天、第 5天 ,一直维持到妊娠第 7天 ,每毫克组织的积分光密度值分别为 6 0 .2± 4 .2 1,5 2 .6± 7.0 9,5 0 .2± 5 .89和 5 0 .0±3.6 1。结论 :AP 1蛋白参与了胚胎着床过程中的信号传导并可能与胚胎的早期分化有关。

B7-1人-鼠嵌合抗体对小鼠狼疮样肾炎模型的免疫干预效应

目的:在运用化学法建立小鼠狼疮样肾炎模型并对其进行生物学鉴定的基础上,探讨B7-1人-鼠嵌合抗体阻断B7/D28信号通路对小鼠狼疮样肾炎模型病理损伤的逆转效应。方法:取6周龄雌性C57BL/6J小鼠,予一次性腹腔注射Pristane 0.5ml/只,每月定期检测小鼠的尿蛋白、ANA及肾脏病理学改变。取尿蛋白含量达到++,ANA荧光强度达到++的小鼠随机分为3组,每组5只。抗体干预组用B7-1人-鼠嵌合抗体经眼眶静脉序贯给药,阳性对照组注射免疫抑制剂CTX,阴性对照组注射人同型Ig G。每月定期检测尿蛋白及ANA,干预至3个月时,处死小鼠,取肾脏进行H&E染色分析,免疫复合物(IC)检测及透射电镜观察。结果:Pristane诱导至4个月时,80%的小鼠尿蛋白含量达到+^+++,血清ANA荧光强度为++^+++,出现尿蛋白及ANA的小鼠,其肾小球炎性细胞侵润,肾小管上皮样细胞可见水肿样变性、血管充血明显,纤维组织增生。抗体干预后,尿蛋白逐渐由++^+++降为±^++,ANA由++^+++降为+^++。与阴性对照组比较具有统计学差异(P<0.01)。肾脏HE染色分析的结果显示,抗体干预组肾小球炎性细胞侵润及肾小管充血等表现均得到明显改善。免疫荧光染色可见抗体干预组抗原抗体复合物(IC)的荧光强度明显减弱。经透射电镜观察,抗体干预组与阴性对照组相比,肾小球的电子致密物沉积减少,基底膜厚度趋于均匀。结论:B7-1抗体通过抑制B7-1/CD28信号通路下调机体的免疫应答,减少自身抗体的产生,对自身免疫造成的病理损伤具有逆转作用。